Seasonal changes in composition and biomass of epilithic algal floras of a chalk stream and a soft water stream with estimates of production

Microscopic epilithic algae in the River Itchen at Otterbourne near Southampton and in the Ober Water in the New Forest were studied during 1984 and 1985. The River Itchen rises from chalk springs and has a steady pH near 8.2 and a mean alkalinity of 236 mg HCO₃ 1^–1; at the study site the river is about 16 m wide and 20 cm deep, with a mean flow rate of 0.33 m s^–1 and a discharge ranging through the year between 0.34 and 2.46 m³ s^–1. The Ober Water, which drains sands and gravels, has a pH between 6.9 and 7.2 and a mean alkalinity of about 50 mg HCO₃ 1^–1; at the study site it is about 6 m wide, with a mean flow rate of 0.27 m s^–1 and a discharge ranging through the year between 0.08 and 1.0 m³ s^–1.Epilithic algae removed from the pebbles that form the major part of the beds of both streams show seasonal changes in abundance and composition. Diatoms peaked in April/May and dominate the epilithic flora in both streams, comprising 70–95% of all algal cells; highest numbers of chlorophytes occurred in summer and cyanophytes increased in autumn. The species composition of the epilithic flora in the two streams was different, as was the population density; algal cell numbers ranged between 500 and 7000 cells mm^–2 of stream floor in the River Itchen and between 8 and 320 cells mm^–2 of stream floor in the Ober Water. The chlorophyll a content of epilithic algae in the River Itchen ranged between 115 and 415 mg m^–2 of stream floor, representing an annual mean biomass of about 8 g m^–2, whereas in the Ober Water a chlorophyll a content of 2.2 to 44 mg m^–2 of stream floor was found, representing an annual mean biomass of about 1 g m^–2. Cautious estimates of the annual production of epilithic algae in these streams suggest a value of about 600 g organic dry weight m^–2 in the River Itchen and about 75 g m^–2 in the Ober Water.     

A study on the faeces of some chalk stream invertebrates

An account is given of the size, form, texture, colour, cohesion and composition of the faeces of 41 species of invertebrates found in chalk streams. The relationships between the character of the faeces and the taxonomic positions and habits of the producers are considered.The importance of faeces production relative to the bulk of stream bed sediments is discussed. Faeces of different origins accumulate in different areas of the stream bed and these differences may be associated in part with their form and structure and in part with the distribution of the species from which they originate. In the summer months tubificid worms alone may be responsible for reworking between 0.3% and 0.5% of the fine particulate material in sediments every day.     

Water temperature determines strength of top-down control in a stream food web

1. We examined effects of water temperature on the community structure of a three trophic level food chain (predatory fish, herbivorous caddisfly larvae and periphyton) in boreal streams. We used laboratory experiments to examine (i) the effects of water temperature on feeding activities of fish and caddisfly larvae and on periphyton productivity, to evaluate the thermal effects on each trophic level (species‐level experiment), and (ii) the effects of water temperature on predation pressure of fish on abundance of the lower trophic levels, to evaluate how temperature affects top‐down control by fish (community‐level experiment). 2. In the species‐level experiment, feeding activity of fish was high at 12 °C, which coincides with the mean summer temperature in forested streams of Hokkaido, Japan, but was depressed at 3 °C, which coincides with the mean winter temperature, and also above 18 °C, which coincides with the near maximum summer temperatures. Periphyton productivity increased over the range of water temperatures. 3. In the community‐level experiments, a top‐down effect of fish on the abundance of caddisfly larvae and periphyton was clear at 12 °C. This effect was not observed at 3 and 21 °C because of low predation pressure of fish at these temperatures. 4. These experiments revealed that trophic cascading effects may vary with temperature even in the presence of abundant predators. Physiological depression of predators because of thermal stress can alter top‐down control and lead to changes in community structure. 5. We suggest that thermal habitat alteration can change food web structure via combinations of direct and indirect trophic interactions.     

