Effect of a polyherbal formulation, Ambrex, on butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) induced toxicity in rats

Effect of polyherbal formulation Ambrex was evaluated in butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) induced toxicity of lungs and liver in rats. Toxicity was produced by administering BHT (500 mg/kg/day) for 3 days. Lung damage was evidenced by elevated levels of broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BAL) parameters such as protein, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Liver damage was proved by elevated levels of serum protein and markers such as LDH, ALP, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), decreased level of lipid peroxides (LPO) in serum and glutathione (GSH) in liver. Administration of aqueous suspension of Ambrex (50 mg/kg orally) retained these elevated levels of BAL-protein, lactate, LDH, ALP, ACP, G6PDH and serum-protein, LDH, ALP, AST and ALT at near normal values. Decreased level of liver GSH was retained at near normalcy in Ambrex pretreated BHT-administered animals. There was no change in liver LPO in all the four groups.     

Enzyme leakage during cryopreservation of ram spermatozoa

Spermatozoal motility and enzyme leakage during cryopreservation of ram spermatozoa was evaluated in the presence and absence of antifreeze proteins (AFP). Loss of spermatozoal motility due to the cryopreservation process was reduced by 10% in the presence of AFP. Samples of the diluted semen at various stages of the cryopreservation process were assayed for aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The levels of AST, ALT and ACP were low in ram spermatozoa and were not considered suitable for the objective measurement of spermatozoal damage. ALP leaked during the cooling and freezing process, whereas LDH leakage was prevalent during cooling, freezing and post-thaw incubation of spermatozoa. Changes in ALP and LDH could be used as marker enzymes in the development of semen processing protocols and of semen diluents.     

Biochemical predictors for Sars-Cov-2 severity

It is of interest to assess the inflammatory marker profile in SARS-CoV-2 patients and to correlate the levels of systemic inflammatory biomarkers such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-Reactive Protein CRP, Ferritin, Creatine kinase (CK), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and liver function analytes total serum proteins, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) with the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. A total of 1000 COVID-19 positive patient''s data were collected. Laboratory assessments consisted of NLR (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio) by cell counter, C Reactive Protein (CRP) by immunoturbidimetry, Ferritin by electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA) and Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, Total Protein and Albumin by spectrophotometry. The mean plasma CRP levels, NLR, ferritin, CK and LDH levels were higher in severe cases than in non-severe cases, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). All liver function tests such as the total and direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP, total protein and albumin were higher in severe patients than non-severe patients and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Data indicate that NLR, CRP, Ferritin, CK, LDH and liver function analytes have a crucial role as prognostic markers for SARS-CoV-2 infections and hence should be routinely recommended for risk assessment and stratification of the patients to reduce the associated morbidity and mortality.     

Effects of temperature on growth,hematology, and immune responses of subadult Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis Gray 1835) under different ammonia nitrogen conditions in recirculating aquaculture system

The growth, hematology, and immune responses of subadult Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) (avg. wt. 25.11 ± 3.74 kg) were determined at three water temperature levels (12, 18, and 24°C) × three concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) (0.05 ± 0.02, 1.03 ± 0.04, and 2.03 ± 0.05 mg/L) for 90 days in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). At the end of the experiment, all fish were weighed and serum was collected for analysis using biochemical parameters. The temperature level had significant effects on the growth and hematology responses of subadult Chinese sturgeon under the RAS conditions. The specific growth rate (SGR) of subadult Chinese sturgeon was highest at 18°C compared to other temperatures; at this temperature, the total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lysozyme (LZM) activities were also the highest (p < 0.05). As the temperature rose, the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rates significantly increased (p < 0.05). In addition, there was no effect of TAN level on ammonia excretion rates of subadult Chinese sturgeon, while the oxygen consumption rate was greater in the high TAN group compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). The SGR of the fish was markedly reduced when the TAN level rose, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood ammonia (BA), malondialdehyde (MDA) and cortisol in the serum were significantly elevated when the fish were in high TAN water for 90 days (p < 0.05), T‐AOC and LZM activities in the serum clearly decreased, indicating that the antioxidant system and nonspecific immune mechanism of subadult Chinese sturgeon appeared to be inhibited, which could raise the sensitivity of the Chinese sturgeon to various pathogens. The results of this study indicate that subadult Chinese sturgeon could achieve normal growth in the RAS, but that growth and hematology were significantly affected when the TAN concentration in the water was higher than 2 mg/L for an extended period.     

