思连康对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率和吞噬指数的影响

目的研究双歧杆菌四联活菌片(商品名:思连康)对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞吞噬率及吞噬指数的影响。方法将SPF小鼠30只随机分成三组,每组10只,Ⅰ组灌胃生理盐水,Ⅱ组灌胃婴儿双歧杆菌菌悬液,Ⅲ组灌胃双歧杆菌四联活菌片菌悬液,每天给药0.5 mL,菌液浓度为1.0×10~8 CFU/mL,连续给药10 d后小鼠腹腔注入2%鸡红细胞悬液1 mL(红细胞数量为2×10~8个/mL),30 min后处死,取小鼠腹腔洗液,观察并记录吞噬鸡红细胞的巨噬细胞数及被吞噬的鸡红细胞数,计算吞噬率及吞噬指数。结果与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬率和吞噬指数均显著升高(Ps0.05),其中Ⅲ组高于Ⅱ组(P0.05)。结论双歧杆菌四联活菌片及其婴儿双歧杆菌通过提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬率和吞噬指数提高机体的免疫力。     

一种简单的巨噬细胞体内吞噬试验

巨噬细胞能吞噬鸡红细胞。我们采用小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞体内吞噬鸡红细胞试验,来观察巨噬细胞内的鸡红细胞的形态,并计算吞噬鸡红细胞的巨噬细胞的百分比和吞噬指数,效果很好。据此判断巨噬细胞的吞噬功能和消化功能。提示巨噬细胞体内吞噬鸡红细胞试验,是一种观察巨噬细胞吞噬功能的简捷的方法。     

双歧杆菌对小鼠单核吞噬细胞功能的影响

双歧杆菌是革兰氏阳性无芽胞厌氧菌,是人和动物肠道的正常菌群之一。我们研究了注射双歧杆菌对小鼠单核吞噬细胞功能的影响。注射婴儿双歧杆菌和青春双歧杆菌后小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶含量增加、吞噬试验的吞噬率及吞噬指数明显提高,表明双歧杆菌能增加巨噬细胞吞噬消化功能,以婴儿双歧杆菌为启动剂可从DBA/2小鼠体内诱生肿瘤坏死因子,提示双歧杆菌可调节单核吞噬细胞分泌细胞因子。因此双歧杆菌能激活单核吞噬细胞,促进机体的免疫学反应。推测定居于肠道的双歧杆菌可能是通过移位到体内器官、释放免疫活性成分被肠道中Peryer氏淋巴结群内的巨噬细胞吞噬,从而作用于机体单核吞噬细胞系统。这一推测尚需进一步研究证实。     

甲胎蛋白(AFP)对巨噬细胞的作用

巨噬细胞是一类重要的免疫活性细胞,在机体免疫防御方面起着重要作用,不仅与B 细胞的抗体形成、T 细胞的激活等有密切联系,而且还能合成和释放大量具有重要生理功能的生物高分子以及直接作用于肿瘤细胞等,因此本文选择人和大鼠巨噬细胞为材料,观察了人体AFP(HAFP)对巨噬细胞的作用。(1)HAFP 具有抑制人巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红血球的能力,并改变巨噬细胞的电泳迁移率,HSA 没有这种作用。(2)AFP 阳性肝癌血清同样显示上述抑制作用,当去除AFP 后,抑制作用得到不同程度的解除。(3)大鼠腹腔渗出细胞与HAFP 的结合能力远远超过与HSA 的结合能力,腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红血球的能力受HAFP 的抑制率远较受HSA 的抑制率高。(4)HAFP 浓度与大鼠腹腔渗出细胞(巨噬细胞占70～80%)的结合率曲线、结合量曲线显示:(a)当HAFP<1毫微克/200微升时,K_D～2.5×10~(-12)M,HAFP 与腹腔细胞的作用符合正协同效应的变化规律;(b)当HAFP>1毫微克/200微升时,HAFP 的结合较松弛。(5)过氧化物酶标记免疫电镜定位观察到HAFP 滞留在大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的表面。(6)置换实验证明HAFP 与腹腔细胞的结合有一定的特异性。根据以上结果,本文认为巨噬细胞的表面可能有HAFP 受体,HAFP 通过与巨噬细胞的结合抑制巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,推测在胚胎体内和正常成年个体内HAFP 起免疫调节作用,在肝癌患者体内起免疫抑制作用。     