The effects of geothermal water inflow on longitudinal changes in benthic macroinvertebrate community composition of a temperate stream

Studies of macroinvertebrate communities in thermal streams are highly geographically localized and mostly faunistical, making the efforts to understand in situ water thermal regime effects on those biocoenoses barely achievable. We examined the effects of geothermal water inflow on benthic macroinvertebrate community composition in a temperate stream. Environmental data analysis has shown that water temperature is a major factor determining the faunistical composition, especially downstream of the geothermal water inflow situated some 20 m upstream of locality V3. The increase in mean annual water temperature from 11.5±4.1 °C at locality V2 to 22.0±5.0 °C at locality V3 induced an enormous shift in community composition from a diverse one, composed mainly of Gammaridae, Simuliidae, Chironomidae, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera, and to a lesser extent of Plecoptera, Coleoptera, other Diptera, Hirudinea, Odonata, Mollusca and Oligochaeta, to a uniform one strongly dominated by Chironomidae, Mollusca and Oligochaeta, comprising 98.9±0.5% of collected individuals. While the disappearance of Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera and the increase in representation of Mollusca and Oligochaeta at locality V3 might be solely explained by water temperature increase, in the case of Chironomidae the increase in water discharge and relatively high annual water temperature variation at locality V3 had additional positive effects. However, the latter factor induced disappearance of Gammaridae at locality V3. In addition to the increase in water temperature, increase of water velocity significantly determined the longitudinal dynamics of Coleoptera.     

Seasonal temperature patterns in an arctic and two subarctic Alaskan (USA) headwater streams

We investigated the thermal ecology of three Alaskan streams. Monument Creek (MC) and Little Poker Creek (LPC) are subarctic streams in interior Alaska; LPC is in a permafrost-dominated valley. Imnavait Creek (IC) is an arctic tundra beaded stream in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range. Water temperatures were recorded with automated dataloggers hourly (LPC) or bi-hourly (MC and IC). Records for MC extend through almost three entire years, while data from IC (three years) and LPC (one year) represent the majority of the ice-free season. We also collected winter water/ice temperatures from IC (1989–1990). Mean annual water temperatures were 1.1 °C (LPC), 2.3 °C (MC), and 2.9 °C (IC), while maxima were 5.8 °C (LPC), 13.0 °C (MC), and 21.4 °C (IC). Water temperature rose in the spring about twice as fast (both mean and maximum daily increase) in MC as in LPC, and again about twice as fast in IC as in MC. A similar pattern was observed during the autumnal decline in water temperature. Maximum daily amplitude followed a similar pattern, with MC (6.6 °C) intermediate between LPC (4.1°) and IC (11.6°). LPC accumulated approximately 400 degree-days above 0 °C, MC approximately 950 degree-days, and IC approximately 1000 degree-days. Although it is about 450 km north of the other streams, the tundra stream (IC) accumulated more degree-days, had higher maximum and mean temperatures, greater daily temperature amplitude, and steeper slopes of vernal temperature rise and autumnal temperature decline than the subarctic streams (LPC and MC). The absence of a canopy of riparian plants, channel morphology, and continuous sunlight during the arctic mid-summer accounted for these higher temperatures. Beaded tundra streams provide a highly seasonal (< 120 d ice-free) and spatially and temporally complex thermal environment.     

Measurement of nutrient spiralling during a period of continuous surface flow in a Mediterranean temporary stream (Arroyo de La Montesina, Spain)

Uptake rate of calcium, potassium, nitrate-N and phosphorus were measured in a second order Mediterranean temporary stream, in February and March 1992. This study analyzed a period of continuous surface flow between two hydrologic disturbance events (flood and drought) of an annual hydrological cycle (1991–92).The lowest values of uptake length were recorded for nitrate-N in February 92 and calcium in March 92. Nitrate had the highest uptake rate in both release performances, and potassium showed the lowest uptake rate values. The increase of calcium and nitrate uptake rate between February 92 and March 92 suggested a higher ecosystem efficiency in nutrient retention with a higher temperature and light intensity and slower water velocity, discharge and water depth. These results obtained were similar to those reported in permanent streams, indicating that in periods of continuous surface flow (without extreme hydrologic disturbance), abiotic factors can influence nutrient retention in temporary streams.     

