Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in a marine food fish species,golden trevally Gnathanodon specious

The first set of six polymorphic microsatellites was isolated from a partial genomic DNA library of an important marine food fish Gnathanodon specious, and was characterized in 28 unrelated individuals. The allele number ranged from three to 12 with an average of seven/locus; average expected heterozygosity was 0.57 ranging from 0.10 to 0.87, whereas the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.11 to 0.96 (average: 0.57). All six markers conform to Hardy–Weinberg and linkage equilibria. These markers will be useful for accessing genetic population structure of wild populations and for selective breeding program in fish farms.     

Host plant selection by migrant Rhopalosiphum padi in autumn and the occurrence of an intermediate morph

Alate female Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) were trapped alive in suction traps in autumn, 1986–1988. Alate exules and gynoparae were identified by the morph of their offspring. Gynoparae largely replaced alate exules in September indicating that most of the population were holocyclic even in southern England where the primary host, Prunus padus L., is scarce. However, a few alate exules occurred throughout the autumn indicating that a proportion of the population is anholocyclic. A morph intermediate between alate exules and gynoparae occurred at low frequency throughout the autumn. Alate exules and gynoparae preferred barley and P. padus, respectively, on which to settle and larviposit; gynoparae were less selective than exules possibly due to an incomplete physiological switch from a preference for Gramineae to P. padus on which the sexual cycle is completed. Intermediate individuals preferred to settle on P. padus, but their virginoparous and oviparous nymphs were produced on barley and P. padus respectively. Intermediate morphs maintained under continuous short day conditions (L12 : D12) produced mainly apterous virginoparae with males occurring at the end of their reproductive live; intermediates occurred occasionally amongst the apterae. It is proposed that intermediates are a programmed component of the morph structure and have the potential to contribute to both the holocyclic and anholocyclic portions of the population.

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Résumé Des femelles de R. padi L. ont été capturées vivantes dans des pièges a succion en 1986–88. Les ailés exules et les gynopares ont été identifiés par le morphe de leurs descendants. Les gynopares ont remplacé généralement les ailés exules en septembre, ce qui montre que la majorité de la population est holocyclique même dans le sud de l'Angleterre où l'hôte primaire, Prunus padus L., est rare. Cependant, quelques ailés exules se maintiennent pendant l'automne montrant qu'une partie de la population est anholocyclique. Au cours de l'automne, on observe un morphe intermédiaire entre les ailés exules et les gynopares. Les exules ailés et les gynopares préfèrent respectivement l'orge et P. padus, sur lesquels ils s'installent et produisent des larves; les gynopares étaient moins sélectifs que les exules, peut-être par suite d'une rupture physiologique incomplète de leur préférence pour l'orge sur laquelle ils se développent rendant moins impérative leur attraction par P. padus sur lequel leur cycle sexuel est complet. Les individus intermédiaires préfèrent s'établir sur P. padus, mais leur larves virginipares et ovipares sont produites respectivement sur oreg et sur P. padus. Les morphes intermédiaires maintenus en jours courts (L12/N12) ont donné surtout des virginipares aptères les mâles apparaissant à la fin de leur vie; des intermédiaires sont apparus occasionnellement parmi les aptères. Les intermédiaires seraient une composante programmée de la structure polymorphe et contribueraient à la fois à l'apparition des fractions holocyclique et anholocyclique de la population.

     

Predation of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma by rock lobsters (Jasus edwardsii) in no-take marine reserves

The formation of sea urchin ‘barrens’ on shallow temperate rocky reefs is well documented. However there has been much conjecture about the underlying mechanisms leading to sea urchin barrens, and relatively little experimentation to test these ideas critically. We conducted a series of manipulative experiments to determine whether predation mortality is an important mechanism structuring populations of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma in Tasmania. Tethered juvenile and adult sea urchins experienced much higher rates of mortality inside no-take marine reserves where sea urchin predators were abundant compared to adjacent fished areas where predators were fewer. Mortality of tagged (but not tethered) sea urchins was also notably higher in marine reserves than in adjacent areas open to fishing. When a range of sizes of sea urchins was exposed to three sizes of rock lobsters in a caging experiment, juvenile sea urchins were eaten more frequently than larger sea urchins by all sizes of rock lobster, but only the largest rock lobsters (> 120 mm CL) were able to consume large adult sea urchins. Tagging (but not tethering) juvenile and adult sea urchins in two separate marine reserves indicated that adult sea urchins experience higher predation mortality than juveniles, probably because juveniles can shelter in cryptic microhabitat more effectively. In a field experiment in which exposure of sea urchins to rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) and demersal reef fish predators was manipulated, rock lobsters were shown to be more important than fish as predators of adult sea urchins in a marine reserve. We conclude that predators, and particularly rock lobsters, exert significant predation mortality on H. erythrogramma in Tasmanian marine reserves, and that adult sea urchins are more vulnerable than smaller cryptic individuals. Fishing of rock lobsters is likely to reduce an important component of mortality in H. erythrogramma populations.     

