藏族的体质类型和人种学特征

藏族的体质类型和人种学特征一直受到学术界的关注。2018-2021年,我们测量了1530例卫藏、康巴和安多三个藏族人群的体质数据,统计结果发现,藏族男性、女性均为超中等身材,体质量超重,均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、中鼻型、中躯干型、宽胸型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型、中腿型,多有上眼睑皱褶,有内眦褶。对中国15个族群测量指标均数的主成分分析显示,藏族与东亚类型的汉族位点距离近于多数北亚类型族群,更近于多数南亚类型族群。藏族数据与国外资料中的东亚、南亚、北亚、北极类型数据的主成分分析结果显示,藏族与东亚类型位点最为接近。研究证实,当代藏族具有东亚蒙古人种类型的体质特征。     

藏族的体质特征

本文共调查藏族145人(男105人,女40人)。年龄均在20岁以上。各项测量均值与不同地区汉族和其他少数民族的聚类分析和大小距离分析的结果表明,藏族的体质特征与华北、西北地区的少数民族和汉族最接近。作者认为藏族是从西藏地区新石器时代居民发展而来,经华北古代居民的不断迁入和混杂、逐渐形成今日的藏族体质类型。     

藏族生物人类学研究回顾

藏族生活在具有世界屋脊之称的青藏高原,特殊的生态环境和特殊的文化背景造就了藏族特殊的适应高原缺氧机制和体质特征,引起了国内外学者的广泛关注和浓厚的研究兴趣。本文从国内外数据库收集了492篇国内外杂志发表的关于藏族人类学研究方面的论文。通过统计、分析并结合我们的工作,初步回顾了30年藏族人类学研究,重点分析了藏族与汉族的族源关系。这些文献显示,从体质特征、血型、分子生物学和考古材料等方面都证明藏族是中华民族大家庭中不可缺少的的一员。本文最后展望了藏族生物人类学今后的发展。     

傈僳族的体质特征研究

本文调查了云南省傈僳族170人(男100人,女70人),年龄均为成年人(男24—60岁,女23—55岁)。调查分观察与测量两类。从调查结果看,傈僳族属蒙古人种,具有典型现代黄种人的容貌特征。其主要头面部测量均值与汉族、藏族及云南其他少数民族的聚类分析结果表明,傈僳族的体质特征与景颇族、汉族、彝族最为接近。     

从体型特征来探讨中国夏尔巴人的族源

中国夏尔巴人是未识别民族。本文研究中国夏尔巴人体型特点,并通过夏尔巴人与中国其他族群体型比较,从体质人类学角度为夏尔巴人的族源研究提出新的证据。测量夏尔巴人的体质数据,采用Heath-Carter法计算夏尔巴人的体型值,通过主成分分析法分析夏尔巴人与其他族群体型的特点和相似程度,从体质人类学方面对夏尔巴人的族源提出看法。西藏夏尔巴人男性平均体型为均衡的中胚层体型,体脂发育水平中等,骨骼、肌肉比较发达,身体线性度中等。女性平均体型为偏内胚层的中胚层体型,夏尔巴人女性的体型特点是体脂欠发达,骨骼和肌肉含量中等,身体线性度中等。夏尔巴人男性、女性与怒族、木雅人、尔苏人体型接近。体部特征分析不支持夏尔巴人是藏族分支的观点。体型特征支持夏尔巴人源于党项羌的观点。     

珞巴族与门巴族的体质特征

在西藏米林县调查了珞巴族人的67项体质指标, 在错那县调查了门巴族人的67项体质指标, 计算了体质指数, 对珞巴族、门巴族与我国其他人群体质数据进行了比较。研究结果显示: (1)珞巴族男女均为高头型、中面型、中头型(头宽高指数)、中腿型、中胸型、中骨盆型。(2)门巴族男女均为圆头型、高头型、中面型、中鼻型、宽肩型、中胸型、中骨盆型。(3)珞巴族男性、女性均为中等型身高。门巴族男性、女性均为亚中等身高。(4)珞巴族与门巴族蒙古褶率低,上眼睑皱褶率低, 鼻翼高度以中等型率最高, 上唇皮肤部高度以中等型率最高, 发色均为黑色, 眼色褐色率最高, 肤色以黄色率最高。珞巴族耳垂以三角形率最高, 门巴族以圆型率最高。珞巴族、门巴族鼻根高度男性均以中等型率最高, 女性均以低型率最高。(5)珞巴族与门巴族体质特征很接近。他们的头面部特征与甘肃藏族、四川藏族较为接近。珞巴族、门巴族虽生活在我国南方, 体部主要测量指标值与蒙古人种北亚类型接近。     

