胞外ATP：一种新的细胞凋亡诱导剂

众所周知 ,ＡＴＰ是生物细胞内最主要的能量储存和供应物质。而Ｇｒｅｅｎ等 ( 1 95 0 )注意到ＡＴＰ对新血管的产生有重要影响 ,使得对ＡＴＰ的研究从胞内转向胞外。目前已发现 ,胞外ＡＴＰ不仅具有兴奋性递质功能 (ｅｘ ｃｉｔａｔｏｒｙｔｒａｎｓｍｉｔｔｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ) ,还参与有丝分裂原刺激 (ｍｉｔｏｇｅｎｉｃｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ)、基因表达、细胞生长及其死亡等多种代谢活动的调控。近年来的研究表明 ,胞外ＡＴＰ还是一种细胞凋亡诱导剂 ,能通过胞外专一受体和胞内代谢产物破坏细胞正常代谢的两条完全不同途径诱导不同…     

ATP的神经递质作用

最近几年的研究表明,神经末梢突触囊泡内储存着ＡＴＰ并可使之释放,细胞膜上有ＡＴＰ的特异性受体存在,ＡＴＰ在细胞间隙内可被迅速地酶解清除。现认为ＡＴＰ不仅是组织细胞的供能物质,而且还是一种具有兴奋性作用的神经递质。     

神经递质转运蛋白

神经递质转运蛋白黄芳,费俭,郭礼和（中国科学院上海细胞生物学研究所２０００３１）１神经递质神经递质（Ｎｅｕｒｏｔｒａｎｓｍｉｔｔｅｒ）是指在神经元突触部位传递神经信息的化学物质。递质种类很多,常见的有：乙酸胆碱（Ａｃｈ）,腺嘌呤三磷酸（ＡＴＰ）,氨基...     

豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞外向钾电流的研究

哺乳动物耳蜗具有超常的敏感性和频率分析能力 ,这依赖于感觉细胞基底膜的微机械反应。豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞底侧膜存在电压依赖性Ｋ 通道、Ｃａ2 激活Ｋ 通道和内向钙通道等。文献报道牛蛙壶腹嵴毛细胞有瞬息Ｋ 电流 (ＩＡ) ,然而豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞是否存在ＩＡ,迄今未见报道。来自脑干的内侧橄榄耳蜗束传出神经纤维大量分布于外毛细胞 ,调控着外毛细胞的功能 ,一般认为乙酰胆碱是耳蜗传出神经递质 ,此外三磷酸腺苷 (ＡＴＰ)对外毛细胞具有神经递质和神经调质双重作用 ,那么是否还有其他的递质发挥作用呢 ?我们应用全细胞膜片钳技术观察了豚鼠…     

突触前受体对递质释放的调节作用

神经信息传递的速度或效应器细胞反应的强度,取决于神经递质的释放量和突触后膜(或效应器细胞膜)上受体的性质与数量。而神经递质的释放量除取决于刺激的频率与强度外,还受突触前膜上各种受体活动的影响。本文介绍各种突触前受体对递质释放的调节作用,并对其作用机制进行分析。有的递质对自身的释放起正反馈与负反馈调节作用,去甲肾上腺素(NA)属于此类型。NA还可通过作用于突触后膜合成前列腺素,后者对NA的释放起负反馈调节作用。另一些物质通过作用于突触前受体,使递质的释放增强或减弱,例如血管紧张素Ⅱ与腺苷属于这一类。这种突触前受体对递质释放的调节作用,除具有重要的生理学与药理学意义外,还具有重要的临床意义。     

用共聚焦显微镜观察ACh及ATP对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞Ca^2＋的调控

用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜研究了一般公认的耳蜗传出神经递质乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）和三磷酸腺苷（ＡＴＰ）对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞（ＯＨＣｓ）胞内游离Ｃａ＾２＋浓度（Ｃａ＾２＋）的作用,ＯＨＣｓ用Ｃａ＾２＋敏感荧光染料Ｆｌｕｏ－３着色,胞内Ｃａ＾２＋的分布以细胞底部稍强。ＡＣｈ在ＯＨＣ底部引起Ｃａ＾２＋的缓慢上长并维持在一个较高水平。ＡＴＰ在整个ＯＨＣ引起一个急剧的Ｃａ＾２＋升高,升高幅度在ＯＨＣ顶部最大。随着ＡＴ     

传出神经递质ACh及耳蜗活性物质ATP对耳蜗外毛细胞的作用

本文综述了耳蜗传出神经对耳蜗外毛细胞的调控作用。从解决和组织化学等形态学角度分析了传出神经纤维在耳蜗的分布特点，并从形态和生理两方面进一步证实了ＡＣＨ是耳蜗传出神经递质之一。近年来，应用离体耳蜗毛细胞的膜片钳和荧光测钙技术，人们对于ＡＣＨ，ＡＴＰ对外毛细胞的调控作用，Ｃａ＾２＋在其中的介导作用及其ＡＣＨＲ和Ｐ２Ｒ的药理分型有了更多的认识，但尚未有统一明确的结论。     