Leucocytosis as a marker of organ damage induced by chronic strenuous physical exercise

The effects of strenuous physical exercise on the serial changes in the haematological, biochemical and hormonal markers were investigated. A group of 14 soldiers, aged 24–36 years, took part in a military training course for about 13 weeks. After severe exercise stress, an increase (90%) in the number of peripheral blood leucocytes was observed. The degree of leucocytosis showed a close correlation with the values of some serum parameters, such as concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST;r = 0.747), lactate dehydrogenase (LD;r = 0.748), blood urea nitrogen (r = 0.756), creatine kinase (CK;r = 0.637), manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD;r = 0.508), alanine aminotransferase (ALT;r = 0.542) and uric acid (r = 0.538), and concentrations of urinary parameters, such as vanilmandelic acid (r = 0.429) and free cortisol (r = 0.437). The subjects showing prominent leucocytosis over 9500 cells · l^–1 exhibited a lower concentration of serum cholinesterase than those who showed milder leucocytosis. The serum Mn-SOD concentration was closely correlated with the serial changes in serum concentrations of AST, ALT, LD and CK, indicating exercise-induced muscle and liver damage. The change in peripheral leucocyte number was assumed to be diagnostically informative and may be a prognostic marker, reflecting organ damage and restoration after strenuous physical exercise.     

The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria brevis β-carotene extract modulates alterations of biochemical and hematological circadian patterns in stress-induced rat

Managing stress can prevent serious health problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effect of β-carotene (βC), as a natural cyanobacterial product, against stress-induced alterations in biochemical and hematological circadian patterns. Male albino rats were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 21 days. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (20 rats/group), viz. control, CUS exposed, βC-treated, and βC-treated + CUS-exposed groups. Before CUS exposure, Oscillatoria brevis βC extract was administered (10 mg/kg), intraperitoneally. Blood samples were collected at four Zeitgeber times (ZT: 3, 9, 15 and 21), 5 rats/time point, to monitor circadian profiles of aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), total protein (TP), glucose (Glu), urea, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrite (HCV), red blood cell (RBCs), and white blood cell counts (WBCs). Results revealed that these parameters expressed circadian patterns. CUS exposure significantly (p < 0.05) increased AST, ALT, Glu, urea, creatinine, LDH, CK-MB, and HCV. On the other hand, it significantly decreased Hb, RBCs, and WBCs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, under CUS-exposure the peak time (acrophase) of circadian rhythms of all parameters was variably shifted. On the other hand, βC administration modulated these alternations, where data analysis confirmed a significant decrease in AST, ALT, Glu, urea, creatinine, LDH, CK-MB, and HCV, however, a significant increase in TP, Hb, RBCs, and WBCs (p < 0.05) was observed. Taken together, it can be concluded that βC administration caused restoration of acrophase and level of these parameters thus regulating their circadian rhythms in CUS-induced rats.     

Hepatoprotective effects of phosphatidylserine liposomes on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

It has been proposed carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) intoxication due to the production of free radicals and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) overload results hepatotoxicity. Phosphatidylserine (PS) has shown antioxidant activity in numerous studies. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effects of PS liposomes treatment against the CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model. Male Wistar rats were treated with PS (10 mg/kg, oral) or phosphatidylcholine liposomes (PC) (10 mg/kg, oral) for 3 days before CCl₄ (2 ml/kg; ip once on the third day) injection. The serum level of ALT, AST, and ALP were measured. Also, antioxidant assays were performed. Administration of PS with CCl₄ significantly inhibited alterations in the serum levels of AST, ALP (^**P < 0.01), and ALT (^***P < 0.001) compared with control group. Furthermore, measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels indicated that PS significantly reduced reactive oxygen species. The results of the present study showed the hepatoprotective effects of PS against CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.     