Thermal patterns in the surface waters of a glacial river corridor (Val Roseg, Switzerland)

SUMMARY 1. We examined the thermal patterns of the surface waters in the catchment of the Roseg River, which is fed by the meltwaters of two valley glaciers. One of the glaciers has a lake at its terminus. The river corridor comprised a proglacial stream reach below one glacier, the glacier lake outlet stream, a 2.5‐km long complex floodplain and a constrained reach extending to the end of the catchment. 2. Temperatures were continuously measured with temperature loggers at 27 sites between 1997 and 1998. Moreover, from 1997 to 1999, spot measurements were taken at 33–165 floodplain sites (depending on water level) at monthly intervals. 3. The temperature regime of glacial streams, including the glacier lake outlet, was characterised by rapidly increasing temperatures in April and May, a moderate decline from June to September (period of glacial melt) and a subsequent fast decline in autumn. During summer, the lake increased temperatures in the outlet stream by 2–4 °C, compared with the adjacent proglacial stream reach. 4. In the main channel (thalweg) of the Roseg River, annual degree‐days (DD) ranged from 176 DD in the upper proglacial reach to 1227 DD at the end of the catchment. 5. Thermal variation among different channels within the floodplain was higher than the variation along the entire main channel. Floodplain channels lacking surface connection to the main channel accumulated up to 1661 annual DDs. 6. Thermal heterogeneity within the floodplain was linked to the glacial flow pulse. With the onset of ice melt, temperatures in the main channel and in channels surface‐connected to the main channel began to decline, whereas in surface‐disconnected channels temperatures continued to increase; as a consequence, thermal heterogeneity at the floodplain scale rose slightly until September. 7. High thermal heterogeneity was not anticipated in the harsh environment of a largely glacierised alpine catchment. The relatively wide range of thermal environments may contribute to the highly diverse zoobenthic community.     

Dispersal through stream networks: modelling climate‐driven range expansions of fishes

Aim To incorporate dispersal through stream networks into models predicting the future distribution of a native, freshwater fish given climate change scenarios. Location Sweden. Methods We used logistic regression to fit climate and habitat data to observed pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus) distributions in 13,476 lakes. We used GIS to map dispersal pathways through streams. Lakes either (1) contained pike or were downstream from pike lakes, (2) were upstream from pike lakes, but downstream from natural dispersal barriers, or (3) were isolated from streams or were upstream from natural dispersal barriers. We then used climate projections to model future distributions of pike and compared our results with and without including dispersal. Results Given climate and habitat, pike were predicted present in all of 99,249 Swedish lakes by 2100. After accounting for dispersal barriers, we only predicted pike presence in 31,538 lakes. Dispersal barriers most strongly limited pike invasion in mountainous regions, but low connectivity also characterized some relatively flat regions. Main conclusions The dendritic network structure of streams and interconnected lakes makes a two‐dimensional representation of the landscape unsuitable for predicting range shifts of many freshwater organisms. If dispersal through stream networks is not accounted for, predictions of future fish distributions in a warmer climate might grossly overestimate range expansions of warm and cool‐water fishes and underestimate range contractions of cold‐water fishes. Dispersal through stream networks can be modelled in any region for which a digital elevation model and species occurrence data are available.     

Retention of nitrogen in small streams artificially polluted with nitrate

A simple method was developed to test hypotheses on nitrogen retention in first-order streams in an agricultural region near Oslo, SE Norway. A gravity-operated system added a nitrate solution to the streams continuously at a constant rate. Water samples were collected at fixed intervals downstream to follow the rate of decline in streamwater nitrate. Repeated sampling allowed calculation of regression lines from experiments with different levels of additions of nitrate.The experiments showed that removal of nitrate generally increased with higher initial nitrate concentration, regardless of temperature (range 8–16 °C). Higher nitrate removal rates were found in a stream polluted by easily degradable organic matter than in a similar stream fed by groundwater.Experiments conducted in indoor channels lined with a layer of stream sediment gave reproducible, exponential rates of nitrate decrease in the recirculated water.The results are discussed in the framework of first-order streams as protective ecotones between agricultural areas and higher-order parts of the watersheds.     