神经递质释放的分子机制

大脑中的神经细胞主要依赖神经突触进行细胞间信息传递。神经递质从突触前释放到突触间隙中,将电信号转换为化学信号。释放的递质与突触后的相应受体结合,引起受体通道的打开再将化学信号转换为突触后电信号。到目前为止,对SNARE复合体介导的钙离子触发的神经递质释放分子机制已经有了深入理解,囊泡融合的基本模型也得到了广泛认可,但仍有问题没有解决。该文对近年来与神经递质释放分子机制相关的研究作一综述,以期为递质释放过程中重要分子的深入解析提供理论依据。     

G蛋白对神经细胞电压依赖性离子通道的直接调制作用

神经递质对神经细胞电压依赖性离子通道具有调制作用。近年来观察到,神经递质可通过Ｇ蛋白介导对神经细胞电压依赖性离子通道直接发挥调制作用,而不经过目前已知的多种第二信使的介导,使人们对递质,Ｇ蛋白与电压依赖性离子通道间的相互关系有了新的认识。     

小麦珠心细胞衰退过程中ATP酶的超微细胞化学定位

采用磷酸铅沉淀技术对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ ）珠心细胞衰退过程进行了ＡＴＰ酶的超微细胞化学定位。初始衰退的珠心细胞,ＡＴＰ酶只定位于细胞膜上,其它部位未见有ＡＴＰ酶活性。衰退中期的珠心细胞,细胞膜上ＡＴＰ酶活性减弱并逐渐消失;细胞核染色质和细胞质中一些细胞器上存在ＡＴＰ酶活性。在严重衰退的珠心细胞中,只在细胞核染色质上存在ＡＴＰ酶活性。珠心细胞的细胞核以两种方式衰退。衰退的细胞核染色质碎片仍存在ＡＴＰ酶活性,并向胚囊方向转移。推测小麦珠心细胞衰退过程中细胞膜上ＡＴＰ酶变化反映了珠心细胞生理状态转变;细胞核染色质上ＡＴＰ酶与其形态变化和运动等有关     

ATP-induced activation of human B lymphocytes via P2-purinoceptors.

ATP-specific P2-purinoceptors expressed on various cell types have been shown to trigger cell activation via a phospholipase C pathway. In the present study, we provide evidence that P2-purinoceptors are expressed on B lymphocytes but not on T lymphocytes. ATP at concentrations of 10 to 100 microM triggered a dose-dependent increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) levels as well as total inositol phosphate in human B lymphocytes. As expected from the changes in IP3, incubation of B cells with increasing concentrations of ATP lead to a dose-dependent increase in cytosolic free Ca+2 ([Ca+2]i). Extracellular ATP also induced increases in the levels of c-fos and c-myc mRNA. Because no responses were elicited by other nucleotides, the increase in IP3 production, the rise in [Ca+2]i levels, and the enhanced expression of c-fos and c-myc mRNA seem to be mediated by P2-purinoceptors. These responses were exclusive to B lymphocytes, in that ATP had no effect on IP3, [Ca+2]i, or oncogene expression in T cells. The results show that binding of extracellular ATP to P2-purinoceptors on quiescent B cells leads to the activation of genes associated with cell activation. This appears to be mediated via the phospholipase C signal transduction pathway.     

Evidence for the presence of P2-purinoceptors at the surface of human articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture

Extracellular purines can act at purinoceptors to influence metabolic processes. Nucleotide-metabolizing ectoenzymes may modulate such purinergic effects, and their occurrence in a tissue may suggest the presence of purinoceptors. Thus, following the identification of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphatase in cultured human articular chondrocytes, we have studied whether these cells express P2-type purinoceptors. Release of prostaglandin E (PGE) was monitored, since articular chondrocytes synthesize and secrete PGE, and activation of P2-purinoceptors frequently results in enhanced prostaglandin production. Extracellular ATP and ADP stimulated PGE production, whereas AMP and adenosine had only limited effects. ATP concentrations as low as 5 microM were effective, and maximal responses were achieved at 50-100 microM ATP. GTP, UTP and ITP also elicited responses, but tended to be less effective than ATP at equivalent concentrations. Of the analogues of ATP that were tested, only adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate stimulated PGE production. The response to extracellular ATP was virtually abolished by indomethacin. Treatment of the cells with the P1-purinoceptor antagonist, 8-phenyltheophylline, or with pertussis toxin reduced both basal and ATP-stimulated PGE production, but did not substantially decrease the ratio of ATP-stimulated to basal PGE production. These results indicate the presence of P2-purinoceptors in cultured human articular chondrocytes, and suggest that extracellular ATP may have physiological and pathological effects in human articular cartilage.     