Smad3基因剔除小鼠血清酶活性的变化

目的　探讨Smad3基因对剔除小鼠血清酶活性的影响。方法　采用荷兰半自动生化分析仪对 35日龄、70日龄、6月龄的三种不同基因型的小鼠的ALP、AST、ALT、CK、LDH L进行测定。结果　纯合型小鼠各项指标较野生型高 ,且表现出ALP随着年龄的增长而降低 ;AST、ALT、CK、LDH L随着年龄的增长而增高。结论　Smad3基因的剔除对小鼠的血清酶活性有一定的影响 ,为该小鼠的进一步研究提供基础。     

Effects of Selenium and Vitamin E,in Addıtıon to Melatonin,Against Oxidative Stress Caused by Cadmium in Rats

The present study was carried to evaluate the protective effects of melatonin alone and vitamin E with selenium combination against high dose cadmium-induced oxidative stress in rats. The control group received subcutanous physiological saline. The first study group administered cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) by subcutaneous injection of dose of 1 mg/kg. The second study group administered cadmium plus vitamin E with selenium (1 mg/kg sodium selenite with 60 mg/kg vitamin E); the third study group administered cadmium plus 10 mg/kg melatonin (MLT); the fourth study group administered CdCl₂ plus a combination of melatonin in addition to vitamin E and selenium for a month. Determination levels of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), blood superoxide dismutase (SOD), creatinine alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urea were measured in serum. In only CdCl₂ administered group, the MDA, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, and urea levels in the serum were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). Whereas in all other groups, this values were significantly lower than the only CdCl₂ administered group (p < 0.05). Erythrocytes GSH-Px, serum SOD activities of only CdCl₂ received group were significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, vitamin E + Se, melatonin and vitamin E, and Se, in addition to MLT combinations, had protective effects against high dose cadmium-induced oxidative damage.     

Biochemical response to colloidal bismuth subcitrate

In the present study, an investigation was undertaken to assess the efficacy on serum enzymes of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS). CBS was administered with injections to male rats in 100-, 200-, 400-, 500-, and 1000-μg/L doses of bismuth. Rats were anesthetized at different intervals (24, 48, and 72 h) after CBS injections. The levels of serum enzymes were determined. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatine kinase (CK) levels significantly increased after all CBS treatments without dependence on time. All doses of bismuth significantly affected the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum after 72 h. The lowest doses were the most toxic on ALT and LDH. These data suggest that treatment with CBS can provide evidence for a possible marker of liver toxicity although there is no evidence of liver accumulation of bismuth in the present study.     

The effects of subchronic methidathion toxicity on rat liver: Role of antioxidant vitamins C and E

Methidathion (MD) phosphorodithioic acid S-[(5-methoxy-2-oxo-1,3,4-thiadiazol-3(2H)-yl)methyl] O,O-dimethyl ester is the organophosphate insecticide (OPI) most commonly used worldwide in the pest control of crops. Subchronic MD exposure was evaluated for its effects on lipid peroxidation, the serum activities of cholinesterase (ChE), and enzymes concerning liver damage, and the protective effects of combination of vitamins E and C in albino rats. Additionally, the histopathological changes in liver tissue were examined. Experimental groups were as follows: control group; a group treated with 5 mg/kg body weight MD (MD group); and a group treated with 5 mg/kg body wight MD plus vitamin E plus vitamin C (MD+AO group). The MD and MD+AO groups were treated orally with MD on five days a week for 4 weeks. The serum activities of cholinesterase (ChE), alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate amiotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and liver histopathology were studied. In serum samples, MD significantly increased MDA concentration and ALP, AST, GGT, LDH activities but decreased the ALT and ChE activities. In the MD+AO group, MDA level and ALP, AST, LDH activities were significantly decreased and ChE activity was increased compared to the MD group. Histopathological changes found in liver tissue of rats treated with MD included were infiltration with mononuclear cells in all portal areas, sinusoidal dilatation, and focal microvesicular steatosis and hydropic degenerations in parenchymal tissue. The severity of these lesions was reduced by administration of vitamins. From these results, it can be concluded that subchronic MD causes liver damage, and lipid peroxidation may be a molecular mechanism involved in MD-induced toxicity. Furthermore, the combination of vitamins E and C can reduce the toxic effects of MD on liver tissue of rats.     