The occurrence of denitrifying colourless sulphur-oxidising bacteria in marine waters and sediments as shown by the agar shake technique

Abstract The agar shake technique has been tested for the enumeration and isolation of bacteria involved in the anaerobic oxidation of reduced sulphur compounds. High numbers of colony forming units were observed from regions rich in sulphide, and the numbers of these forms were sometimes significantly correlated with the number of sulphate-reducing bacteria. The isolates could oxidise not only thiosulphate but also sulphide in liquid medium at the expense of nitrate. Addition of 1 mM glucose to the medium enhanced the rate and amount of thiosulphate oxidised by many of the isolates. Hence the use of the agar shake technique is recommended for the study of these little known facultatively or even obligately chemolithotrophic bacteria involved in the anaerobic oxidation of reduced inorganic sulphur compounds in the marine and estuarine environment.     

Effects of marine reserve protection on spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas Fabr., 1787) in a central western Mediterranean area

The contribution that a small restocking area (central western Mediterranean) has made to the Palinurus elephas (Fabr., 1787) population was examined by comparing the abundances recorded inside and outside the area before (1997) and after the establishment of the reserve (1998–2005). From 1998 to 2002 a progressive percentage increase of P. elephas biomass values was recorded both inside the area and in the surrounding zones. The total mean abundance within the reserve (CPUE = 0.23 ± 0.10 kg/50 m/boat) was 7.5 times greater than that for the neighbouring zone (CPUE = 0.03 ± 0.07 kg/50 m/boat). The inter-annual analysis of lobster size inside the area also showed a progressive increase of adults and juveniles. The results highlighted the effectiveness of fishing restrictions in rebuilding the lobsters population and suggest that small MPAs should be set up. Guest editors: J. Davenport, G. Burnell, T. Cross, M. Emmerson, R. McAllen, R. Ramsay & E. Rogan Challenges to Marine Ecosystems     

Clonal growth is enhanced in the absence of a mating morph: a comparative study of fertile stylar polymorphic and sterile monomorphic populations of Nymphoides montana (Menyanthaceae)

Background and Aims

Many aquatic species with stylar polymorphisms have the capacity for clonal and sexual reproduction and are sensitive to the balance of the two reproductive modes when there are a limited number of mating morphs within a population. This study asked how the clonal and sexual reproductive modes perform in populations that contain only a single morph and where fitness gain through sexual reproduction is rare. In clonal aquatic Nymphoides montana, polymorphic populations normally contain two mating morphs in equal frequencies. Populations are sexually fertile and appear to be maintained by pollen transfer between the two partners. However, in a monomorphic population of N. montana where mating opportunities are unavailable, female and male function is impaired and clonality maintains the population. Here, the consequences of intraspecific variation in sexuality were explored between monomorphic and polymorphic N. montana populations in eastern Australia.

Methods

Comparative measurements of male and female fertility, total dry mass and genotypic diversity using ISSR markers were made between populations with variable sexuality.

Key Results and Conclusions

Very few seeds were produced in the monomorphic population under natural and glasshouse conditions due to dysfunctional pollen and ovules. Stigma–anther separation was minimal in the monomorphic population, which may be a consequence of the relaxed selective pressures that regulate the maintenance of sexual function. However, clonal reproduction was favoured at the expense of sexual reproduction in the monomorphic population; this may facilitate the establishment of sterility throughout the population via resource reallocation or pleiotropic effects. The ISSR results showed that the monomorphic population was one large, single genotype, unlike the multi-genotypic fertile polymorphic populations. Evolutionary loss of sex in a clonal population in which a mating morph is absent was evident; under these conditions clonal growth may assure reproduction and expand the population via spreading stolons.     

Contrasting patterns in the occurrence and biomass centers of gravity among fish and macroinvertebrates in a continental shelf ecosystem

The distribution of a group of fish and macroinvertebrates (n = 52) resident in the US Northeast Shelf large marine ecosystem were characterized with species distribution models (SDM), which in turn were used to estimate occurrence and biomass center of gravity (COG). The SDMs were fit using random forest machine learning and were informed with a range of physical and biological variables. The estimated probability of occurrence and biomass from the models provided the weightings to determine depth, distance to the coast, and along‐shelf distance COG. The COGs of occupancy and biomass habitat tended to be separated by distances averaging 50 km, which approximates half of the minor axis of the subject ecosystem. During the study period (1978–2018), the biomass COG has tended to shift to further offshore positions whereas occupancy habitat has stayed at a regular spacing from the coastline. Both habitat types have shifted their along‐shelf distances, indicating a general movement to higher latitude or to the Northeast for this ecosystem. However, biomass tended to occur at lower latitudes in the spring and higher latitude in the fall in a response to seasonal conditions. Distribution of habitat in relation to depth reveals a divergence in response with occupancy habitat shallowing over time and biomass habitat distributing in progressively deeper water. These results suggest that climate forced change in distribution will differentially affect occurrence and biomass of marine taxa, which will likely affect the organization of ecosystems and the manner in which human populations utilize marine resources.     