西南亚高山森林植被变化对流域产水量的影响

国内曾有许多研究认为,长江上游亚高山地区的森林具有增加流域年径流量的作用,所以多年来一直以此来指导该区域的森林恢复与经营实践.将以往的径流场和集水区的观测数据结合起来,应用加权平均插值方法,建立了森林采伐后产水量变化的时间序列;使用SEBAL模型、液流测定结果和水量平衡方程,根据以往研究结果,计算了各森林植被类型的年蒸散量和年产水量.分析结果表明:西南亚高山老龄暗针叶林蒸散低,具有较高的产水量;老龄林采伐后产水量增加,但随着次生植被的快速恢复,产水量增加的持续时间很短,6a后即恢复到原有水平;之后伴随着演替进入灌丛、次生阔叶林、针阔混交林或人工云杉林阶段,产水量会进一步下降并长期处于相对较低的水平,而且会持续百年以上.以往研究中该区森林可以增加年径流量的结论,只适用于其所研究的老龄暗针叶林,不适用于原始林采伐后恢复起来的天然次生林和人工营造的云杉林.在天然次生林和人工林占主导的区域,森林覆盖率增加导致产水量减少,人工林减少尤甚.为深入认识西南亚高山森林的生态水文功能,应采用配对集水区试验长期观测研究,才能为亚高山森林的恢复和经营管理提供决策支持.     

黔中喀斯特山地不同森林类型的地表径流及影响因素

采用固定样地定位监测方法,于2001-2005年研究了黔中喀斯特山地不同森林类型对地表径流的影响。结果表明,不同林分类型的年地表径流量均值为11.108mm、林分类型间变幅为1.765-22.934mm、年际间变幅为10.553-11.699mm,退耕还林幼林(22.934mm)>针叶林(17.236mm)>针阔混交林(10.770mm)>阔叶林(8.876mm)。不同森林类型年地表径流量的季节变化为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,同降雨量的季节变化趋势相一致。与同生物气候带、不同生物气候带森林相近类型的径流量规律相似,反映出黔中喀斯特山地森林与其它森林地表径流量规律的相似性。其中喀斯特山地森林中灌木林地表径流量与其它地带性和非地带性森林中灌木林地表径流量变化的相异性又反映出黔中喀斯特山地森林地表径流的特殊性,这种特殊性主要是成土母岩造成的。地表径流系数的季节变化趋势中,退耕还林幼林为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,针叶林和针阔混交林为夏季>春季>冬季>秋季,灌木林和阔叶林为春季>夏季>冬季>秋季,这种差异与不同林分类型组成树种的生活型有关。旬地表径流量与反映温度和水分的气象指标间的单相关性达显著水平,多元回归方程模拟表明衡量温度的相关指标对地表径流量的贡献率高于降水,这反映了温度对近地气团的控制作用,进而影响区域降水和林地径流量。森林不同层片特征对地表径流量的影响具有互补性和抑制性,受森林群落组成、结构和发育的共同影响。年地表径流量受小生境和林地表层土壤特性的综合影响,地表径流量随坡度的增大而增加、随海拔的升高而降低,与毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度的负相关性达显著水平,多元回归方程模拟发现容重的贡献率达-96.54%。     

Spatial variation in basic chemistry of streams draining a volcanic landscape on Costa Rica's Caribbean slope

Spatial variability in selected chemical, physical and biological parameters was examined in waters draining relatively pristine tropical forests spanning elevations from 35 to 2600 meters above sea level in a volcanic landscape on Costa Rica's Caribbean slope. Waters were sampled within three different vegetative life zones and two transition zones. Water temperatures ranged from 24–25 °C in streams draining lower elevations (35–250 m) in tropical wet forest, to 10 °C in a crater lake at 2600 m in montane forest. Ambient phosphorus levels (60–300 µg SRP L^–1; 66–405 µg TP L^–1) were high at sites within six pristine drainages at elevations between 35–350 m, while other undisturbed streams within and above this range in elevation were low (typically <30.0 µg SRP L^–1). High ambient phosphorus levels within a given stream were not diagnostic of riparian swamp forest. Phosphorus levels (but not nitrate) were highly correlated with conductivity, Cl, Na, Ca, Mg and SO₄. Results indicate two major stream types: 1) phosphorus-poor streams characterized by low levels of dissolved solids reflecting local weathering processes; and 2) phosphorus-rich streams characterized by relatively high Cl, SO₄, Na, Mg, Ca and other dissolved solids, reflecting dissolution of basaltic rock at distant sources and/or input of volcanic brines. Phosphorus-poor streams were located within the entire elevation range, while phosphorus-rich streams were predominately located at the terminus of Pleistocene lava flows at low elevations. Results indicate that deep groundwater inputs, rich in phosphorus and other dissolved solids, surface from basaltic aquifers at breaks in landform along faults and/or where the foothills of the central mountain range merge with the coastal plain.     