甘肃保安族体质特征研究

对保安族208人(男105人,女103人)的52项体质特征进行了人体测量学研究。对保安族及其周围民族体质特征的差异进行了主成份分析,找出了民族间差异的主要表现。使用主成份得分(作为变量)进行聚类的方法,对保安族和周围民族体质特征的相像相异作了分析研究,保安族和东乡族,甘肃汉族和回族较为相像,和藏族,维吾尔族,蒙古族和陕西汉族较为相异。     

湖南侗族体质现状及其与30年前资料的比较

对湖南通道侗族自治县326(男118,女108)例正常成年侗族进行了活体观察与活体测量,分析了侗族的体质特征及其对应分型,通过与30年前同一地区的资料进行动态比较分析显示,湖南侗族身高没有明显变化,头面部的形态有向长窄高变化的趋势,女性体质特征变化较男性更明显。同时,湖南侗族与我国南方其他19个群体聚类分析结果表明,湖南侗族体质特征与广西侗族、湖北侗族、广西彝族和瑶族,以及贵州三都布依族较接近。     

临高人的体质特征

应用《人体测量方法》调查了海南省临高成人417例(男211例,女206例)的71项体质指标,对18项体质指数进行计算,统计指数分型情况,并与我国部分族群体质资料进行比较,分析临高人的体质特征。结果显示:1)临高人头面部特征为圆头型、高头型、中头型、阔面型和中鼻型。临高人体部特征为中等型身材、中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型、中骨盆型、长躯干型。2)临高人以长躯干型、中腿型、宽肩型、中骨盆型、高头型、中头型、中鼻型出现率最高。3)临高人与海南其他族群比较头部、面部及五官部较宽,面部、鼻部高度值较小,身材宽而高。4)聚类分析显示,临高人体质特征与中国北方少数民族和其他地区汉族较接近。     

广西壮族体质特征

根据头面部各项测量数字观察及其与国内各地汉族对比,广西壮族与广西的汉族最接近。但两者之间的容貌仍有区别。例如壮族人的眼裂较宽,双眼皮比例较多,红唇较厚,面高、鼻高、头高均比汉族低矮,两眼外宽远比汉族大。与其他少数民族体质特征相比,壮族与黎族、布依族、彝族最接近。作者认为壮族在其体质特征上也属华南人类型。壮族与黎族、布依族、彝族关系密切,可能均为古越族的后裔。     

卫藏藏族与康巴藏族的Heath-Carter法体型

运用Heath-Carter人体测量法,对云南省迪庆400例康巴藏族成人和西藏林芝507例卫藏藏族成人进行了体型研究。卫藏藏族男性(5.0-6.2-1.1)和康巴藏族男性(4.4-5.1-1.6)均为偏内胚层的中胚层体型。卫藏藏族女性(5.7-6.1-0.8)和康巴藏族女性(5.6-5.7-1.1)均为内胚层-中胚层均衡型体型。总体上看,卫藏藏族和康巴藏族体型具有一致性,也存在差异。卫藏藏族男、女性和康巴藏族男、女性都属于身体线性度低,骨骼、肌肉发达,体脂丰满的体型。卫藏藏族男性、女性比康巴藏族男性、女性的脂肪更多一些,肌肉、骨骼更发达一些,体态更丰满一些。本文从藏族族源的形成以及生活环境的视角,探讨了同为藏族的卫藏与康巴藏族之间体型的异同,和同为生活在高海拔族群间体型差异产生的原因。研究结果提示藏族具有中国北方民族的体型特征。藏族的多脂肪,骨骼肌肉发达,身体粗壮的体型特征也是对高原环境的适应。     

On the origin of Tibetans and their genetic basis in adapting high-altitude environments

Since their arrival in the Tibetan Plateau during the Neolithic Age, Tibetans have been well-adapted to extreme environmental conditions and possess genetic variation that reflect their living environment and migratory history. To investigate the origin of Tibetans and the genetic basis of adaptation in a rigorous environment, we genotyped 30 Tibetan individuals with more than one million SNP markers. Our findings suggested that Tibetans, together with the Yi people, were descendants of Tibeto-Burmans who diverged from ancient settlers of East Asia. The valleys of the Hengduan Mountain range may be a major migration route. We also identified a set of positively-selected genes that belong to functional classes of the embryonic, female gonad, and blood vessel developments, as well as response to hypoxia. Most of these genes were highly correlated with population-specific and beneficial phenotypes, such as high infant survival rate and the absence of chronic mountain sickness.     