Bidirectional action of extracellular ATP on intracapillary volume of isolated rat renal glomeruli.

Receptors for extracellular nucleotides (P2-purinoceptors) are expressed in renal glomerulus; both on mesangial and endothelial cells. In the present study we have evaluated the potential role of ATP in the regulation of glomerular contraction and relaxation. Using [3H]-inulin we measured the Glomerular Inulin Space (GIS), (that reflects mainly glomerular intracapillary volume), in the presence of ATP and its analogues e.g. 2-methylthio-ATP (P2Y-receptor agonist) and beta,gamma-methylene-ATP (P2X-receptor agonist). Incubation of the intact glomeruli with ATP or 2-methylthio-ATP or beta,gamma-methylene-ATP induced a decrease of GIS in similar magnitude as angiotensin II e.g.: about 10% of the basal value. When glomeruli were precontracted with angiotensin II it was observed that both ATP and 2-methylthio-ATP induced an increase of GIS to the basal value, similarly to atrial natriuretic factor. Furthermore, there was no relaxing effect with beta,gamma-methylene-ATP. We suggest that, these bidirectional changes of the intracapillary volume induced by the extracellular ATP may contribute to regulation of glomerular dynamics.     

Characterization of the liver P2-purinoceptor involved in the activation of glycogen phosphorylase.

Evidence has been presented for the existence in rat liver of P2-purinoceptors which are involved in the control of glycogenolysis. Isolated rat hepatocytes and purified liver plasma membranes have been used to study the binding of the ATP analogue adenosine 5'-[alpha- [35S]thio]triphosphate (ATP alpha [35S]) to these postulated P2-purinoceptors. The nucleotide analogue behaves as a full agonist for the activation of glycogen phosphorylase in isolated hepatocytes, 0.3 microM being required for half-maximal activation. Specific binding of ATP alpha [35S] to hepatocytes and plasma membranes occurs within 1 min and is essentially reversible. The analysis of the dose-dependency at equilibrium indicates the presence of binding sites with Kd of 0.23 microM with hepatocytes and Kd of 0.11 microM with plasma membranes. The relative affinities of 10 nucleotide analogues were deduced from competition experiments for ATP alpha [35S] binding to hepatocytes, and these correlated highly with their biological activity (activation of glycogen phosphorylase in hepatocytes). For all the agonists, binding occurs in the same concentration range as the biological effect. These data clearly suggest that the detected binding sites correspond to the physiological P2-purinoceptors involved in the regulation of liver glycogenolysis. The rank order of potency of some ATP analogues suggests that liver possesses the P2Y-subclass of P2-purinoceptors.     

Purinergic-induced signaling in C11-MDCK cells inhibits the secretory Na-K-Cl cotransporter

Purinergic inhibition of Na-K-Cl cotransport has been noted in various renal epithelial cells derived from the collecting tubule, including Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In recent studies, we have observed purinergic inhibition of Na-K-Cl cotransport in C11-MDCK subclones (alpha-intercalated-like cells). Interestingly, Na-K-Cl cotransport activity was also detected in C7-MDCK subclones (principal-like cells) but was not affected by ATP. In this investigation, we have transfected the human Na-K-Cl cotransporter (huNKCC1) in both C11 and C7 cells to determine whether these differences in NKCC regulation by ATP were due to cell-specific purinoceptor signaling pathways or to cell-specific isoforms/splice variants of the transporter. In both cell lines, we found that endogenous as well as huNKCC1-derived cotransport activity was restricted to the basolateral side. In addition, we were able to show that extracellular application of 100 microM ATP or 100 microM UTP abolished NKCC activity in both mock- and huNKCC1-transfected C11 cells but not in mock- and huNKCC1-transfected C7 cells; in C11 cells, intriguingly, this inhibition was not affected by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis and occurred even though expression levels of UTP-sensitive P2Y2-, P2Y4-, and P2Y6-purinoceptors were not different from those observed in C7 cells. These results suggest that C11 cells express an undetermined type of UTP-sensitive P2-purinoceptors or a unique P2Y-purinoceptor-triggered signaling cascade that leads to inhibition of NKCC1.     