甲胎蛋白(AFP)对巨噬细胞的作用

巨噬细胞是一类重要的免疫活性细胞,在机体免疫防御方面起着重要作用,不仅与B细胞的抗体形成、T细胞的激活等有密切联系,而且还能合成和释放大量具有重要生理功能的生物高分子以及直接作用于肿瘤细胞等,因此本文选择人和大鼠巨噬细胞为材料,观察了人体AFP(HAFP)对巨噬细胞的作用。(1)HAFP具有抑制人巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红血球的能力,并改变巨噬细胞的电泳迁移率,HSA没有这种作用。(2)AFP阳性肝癌血清同样显示上述抑制作用,当去除AFP后,抑制作用得到不同程度的解除。(3)大鼠腹腔渗出细胞与HAFP的结合能力远远超过与HSA的结合能力,腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红血球的能力受HAFP的抑制率远较受HSA的抑制率高。(4)HAFP浓度与大鼠腹腔渗出细胞(巨噬细胞占70～80%)的结合率曲线、结合量曲线显示:(a)当HAFP<1毫微克/200微升时,K_D～2.5×10~(12)M,HAFP与腹腔细胞的作用符合正协同效应的变化规律;(b)当HAFP>1毫微克/200微升时,HAFP的结合较松弛。(5)过氧化物酶标记免疫电镜定位观察到HAFP滞留在大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的表面。(6)置换实验证明HAFP与腹腔细胞的结合有一定的特异性。根据以上结果,本文认为巨噬细胞的表面可能有HAFP受体,HAFP通过与巨噬细胞的结合抑制巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,推测在胚胎体内和正常成年个体内HAFP起免疫调节作用,在肝癌患者体内起免疫抑制作用。     

小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能测定方法的改进及应用(英文)

对巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞活性的体内检测方法进行改进.收集小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,加入不同浓度甘草多糖、鸡红细胞于37℃共同孵育1 h,在倒置显微镜下观察吞噬状态,统计吞噬百分率和吞噬指数.并将改进后的体外吞噬方法用于检测酵母多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞形态和吞噬功能的影响.结果表明:改进后的体外吞噬法测定的结果与传统的体内吞噬法比较,两者具有显著的相关性(n=6,P<0.01).酵母多糖对巨噬细胞刺激1 h后,与对照组相比,其吞噬功能显著性增强;巨噬细胞形态上出现被活化的特征.应用改进后的方法研究巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞,不需染色,在模拟生理条件下进行,保持了细胞活性,有简便、成本低以及准确率高的特点,适用于普通实验室的科研和教学.     

双歧杆菌对裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞激活作用的初步观察

用青春型双歧杆菌注射于裸鼠腹腔,分别以中性红吞噬法以及M TT 法检测了裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和能量代谢水平。结果显示双歧杆菌注射组裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和能量代谢水平均显著高于对照组(P< 0.01)。提示青春型双歧杆菌能激活巨噬细胞,增强其吞噬功能,提高其能量代谢水平     

双歧杆菌习腹腔巨噬细胞激活作用的初步观察

用青春型双歧杆菌注射于裸鼠腹腔,分别以中性红吞噬法以及ＭＴＴ法检测了裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和能量代谢水平。结果显示双歧杆菌注射组裸鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和能量代谢水平均显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示青春型双歧杆菌能激活巨噬细胞,增强其吞噬功能,提高其能量代谢水平。     

厌氧棒状杆菌与双歧杆菌抗小鼠腹水瘤活性的比较

厌氧棒状杆菌和双歧杆菌分别制成死菌苗,在相同实验条件下观察两菌对小鼠腹水瘤的抗瘤效果。结果显示,两种菌苗均有显著的抗瘤活性,而厌氧棒状杆菌抗瘤作用更强于双歧杆菌,特别在延长观察期尤为显著。应用两菌苗后,脾指数均有不同程度升高,未见明显毒性作用。     