First evidence of east–west migration across the North Pacific in a marine bird

Many marine birds undertake long migrations between breeding and wintering areas, including some species that undertake long‐distance east–west or west–east movements across many degrees of longitude. To date, however, no east–west migrations have been described across the North Pacific. Geolocators were deployed on Ancient Murrelets Synthliboramphus antiquus breeding in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, in 2013 and four were retrieved the following year. Longitude positions showed that all four moved rapidly westwards after breeding, three of them reaching waters between Japan and China by November and this location was also supported by ringing data. Return migration was rapid, beginning in February and reaching Haida Gwaii in March, providing the first evidence for bird migration spanning the entire width of the North Pacific. This is the longest migration recorded in any of the Alcidae.     

Koralionastetales, a new order of marine Ascomycota in the Sordariomycetes

Based on molecular studies using 1760 bp of the nuSSU and 604 bp of the nuLSU rRNA genes and using morphological characters, the genera Koralionastes and Pontogeneia are assigned to the new order Koralionastetales, family Koralionastetaceae, class Sordariomycetes. Koralionastetales is a sister group to Lulworthiales; differences in morphological characters are expressed in the ascospores and the presence/absence of periphyses and paraphyses. A new species of Pontogeneia, P. microdictyi from Microdictyon sp. in the Bahamas, is described.     

Waterbirds as indicators of ecosystem health in the coastal marine habitats of southern Florida: 1. Selection and justification for a suite of indicator species

The coastal marine environment is currently under threat from many anthropogenic pressures that were identified by the MARES project. Indicators of ecosystem health are needed so that targets can be set to guide protection and restoration efforts. Species of birds that are dependent on coastal habitats are ubiquitous along the coasts of southern Florida. Generally referred to as waterbirds, these species, although not all taxonomically related, share a common dependency on the marine environment for food, nesting habitat, or both. A suite of waterbirds was selected based on their perceived sensitivity to pressures in multiple coastal habitat types. The list of species was refined on the basis of a review of life history for characteristics that might make the species particularly vulnerable. Each selected species was then evaluated for sensitivity to the identified pressures using a hierarchical assessment that took into account the sensitivity, severity, and the temporal and spatial scales of the indicator to the given pressures. The selected suite of indicators was collectively sensitive to all the pressures except one.     

Distribution and ecological traits of a rare and threatened fungus Hericium flagellum in Poland with the prediction of its potential occurrence in Europe

Hericium flagellum is a highly host-dependent wood-inhabiting fungus in Europe. Its occurrence is strongly connected to the distribution of silver fir (Abies alba). We analysed available data describing ecological factors, especially habitat, substrate preferences and phenology, which are regarded as drivers of H. flagellum occurrence. We also implemented ecological niche modelling to determine the potential range of the fungus. More than half of H. flagellum records (57%) were found in high conservation value areas, on fallen trunks of silver fir trees. The basidiomata were predominantly recorded between August and late November. Distribution of the tree host, precipitation in the driest month, isothermality and annual mean temperature were the most decisive factors influencing H. flagellum occurrence. We conclude that the disjunctive range at present, the risk of tree host extinction linked to habitat loss, and the limited dispersal of H. flagellum propagules are the main threats to this species.     

Components of the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system and 'NADPH-independent benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase' activity in a wide range of marine invertebrate species

Levels of components of the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent monooxygenase system were characterised in microsomes of major biotransformation tissues, or whole bodies, of 33 species from six phyla of aquatic invertebrates. The phylogenetic distribution of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (BPH) activity in the absence of added NADPH (so-called 'NADPH-independent BPH activity') and presence of NADPH was also examined. Microsomal protein yield was higher in individual tissues than whole tissues. The main components (total CYP and cytochrome b5; NADPH-dependent cytochrome c (CYP) reductase, NADH-dependent cytochrome c reductase and NADH-dependent ferricyanide (b5) reductase activities) were found in most species of the Porifera, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Polychaeta, Crustacea and Echinodermata examined. The so-called '418-peak' of the carbon-monoxide difference spectrum of reduced microsomes was found in all species, indicating the wide distribution of this protein. Total CYP levels (pmol mg(-1) protein; mean+/-SEM) were similar in molluscs (50+/-7), crustaceans (61+/-11) and echinoderms (56+/-9), with the exception of high levels (223-266) in two crustacean species. NADPH-dependent BPH activity (pmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein) was found in 32 species, being lowest in Porifera and Cnidaria (3-4), intermediate in Mollusca (7.8+/-1.3), and highest in Crustacea (25+/-4) and Echinodermata (15+/-4). NADPH-independent BPH activity was evident in 13 out of 15 molluscan species examined, with the addition of NADPH either stimulating (8 species) or inhibiting (5 species) the activity. NADPH-independent BPH activity was also seen in two poriferan species and indicated in three crustacean species, suggesting that the phenomenon is not solely restricted to the Mollusca.     