植被恢复和气候变化对汾河源区径流及其组分的影响

近年来,黄河中游许多流域径流量呈现减少的趋势,这与区域大规模的植被恢复密切相关。但是,汾河源区径流量却呈现了增加的相反趋势,有关变化环境对该区域径流及其组分的影响机制尚不明晰。因此,研究选取汾河源区北石河流域为研究区域,利用9种数值模拟法对1962-2018年河川径流进行分割并分析其适用性,采用Mann-Kendall检验法和累积距平法对径流、地表径流及基流进行了趋势分析和突变检验,评价了植被恢复和气候变化对径流及其组分的影响。结果表明:(1)在9种数值模拟法中,Lyne-Hollick滤波法的估算精度相对较高,其日基流过程线能较好地反映基流的滞后性和稳定性,因此更适用于研究区的基流估算;(2)流域多年平均径流深、地表径流深、基流深和基流指数分别为181.2 mm、67.4 mm、113.8 mm和0.68,基流是径流的主要组成部分。流域年径流和年地表径流均呈现不显著的增加趋势,而年基流呈现显著的增加趋势,基流的增加是径流变化的主要直接原因,三者的突变时间均出现在1994年左右;(3)降水的变化引起了径流、地表径流及基流的增加,降水增加是径流变化的主导因素(贡献率为78.1%-79.4%),而植被恢复引起了径流和基流的增加以及地表径流的减少,其主要原因在于植被恢复能够促进降水入渗,减少地表径流,同时北石河流域的土壤和地貌条件使增加的降水入渗量更多地形成了基流,植被恢复的基流增加效应超过了地表径流减少效应,从而最终增加了径流总量。研究结果可为汾河源区植被合理恢复及水资源可持续利用提供科学依据。     

高寒森林溪流微生物群落结构的季节性变化

高寒森林溪流不仅是区域河流的源头,而且是联系陆地与水域的生态纽带。微生物活动可能成为控制溪流生态系统过程的关键因子,但其结构与动态过程缺乏必要关注。因此,结合同步温度动态监测,采用实时荧光定量PCR和DGGE技术,在2014年到2015年冻融季节和生长季节关键时期对比研究了川西高寒森林溪流和森林林下土壤中微生物群落的动态特征。研究结果发现,高寒森林溪流具有较低的真菌和细菌群落丰度;与森林土壤相同,溪流在冻融季节表现出相对生长季节更高的真菌/细菌比,而且从冻融季节到生长季节,溪流微生物丰度动态也表现出明显的季节性变化特征。与森林土壤不同的是,溪流中细菌和真菌的丰度及其Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的最高值均出现在生长季节而不是冬季冻融季节,并且溪流中细菌丰度在季节性变化的不同时期具有显著差异(P0.05)。此外,森林土壤细菌类群以芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)比例相对较高,真菌类群则以格孢菌属(Pleosporales sp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)和其他一些子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的类群为优势;而溪流细菌类群以红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.)为主,真菌类群则以曲霉属和空团菌属(Cenococcum sp.)为主。同时,季节性变化中温度、p H、水溶性有机碳和溶解氧等环境因子可显著影响溪流微生物群落结构及其组成,这些环境因子在高寒森林溪流微生物群落的季节性变化过程中具有重要的作用。     