应用双光子显微镜和流式细胞仪定性及定量确定小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能

建立了流式细胞仪和双光子激光共聚焦荧光显微镜进行定性和定量检测小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的方法,并同传统光学显微镜细胞化学染色观察方法相比较,探讨其检测巨噬细胞吞噬效应的优越性。常规方法获取小鼠腹腔和脾脏巨噬细胞,制备巨噬细胞悬液。常规制备鸡红细胞,计数并调整活细胞数,用5-二醋酸羧基荧光素琥珀酸单胞菌酯(5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester,CFSE)染色,与巨噬细胞共温育一定时间后,小鼠巨噬细胞特异性荧光抗体F4/80标记巨噬细胞。应用流式细胞仪检测巨噬细胞中CFSE阳性百分率来表示巨噬细胞吞噬率;应用双光子显微镜观察被吞噬的CFSE阳性鸡红细胞动态分布情况。同时,采用传统光学显微镜吉姆萨染色观察巨噬细胞吞噬百分率。结果显示,流式细胞仪结合双光子显微镜检测巨噬细胞吞噬率与传统的显微镜计数法比较,两者有明显的正相关性。双光子显微镜和流式细胞仪可以定性与定量检测巨噬细胞吞噬功能,该方法具有灵敏、快捷、重复性好以及准确率高的特点,是进行免疫学研究的可行方法。     

Inhibition of hydrogen peroxide release from activated macrophages by prior ingestion of erythrocytes or haemoglobin

Production of hydrogen peroxide by mouse peritoneal macrophages activated with Corynebacterium parvum was induced by incubating the cells with opsonised zymosan. H2O2 release was reduced by 47% when macrophages were preincubated with opsonised sheep erythrocytes. A significant decrease also occurred when the cells were preincubated with heat-denatured haemoglobin, but not when preincubated with opsonised erythrocyte ghosts, even though the latter were taken up by the macrophages. The ability of macrophages in an infected lesion to destroy microorganisms may therefore be impaired by ingestion of extravasated erythrocytes.     

Inhibition of hydrogen peroxide release from activated macrophages by prior ingestion of erythrocytes or haemoglobin

Abstract Production of hydrogen peroxide by mouse peritoneal macrophages activated with Corynebacterium parvum was induced by incubating the cells with opsonised zymosan. H₂O₂ release was reduced by 47% when macrophages were preincubated with opsonised sheep erythrocytes. A significant decrease also occurred when the cells were preincubated with heat-denatured haemoglobin, but not when preincubated with opsonised erythrocyte ghosts, even though the latter were taken up by the macrophages. The ability of macrophages in an infected lesion to destroy microorganisms may therefore be impaired by ingestion of extravasated erythrocytes.     

Spontaneous cytotoxicity of macrophages against pancreatic islet cells

Activated peritoneal macrophages were found to lyse syngeneic [3H]leucine-labeled pancreatic islet cells or rat insulinoma cells after 15 h of coculture at 37 degrees C. Lysis was verified by electron microscopic analysis. Islet cell lysis was dependent on the T:E ratio and was comparable with P815 and L929 tumor cells used as targets. The cytotoxic activity was localized in the adherent fraction of Corynebacterium parvum activated peritoneal cells and was destroyed by incubation of cells with macrophage-toxic silica particles. Syngeneic thyrocytes and hepatocytes were found to be resistant to the cytolytic action of activated macrophages. It has been shown previously that macrophages contribute to pancreatic islet inflammation. The present in vitro analysis demonstrates that macrophages can function as effector cells in islet destruction.     