Phylogeography of the flag cabrilla Epinephelus labriformis (Serranidae): implications for the biogeography of the Tropical Eastern Pacific and the early stages of speciation in a marine shore fish

Aim To examine the role of previously described biogeographical boundaries in shaping phylogeographical relationships within and among two putative eastern Pacific sibling species, the flag cabrilla, Epinephelus labriformis and the Clipperton grouper, Epinephelus clippertonensis (Serranidae). Location Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP). Methods Sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were obtained from samples throughout the range of the species. Coalescence analysis, mismatch distributions and an analysis of molecular variance (amova ) were used to infer population differentiation. Results Overall, 49 haplotypes were found among 304 specimens, and there was significant structure corresponding to geographical locality (amova , Φ_ct = 0.198, P < 0.001; Φ_st = 0.207, P < 0.001; F_st = 0.169, P < 0.001; F_ct = 0.151, P = 0.036). Coalescence analysis indicates a population expansion at Clipperton Atoll during the mid‐Pleistocene. Main conclusions Our results suggest that previously described barriers to dispersal along the mainland of the TEP may not impinge on the dispersal ability of marine species, such as these groupers, that have long‐lived pelagic larvae. In contrast, gene flow between mainland and island populations of the readily distinguishable morphospecies E. labriformis and E. clippertonensis is restricted. The low level of genetic differentiation between the two species indicates that changes in external colour patterns may evolve more rapidly than genetic markers commonly used to delimit species boundaries. Thus a combination of colour differences and a lack of reciprocal monophyly may act as good indicators of incipient speciation in the marine environment.     

Cloning and characterization of the inulinase gene from a marine yeast <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia guilliermondii</Emphasis> and its expression in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia pastoris</Emphasis>

The extracellular inulinase structural gene was isolated from the genomic DNA of the marine yeast Pichia guilliermondii strain 1 by PCR. The gene had an open reading frame of 1,542 bp long encoding an inulinase. The coding region of the gene was not interrupted by any intron. It encoded 514 amino acid residues of a protein with a putative signal peptide of 18 amino acids and the calculated molecular mass of 58.04 kDa. The protein sequence deduced from the inulinase structural gene contained the inulinase consensus sequences (WMNXPNGL) and (RDPKVF). It also had ten conserved putative N-glycosylation sites. The inulinase from P. guilliermondii strain 1 was found to be closely related to that from Kluyveromyces marxianus. The inulinase gene without the signal sequence was subcloned into pPICZαA expression vector and expressed in Pichia pastoris X-33. The expressed fusion protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting and a specific band with molecular mass of about 60 kDa was found. Enzyme activity assay verified the recombinant protein as an inulinase. A maximum activity of 58.7 ± 0.12 U/ml was obtained from the culture supernatant of P. pastoris X-33 harboring the inulinase gene. A large amount of monosaccharides, disaccharides and oligosaccharides were detected after the hydrolysis of inulin with the crude recombinant inulinase.     

Movement patterns,home range size and habitat utilization of the bluespine unicornfish, <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Naso unicornis</Emphasis> (Acanthuridae) in a Hawaiian marine reserve

Synopsis We quantified bluespine unicornfish, Naso unicornis, movement patterns, home range size and habitat preferences in a small Hawaiian marine reserve. Bluespine unicornfish were site-attached to home ranges situated within the reserve boundaries and their movements were aligned with topographic features. Two different diel movement patterns (‘commuting’ and ‘foraying’) were observed. Commuters made crepuscular migrations of several hundred meters between daytime foraging areas and nighttime refuge holes. Foraying fish did not partake in crepuscular migrations and utilized refuge holes both day and night. Two bluespine unicornfish were also nocturnally active. There was little direct evidence of dispersal from the reserve but differences in bluespine unicornfish abundance and size among reef habitat zones were consistent with ontogenetic habitat shifts. The influence of habitat topography on bluespine unicornfish movements suggests that gross habitat characteristics could be used to predict reef fish movements. This could provide a simple method for setting marine reserve boundaries at sites for which empirical fish movement data are unavailable.