Heat acclimation causes some alterations in serum enzymes activities in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

The present study investigated the effect of long-term heat acclimation and experimental diabetes on serum activity of transaminases (AST, ALT), ALP, LDH and elastase complex, as well as blood glucose and HbA1c level in Wistar rats. The heat acclimation model was established with the artificial heat chamber (35±1 °C and 30-40% humidity) for a period of 28 days, while the control groups were held on 20±2 °C. Experimental diabetes was induced by single streptozotocine (STZ) injection (55 mg/kg bodyweight) The changes caused by insulin treatment (2 IU/100 g body weight, 14 days, twice daily) in both thermal groups were also investigated.STZ-diabetes leads to significant increase in blood glucose and HbA1c level, AST, ALT and ALP activities in both thermal groups (normothermic and heat acclimated), decrease in LDH activity in normothermic animals and increase in heat-acclimated ones. Treatment with insulin restores the blood glucose, HbA1c and enzymes activities regardless of the previous thermal exposure.Prolonged acclimation of control animals to elevated ambient temperature resulted in significant decrease in blood glucose level, AST, ALT, ALP and LDH activities and non-significant changes in HbA1c. Compared to diabetic rats from room temperature, heat-acclimated diabetic ones have significantly higher blood glucose, AST, ALP and LDH activity, lower HbA1c concentration and no significant changes in ALT. Most of the changes observed in heat-acclimated insulin-treated diabetic rats did not significantly differ compared to those from room temperature.The overall two-way ANOVA analyses showed that diabetic state causes significant changes in the blood glucose, HbA1c, AST, ALT and ALP activity, while heat acclimation causes significant changes only in HbA1c level and AST activity. Both of the factors (diabetic state and heat acclimation) have significant common effects on AST, ALP and LDH activity.     

Effects of exogenous metallothionein on acute cadmium toxicity in rats

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of exogenously administered metallothionein (MT) to rats exposed to high cadmium levels. A total of 72 rats were used in the study. The animals were divided into three groups: controls, Cd administered, and Cd+MT. Cadmium was administered by subcutaneous injection of cadmium(II) chloride at a dose of 3.5 mg/kg for 7 d. In addition to CdCl₂, 30 μmol/kg MT was administered to the second group of rats (group II). Control rats received 0.5 mL physiologic serum via subcutaneous injection. Eight rats from each group were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th day after administration of the compounds. Liver, kidney, and blood samples were harvested. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), serum ALT, AST, BUN, ALP, creatinine, and urea were measured. MDA levels in group I were observed to increase starting from d 1 compared to group II (p<0.05). Although MDA levels in group II were higher than controls (p<0.05), they were lower, especially in liver and blood, compared to group II. Erythrocyte GSH-Px activity levels were determined to decrease starting from d 1 in both groups (p<0.05). Decreases in GSH-Px activity levels in group II were less than group I. Serum creatinine levels in both groups were increased significantly compared to controls (p<0.05); the increase in group I was higher than group II. Serum ALT, AST, and ALP levels in group I increased to very high levels compared to controls, whereas increases in group II were at moderate levels (p<0.05). Although serum BUN levels were determined to be reduced, there was no significant change among the groups. Serum urea levels in both groups were higher than controls. Based on our results, it is possible to postulate that exogenous MT can act as antioxidant against Cd toxicity and lipid peroxidation.     

Influence of dietary culture material containing aflatoxin and T<Subscript>2</Subscript> toxin on certain serum biochemical constituents in Japanese quail

Forty newly hatched unsexed Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks were fed diets containing 3 ppm aflatoxin (AF) and 4 ppm T₂ toxin either singly and in combination for 35 days. Sera samples were collected from six birds in each group at the end of the trial to study the effect of certain serum biochemical parameters. Highly significant (P < 0.01) differences were observed for serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) between control and toxin treated groups. Toxin treated groups did not reveal any significant difference for serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium. There was a reduction in the levels of serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, ALT and elevation of AST and GGT and variable ALP levels observed in toxin treated groups. Forms part of M.V.Sc. thesis of first author approved by the Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600 051, India.     

The hepatoprotective effects of Hypericum perforatum L. on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Little is known about the effective role of Hypericum perforatum on hepatic ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Hence, albino rats were subjected to 45 min of hepatic ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion period. Hypericum perforatum extract (HPE) at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight (HPE₅₀) was intraperitonally injected as a single dose, 15 min prior to ischemia. Rats were sacrificed at the end of reperfusion period and then, biochemical investigations were made in serum and liver tissue. Liver tissue homogenates were used for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels. At the same time alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed in serum samples and compared statistically. While the ALT, AST, LDH activities and MDA levels were significantly increased, CAT and GPx activities significantly decreased in only I/R-induced control rats compared to normal control rats (p < 0.05). Treatment with HPE₅₀ significantly decreased the ALT, AST, LDH activities and MDA levels, and markedly increased activities of CAT and GPx in tissue homogenates compared to I/R-induced rats without treatment–control group (p < 0.05). In oxidative stress generated by hepatic ischemia–reperfusion, H. perforatum L. as an antioxidant agent contributes an alteration in the delicate balance between the scavenging capacity of antioxidant defence systems and free radicals in favour of the antioxidant defence systems in the body.     