The suppressive effect of peritoneal exudate macrophages on production of antibody to sheep erythrocytes in vitro

The effects of peritoneal exudate macrophages on antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were investigated in mice. Peritoneal exudate macrophages obtained from mice injected intraperitoneally with proteose peptone or Corynebacterium parvum 4 days earlier had stronger ability to phagocytize and degrade SRBC than normal resident macrophages. These macrophages suppressed antibody formation to SRBC in vitro as well as in vivo. This suppression was overridden by increasing the amount of SRBC and diminished completely by pretreatment of the macrophages with iodoacetate and partly by pretreatment with 2-deoxyglucose, both known to be inhibitors of phagocytosis, but not by addition of indomethacin to the in vitro culture. These results suggest that the suppression of antibody response by peritoneal exudate macrophages was due to the increased activity of these cells as scavenger cells, resulting in a reduced amount of effective antigenic stimulation, and that it was not mediated by a prostaglandin-dependent mechanism. The scavenger function of these macrophages may be due to Ia-negative macrophages.     

In vitro cytochemical and cytophysiological study of in vivo activated mouse peritoneal macrophages

The morphological, cytochemical (acid phosphatase activity) and cytophysiological (phagocytosis) features of mouse peritoneal macrophages activated in vivo by two bacterial agents. Corynebacterium parvum parvum and Polidin, were investigated in vitro. Both immunostimulants induced an increase in cytochemical and phagocytic activities of the activated peritoneal macrophages but in different degrees, the changes being more extensive in the case of Corynebacterium parvum-activated macrophages.     

Mechanism of nonspecific macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity: evidence for lack of dependence upon oxygen.

Peritoneal macrophages elicited in C3H/HJ mice by the i.p. injection of Corynebacterium parvum were cytotoxic to allogeneic virus-transformed fibroblasts in vitro. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated in a morphologic (plaque) assay, and quantitated by measuring macrophage-mediated inhibition of incorporation of 3H-thymidine by the target cells. The cytotoxic effect was well established by 6 hr of macrophage-fibroblast interaction, and was retained in cultures from which the supernatant was removed before the addition of 3H-thymidine. Cytotoxic activity of macrophages diminished rapidly after 22 hr of cultivation in vitro. Maximal cytotoxic effect could be prolonged by addition of C. parvum, 50 microgram/ml to macrophage monolayers preincubated in vitro for 22 hr. It could neither be retained nor regenerated when C. parvum was added to monolayers greater than 22-hr old. C. parvum-activated macrophages, grown under anaerobic conditions for 8 hr, retained the ability to phagocytize heat-killed Candida albicans and to exclude trypan blue dye. There was a small but significant reduction in the ability of macrophages to inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation by target fibroblasts under anaerobic conditions. The cytotoxic effect of activated macrophages in air was not altered by the presence of catalase and was enhanced by enzymatically active superoxide dismutase. We conclude that the processes involved in macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity against allogeneic fibroblasts in this system are largely independent of oxygen.     

Effect of periodate treatment and phenol extraction of C. parvum on its capacity to activate macrophages

Summary The chemical modification of the ability of C. parvum to activate macrophages has been studied. It was shown to be possible to decrease this activity in C. parvum by a phenol extraction procedure. Macrophages attracted to the peritoneal cavity by the phenol extract were weakly cytotoxic to tumour cells.Treatment of intact C. parvum with 20 mM periodate produced a rapid decline in the ability of C. parvum to activate macrophages, reaching a basal stimulation after treatment for 8 h. The activity in C. parvum was only slightly affected by incubation with 2 mM periodate for as long as 18 h. The activation of macrophages presented different kinetics when periodate-treated organisms were used as inducers instead of the normal bacteria, although the number of cells attracted to the peritoneal cavity was marginally altered by the periodate treatment.It is concluded that a molecule (or molecules) sensitive to periodate oxidation and partially extractable by phenol is (are) responsible for the activation of macrophages. The possibility that this molecule would be a specific inducer for the subpopulation of macrophages with cytotoxic activity, which has been postulated by other workers, is discussed.     

Functional heterogeneity in macrophages activated by Corynebacterium parvum: characterization of subpopulations with different activities in promoting immune responses and suppressing tumor cell growth.