Distribution and development of P2Y1-purinoceptors in the mouse retina

There is increasing evidence that ATP acts on purinergic receptors and mediates synaptic transmission in the retina. In a previous study, we raised the possibility that P2X-purinoceptors, presumably P2X₂-purinoceptors in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells, play a key role in the formation of OFF pathway-specific modulation. In this study, we examined whether the P2Y₁-purinoceptors can function in cholinergic amacrine cells in the mouse retina since cholinergic amacrine cells in the rat retina express P2Y₁-purinoceptors. P2Y₁-purinoceptors were shown to be expressed in dendrites of both ON- and OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells in adults. At postnatal day 7, there was immunoreactivity for P2Y₁-purinoceptors in the soma of cholinergic amacrine cells. At postnatal day 14, weak immunoreactivity for P2Y₁-purinoceptors was detected in the dendrites but not in the soma of cholinergic amacrine cells. At postnatal day 21, strong immunoreactivity for P2Y₁-purinoceptors was detected in dendrites of cholinergic amacrine cells. The expression pattern of P2Y₁-purinoceptors was not affected by visual experience. We concluded that P2Y₁-purinoceptors are not involved in the OFF-pathway-specific signal transmission in cholinergic amacrine cells of the mouse retina.     

The effects of adenyl compounds on the heart of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum)

In the spontaneously beating axolotl atrium, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) produced initial excitation followed by inhibition and then by a secondary excitation. This third phase of the ATP response was only seen in electrically driven preparations in the presence of 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT), an adenosine receptor antagonist. alpha,beta-Methylene ATP (APCPP), a stable analogue of ATP, produced only excitatory effects, while adenosine and beta,gamma-methylene ATP (APPCP), a slowly degradable ATP analogue, produced inhibition or inhibition followed by excitation. 2-Chloroadenosine produced inhibition. The excitatory effects were not antagonized by 8-PT, indomethacin or propranolol and phentolamine. The negative inotropic responses of these compounds were antagonized by 8-PT and, with the exception of 2-chloroadenosine, potentiated by dipyridamole, an adenosine uptake blocker. In the ventricle, ATP, APCPP and APPCP produced positive inotropic effects, which were not affected by 8-PT, indomethacin or propranolol and phentolamine. Adenosine produced a negative inotropic effect which was not antagonized by 8-PT nor atropine nor potentiated by dipyridamole. The effects of adenyl compounds on the axolotl (urodele) heart suggest that, like the frog (anuran) heart, both P1- and P2-purinoceptors are present in the axolotl atrium and that only P2-purinoceptors are present in the axolotl ventricle, although adenosine does produce an inhibitory effect on the ventricle which is probably mediated via the release of a neurotransmitter other than acetylcholine.     

The synthesis of cyclonucleotides with fixed glycosidic bond linkages as putative agonists for P2-purinergic receptors

Cyclonucleotides with fixed glycosidic bond linkages were investigated as possible ligands for purinoceptors in PC12 cells. P2Y2-purinoceptors were not activated by the ATP analogue, 8,2'-thioanhydroadenosine-5'-triphosphate (4) and only weakly by the UTP analogue, 2,2' -anhydrouridine-5'-triphosphate (6). However, both analogues were agonists for P2X2-purinoceptors although the potencies were approximately 30-fold less than that of the parent nucleotides.     

An evolutionary history of P2X receptors

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an ancient and fundamentally important biological molecule involved in both intracellular and extracellular activities. P2X ionotropic and P2Y metabotropic receptors have been cloned and characterised in mammals. ATP plays a central physiological role as a transmitter molecule in processes including the sensation of pain, taste, breathing and inflammation via the activation of P2X receptors. P2X receptors are structurally distinct from glutamate and Cys-loop/nicotinic receptors and form the third major class of ligand-gated ion channel. Yet, despite the importance of P2X receptors, both as physiological mediators and therapeutic targets, the evolutionary origins and phylogenicity of ATP signalling via P2X receptors remain unclear.     

ATP-induced calcium transient in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells

To characterize the excitatory purinoceptors in vascular smooth muscle cells and the biochemical mechanisms of their actions, the effects of ATP and other nucleotides on Ca2+ mobilization in cultured smooth muscle cells mainly from rat aorta were investigated. ATP induced a transient and dose-dependent increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. ATP also induced a rapid production of inositol trisphosphate (IP3). The agonist form of ATP was metal-free ATP and its half-maximal effect was obtained at about 0.1 microM. 4-beta-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) inhibited both Ca2+ response and IP3 production. In addition, TMB-8 but not PMA, significantly decreased the amount of releasable Ca2+ presumably in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Pertussis toxin also inhibited the Ca2+ response. Based on the dose-dependent effects of various nucleotides and adenosine on the Ca2+ response, it was concluded that the P2 subclass of purinoceptor is involved in the observed ATP effects. In addition, the observed absence or very weak effect of alpha, beta-methylene ATP relative to the effect of ATP suggests that the excitatory P2-purinoceptors in vascular smooth muscle cells do not form a homogeneous group, because the opposite order of potency for these two nucleotides was reported previously for the P2 purinoceptors involved in contraction of some isolated blood vessels.