Urban Stormwater Runoff: A New Class of Environmental Flow Problem

Environmental flow assessment frameworks have begun to consider changes to flow regimes resulting from land-use change. Urban stormwater runoff, which degrades streams through altered volume, pattern and quality of flow, presents a problem that challenges dominant approaches to stormwater and water resource management, and to environmental flow assessment. We used evidence of ecological response to different stormwater drainage systems to develop methods for input to environmental flow assessment. We identified the nature of hydrologic change resulting from conventional urban stormwater runoff, and the mechanisms by which such hydrologic change is prevented in streams where ecological condition has been protected. We also quantified the increase in total volume resulting from urban stormwater runoff, by comparing annual streamflow volumes from undeveloped catchments with the volumes that would run off impervious surfaces under the same rainfall regimes. In catchments with as little as 5–10% total imperviousness, conventional stormwater drainage, associated with poor in-stream ecological condition, reduces contributions to baseflows and increases the frequency and magnitude of storm flows, but in similarly impervious catchments in which streams retain good ecological condition, informal drainage to forested hillslopes, without a direct piped discharge to the stream, results in little such hydrologic change. In urbanized catchments, dispersed urban stormwater retention measures can potentially protect urban stream ecosystems by mimicking the hydrologic effects of informal drainage, if sufficient water is harvested and kept out of the stream, and if discharged water is treated to a suitable quality. Urban stormwater is a new class of environmental flow problem: one that requires reduction of a large excess volume of water to maintain riverine ecological integrity. It is the best type of problem, because solving it provides an opportunity to solve other problems such as the provision of water for human use.     

嫩江流域湿地生态需水量分析与预估

探讨了嫩江流域湿地生态需水量的计算方法,并对流域内不同降水频率下湿地生态需水量进行了计算。在此基础上,选择CMIP全球气候模式下RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5等3种排放情景,预测2030年、2050年和2100年嫩江流域湿地生态需水量的变化趋势。研究结果表明:不同降水频率下的流域湿地生态需水量分别为丰水年70.284亿m3,平水年118.696亿m3,枯水年169.343亿m3,反映了其与气候条件的相关性。3种排放情景下湿地生态需水量变化受到最高、最低气温和降水量变化的共同影响,其中RCP2.6情景下需水量呈先增加后减少的趋势;RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下需水量整体呈增加趋势,到2100年分别达到147.337亿m3和132.659亿m3。气候变化条件下,如何协调水资源需求间的矛盾,维持湿地生态系统健康稳定,将是未来研究关注的重点。     

Spatio-temporal variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages of glacial streams in the Swiss Alps

1. Changes in water chemistry, benthic organic matter (BOM), and macroinvertebrates were examined in four different glacial streams over an annual cycle. The streams experienced strong seasonal changes in water chemistry that reflected temporal changes in the influence from the source glacier, especially in water turbidity, particulate phosphorus and conductivity.
2. Nitrogen concentrations were high (nitrate-N values were 130–274 μg L^–1), especially during spring snowmelt runoff. Benthic organic matter attained >600 g m^–2 dry mass at certain times, peaks being associated with seasonal blooms of the alga Hydrurus foetidus .
3. Macroinvertebrate taxon richness was two to three times higher (also numbers and biomass) in winter than summer suggesting winter may be a more favourable period for these animals. Benthic densities averaged 1140–3820 ind. m^–2, although peaking as high as 9000 ind. m^–2. Average annual biomass ranged from 102 to 721 mg m^–2, and reached >2000 mg m^–2 at one site in autumn.
4. Taxa common to all sites included the dipterans Diamesa spp. and Rhypholophus sp., the plecopterans Leuctra spp. and Rhabdiopteryx alpina , and the ephemeropterans Baetis alpinus and Rhithrogena spp. Principal components analysis clearly separated winter assemblages from those found in summer.     