Peritoneal cells (PEC) from mice injected i.p. with heat-killed Corynebacterium parvum (CP) showed enhanced immunostimulatory (accessor or A cell) activity as measured by their ability to restore the immune responsiveness of nonadherent spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and polymeric flagellin (POL) of Salmonella adelaide in vitro. This was true whether the PEC and nonadherent spleen cells were in direct contact or separated by a cell-impermeable membrane which allowed the free passage of soluble mediators. CP-activated PEC also exhibited greatly increased cytostatic activity against the growth of syngeneic tumor cells in vitro. After fractionation of the PEC according to cell size by velocity sedimentation, a separation of A cell activity from anti-tumor activity was observed. Although both these functions were associated with phagocytic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series, the highest A cell activity was found in fractions containing small and medium-sized macrophages, whereas the anti-tumor activity increased with cell size to a maximum with the largest macrophages. Thus, there is a relative increase of suppressive activity over stimulatory activity with an increase in cell size. Cytochemical and morphologic evidence suggests that the A cell-rich fractions contained small and medium-sized macrophages which were derived from newly arrived monocytes, whereas the large tumor-suppressive macrophages were relatively more differentiated.     

Antiparasitic activity of flavonoids and isoflavones against Cryptosporidium parvum and Encephalitozoon intestinalis

Flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds found in plants, have demonstrated activity against several parasites and can augment the efficacy of other drugs by either increasing the uptake or decreasing the efflux of these drugs. We evaluated 11 of these compounds alone or in combination in order to test the hypothesis that flavonoids are effective against Cryptosporidium parvum and Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Using in vitro cell culture assays, HCT-8 cells or E6 cells were infected with C. parvum and E. intestinalis, respectively, and treated with compounds at doses ranging from 1 to 200 microM. We found that six compounds were active against C. parvum. Naringenin and genistein had the greatest activities with EC(50) of 15 and 25 microM, respectively. Two compounds, quercetin and apigenin, had activity against E. intestinalis at EC(50) of 15 and 50 microM, respectively. The EC(50) of trifluralin, a dinitroaniline compound, was decreased significantly when combined with genistein in an in vitro assay, suggesting that compounds may be used alone on in combination with other moderately active drugs to increase efficacy. In addition, induction of apoptosis by these compounds was studied but not observed to be a significant mechanism of action.     

Evidence for granulocyte-mediated macrophage activation after C. parvum immunization

It has been previously demonstrated that at the peak of the peritoneal response to Corynebacterium parvum (Day 4), cytolytic macrophages can be characterized by the presence of intracellular bacteria. In the present study, the role of neutrophils in the activation of peritoneal macrophages by C. parvum was investigated. Inflammatory neutrophils isolated 5 hr after ip administration of C. parvum were transferred to normal, syngeneic mice and the peritoneal macrophages of recipients harvested 4 days later were tested for cytoxicity against HeLa cells. Neutrophils isolated from mice 5 hr after C. parvum immunization were effective in inducing cytolytic macrophages. Less than 100-fold as much bacteria was needed to induce comparable levels of cytotoxic activity when introduced inside granulocytes. Neutrophils obtained from mice 48 hr after C. parvum injection or mononuclear cells were not good macrophage activators. Viable neutrophils were not required as freeze-thawed cells were able to activate macrophages in recipient mice. The intracellular distribution of C. parvum changed dramatically with time. Initially almost all bacteria were found within neutrophils. By 24 hr, many macrophages contained either bacteria or granulocytes which had ingested C. parvum. Pyridine extracts of C. parvum, which do not activate peritoneal macrophages when injected directly into mice, did not induce neutrophils capable of activating macrophages. The residue of pyridine-extracted C. parvum did induce neutrophils that could activate macrophages when transferred. The results suggest that processing of the bacteria by inflammatory granulocytes may be an obligatory step in macrophage activation by this agent. The peak response occurred earlier than T-cell immunity is usually observed and it is suggested that direct activation of macrophages via ingestion of neutrophils may represent the earliest stage of macrophage activation by C. parvum.