双歧三联活菌片与小儿止泻安颗粒对急性腹泻患儿血清IL-7、心肌酶及同工酶水平的影响

目的:探讨双歧三联活菌片联合小儿止泻安颗粒对小儿急性腹泻患儿血清IL-7、心肌酶及同工酶水平的影响。方法:收集我院就诊的120例小儿急性腹泻患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组60例。对照组患者给予双歧三联活菌片口服治疗;实验组在对照组基础上给予小儿止泻安颗粒口服治疗。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、白介素-7(IL-7)以及临床治疗有效率。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后AST、ALT、LDH、CK、CK-MB水平均显著下降,IL-7水平明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组患者的血清AST、ALT、LDH、CK、CK-MB水平较低,IL-7水平较高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组患者的临床治疗有效率较高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:双歧三联活菌片联合小儿止泻安颗粒能够降低小儿急性腹泻患者血清心肌酶、同工酶水平,升高IL-7水平,临床疗效较好。     

Enzyme activities in plasma, liver and kidney of black ducks and mallards

Activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in plasma, liver, and kidney, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was measured in liver and kidney of black ducks (Anas rubripes). Activities of ALT, AST, GGT, and ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT) were assayed in plasma, liver, and kidney of game-farm mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Appreciable OCT and AST activity occurred in both liver and kidney. Activities of ALT, CPK, ALP and GGT were higher in kidney, while LDH was higher in liver, GGT was detected in plasma from one of four mallards.     

ZnO nanoparticles augment ALT,AST, ALP and LDH expressions in C2C12 cells

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme expressions in C2C12 cells. ZnO nanoparticles are widely used in the several cosmetic lotions and other biomedical products. Several studies report on ZnO nanoparticle mediated cytotoxicity. However, there are no reports on the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on ALT, AST, ALP and LDH enzyme expressions in C2C12 cells. A cytotoxicity assay was carried out to determine the effect of ZnO nanoparticles (1–5 mg/ml) on C2C12 cell viability at 48 and 72 h. ZnO nanoparticles increased ALT, AST, ALP and LDH enzyme mRNA expression and their activities in C2C12 cells. In conclusion, the present study showed that ZnO nanoparticles increased these enzyme activities and its mRNA expression in C2C12 cells in a dose-dependent manner.     

Effect of envenomation on enzymes of brain of albino rats

Effects of high doses of cobra venom, (150 micrograms/120 +/- 20 g body wt) and viper venom (300 micrograms/120 +/- 20 g body wt) on aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acetylcholinesterase (ACh) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of brain of albino rats were studied. While AST, LDH, ACh and ALP activities increased in both viper and cobra venom treated rats, ALT decreased in both groups compared to control.     

Routine enzymes in the monitoring of type 2 diabetes mellitus

We examined the relationships of glucose and HbA1c levels with the routinely screened serum enzyme activities in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and we designed an in vitro study to evaluate the direct effect of glucose levels on enzyme activities. The study was performed on a consecutive series of outpatients with type 2 diabetes who were followed up at Dicle University Medical Faculty Hospital from May 2009 to May 2010 for the first time. Effects of aspartate transaminase, aminotransferase, gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, glucose and HbA1c levels and in vitro glucose (492, 287, 184, 131, 82 mg dl⁻¹, respectively) on enzymes were determined. The patients were categorized on the basis of glucose and HbA1c levels and grouped according to a range of values. In patients with high HbA1c levels (>10.1%), ALP, GGT activities and creatine kinase (CK)‐MB/CK (p = 0.008, 0.026, 0.014) ratio were increased significantly when compared with those in the control group. In patients with high glucose levels (>200 mg dl⁻¹), ALP, GGT activities and CK‐MB/CK ratio (p = 0.003, 0.001, 0.001) were increased significantly when compared with those in the control group. Glucose, which was added to serum in different concentrations in vitro, did not directly affect enzyme activities such as ALP, GGT and CK. We concluded that increased glucose levels could damage the liver and the heart muscle cells. Monitoring of blood glucose levels is a more valuable parameter than monitoring HbA1c in the momentary evaluation of diabetes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.