Benthic ecology of a spring-fed river of interior Alaska

1. A massive aquifer between the Gerstle, Tanana and Delta rivers in interior Alaska receives water from them and from smaller streams that flow from the Granite Mountains in the Alaska Range, Groundwater from the aquifer intersects the surface in a mid-sized (20m³s^?1× 10%) spring-fed stream, Clearwater Creek. 2. Mean annual air temperature is about -2.6°C. However, even in winter when air temperature often reaches —40°C, the stream does not form a complete ice cover. Water temperature ranges from 0 to 7.8°C. Specific conductance and the concentrations of major ions vary little throughout the year, and summed ionic salinity exceeds 250 mg1-^?1. 3. Benthic algal standing crop (as chlorophyll a) was at least an order of magnitude higher than that in a nearby surface-water stream, the upper Chena River, Standing crop peaked in spring and autumn (about 20mgm^?2) and averaged about half this value, although biomass of an early spring bloom of Hydrurus foetid us was underestimated. 4. Algal standing crop was inversely related to the concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and orrhophosphate-phosphorus in the water column. The ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (as mass concentrations) was always about 30. Measurements of primary production made in Clearwater Creek were among the highest reported for streams in subarctic Alaska. 5. Macroinvertebrate diversity in Clearwater Creek was low. Numbers of ‘morpho-species’ in monthly Surber samples (0.09m²) averaged nine, and ranged from three to fourteen. However, benthos and drift densities were similar to those reported from other Alaskan streams. In early spring and autumn, drifting macroinvertebrates were primarily Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera, but in summer, Diptera dominated the drift. The low diversity of macroinvertebrates is hypothesized to be a consequence of the small annual range in water temperature and the relatively constant discharge of Clearwater Creek.     

新疆白杨河流域特征及生态植被需水分析

新疆白杨河流域地跨上游乌鲁木齐市达坂城及下游吐鲁番市托克逊县两个行政区,上游达坂城区位于天山博格达峰山前冲击、洪积山间盆地干旱区,源于天山多支源流汇集于盆地南端峡口,基于峡口形成下游并由有多支流沿程补给白杨河干流,穿越极端干旱戈壁荒漠区的托克逊县直至末端吐鲁番市境内尾闾-艾丁湖,是我国典型少有的跨越干旱与极端干旱叠加型流域灌区,水资源有效利用及水生态环境保护具有重要作用。遵循流域各河流水系形成的自然生态环境属性及河道取水工程节点,采用Penman-Monteith法生态需水定额和卫星遥感面积识别及水文年内展布方法,分析评估流域内上下游绿洲生态环境植被需水量和河流生态基流及其调控断面。结果表明,上游达坂城区黑沟河年生态需水量、生态基流、年均径流占比和控制断面,分别为921万m³、0.29m³/s、18%和黑沟渠首;阿克苏河为1048万m³、0.33m³/s、12%和阿克苏渠首;高崖子河为862万m³、0.27m³/s、12%和高崖子渠首;下游托克逊境内由白杨河干流调节,艾丁湖等生态需水量分别为4256万m³、1.35m³/s、32%和小草湖渠首。白杨河流域年生态需水7880万m³,生态基流2.50m³/s,生态水占年均径流量17%,分析结果为流域生态环境管理保护提供依据。     

Hydrogeologic controls of surface-water chemistry in the Adirondack region of New York State

Relationships between surface-water discharge, water chemistry, and watershed geology were investigated to evaluate factors affecting the sensitivity of drainage waters in the Adirondack region of New York to acidification by atmospheric deposition. Instantaneous discharge per unit area was derived from relationships between flow and staff-gage readings at 10 drainage basins throughout the region. The average chemical composition of the waters was assessed from monthly samples collected from July 1982 through July 1984. The ratio of flow at the 50-percent exceedence level to the flow at the 95-percent exceedence level of flow duration was negatively correlated with mean values of alkalinity or acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), sum of basic cations (SBC), and dissolved silica, for basins containing predominantly aluminosilicate minerals and little or no carbonate-bearing minerals. Low ratios are indicative of systems in which flow is predominately derived from surface- and ground-water storage, whereas high ratios are characteristic of watersheds with variable flow that is largely derived from surface runoff.In an evaluation of two representative surface-water sites, concentrations of ANC, SBC, and dissolved silica, derived primarily from soil mineral weathering reactions. decreased with increasing flow. Furthermore, the ANC was highest at low flow when the percentage of streamflow derived from ground water was maximum. As flow increased, the ANC decreased because the contribution of dilute surface runoff and lateral flow through the shallow acidic soil horizons to total flow increased. Basins having relatively high ground-water contributions to total flow, in general, have large deposits of thick till or stratified drift. A major factor controlling the sensitivity of these streams and lakes to acidification is the relative contribution of ground water to total discharge.