藏族的高原适应——西藏藏族生物人类学研究回顾

藏族生活在具有世界屋脊之称的青藏高原, 特殊的生态环境和特殊的文化背景造就了藏族特殊的适应高原缺氧机制, 引起了国内外学者的广泛关注和浓厚的研究兴趣。本文根据国内外数据库的文献并结合我们的研究工作, 从高原适应的角度回顾了30多年藏族人类学研究。回顾显示, 藏族由于长期生活在高原缺氧的环境中, 不仅形态和机能发生了适应性变化, 而且体成分也表现出相应的变化, 体现了形态、机能和体成分的统一。这些变化是长期进化形成的, 与安第斯山人等有明显不同, 就是在同一高原生活的西藏、青海、四川、甘肃和云南的藏族乃至尼泊尔和印度藏族的体质也表现出地域差异, 这些差异的产生是多种因素所致, 两个关键性的基因是导致两大高原人口高原适应机制不同的最主要的原因。     

Imagined lives, suffering, and the work of culture: the embodied discourses of conflict in modern Tibet

This article explores the cultural epidemiology of rlung ("loong") disorder among Tibetans living in the cities and towns of the modern Chinese state of Tibet. Rlung, glossed as air or wind, is the most important of the three humors of the classical Tibetan ethnomedical system. Considered by Tibetans to be contingent upon multiple social, emotional, and religious phenomena, rlung disorders are fertile ground for the development of etiological discourses that incorporate the social and political crises that are part of the rapidly changing Tibetan plateau. In this essay I locate rlung disorder in a confluence of Tibetan ethnomedical constructions of the mind-body-universe linkage, in which rlung stands as the chief symbolic mediator, with ethnic conflict, rapid economic development, and the localization of global debates over Tibetan suffering and human rights.     

中国西藏拉托唐古墓地古代居民线粒体全基因组研究

目前青藏高原高海拔地区古DNA研究匮乏。拉托唐古墓地位于青藏高原西南高海拔区域,本文对该墓地出土距今约700年的人骨进行古DNA提取,捕获了高质量线粒体全基因组数据,结合东亚线粒体基因组数据库,运用遗传统计方法开展分析。研究结果表明,距今3000年以内青藏高原西南部人群的遗传历史具有连续性,距今700年左右的拉托唐古墓地居民与距今3150-1250年的古代尼泊尔居民以及现代中国西藏居民母系遗传关系较近,且他们都具有共同的M9a1a1c1b1a单倍群。对M9a1a1c1b1a单倍群的深入研究发现,距今10930-5150年期间青藏高原可能发生了人口扩张事件。以上结果为我们了解古代青藏高原高海拔地区人群遗传历史提供了重要信息。     

西藏1000例藏族肤纹参数的研究

本文报道了西藏1000例藏族14项肤纹参数。藏族与汉族的肤纹参数接近,与美国明尼苏达州白人的差异较大;在与12个民族的对比中与哈尼族、汉族的差异较小,与维吾尔族差异较大;在不同的地区,与四川平武地区的藏族差异较小,与甘肃甘南地区的藏族差异较大。本文提示肤纹参数在不同人种、不同民族、甚至同一民族不同地区人群间均不可混用。     

Prevalence and Clustering of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Tibetan Adults in China: A Population-Based Study

Objectives

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors has increased worldwide. However, the prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among Tibetans is currently unknown. We aimed to explore the prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among Tibetan adults in China.

Methods

In 2011, 1659 Tibetan adults (aged ≥18 years) from Changdu, China were recruited to this cross-section study. The questionnaire, physical examinations and laboratory testing were completed and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia, and current smoking, were counted. The association between the clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors and demographic characteristics, and geographic altitude were assessed.

Results

The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, overweight or obesity, dyslipidemia, and current smoking were 62.4%, 6.4%, 34.3%, 42.7%, and 6.1%, respectively, and these risk factors were associated with age, gender, education level, yearly family income, altitude, occupation, and butter tea consumption (P < 0.05). Overall, the age-adjusted prevalence of clustering of ≥1, ≥2, and ≥3 cardiovascular disease risk factors were 79.4%, 47.1%, and 20.9%, respectively. There appeared higher clustering of ≥2 and ≥3 cardiovascular disease risk factors among Tibetans with higher education level and family income yearly, and those living at an altitude < 3500 m and in a township.

Conclusions

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, especially hypertension, was high in Tibetans. Moreover, there was an increased clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among those with higher socioeconomic status, lamas and those living at an altitude < 3500 m. These findings suggest that without the immediate implementation of an efficient policy to control these risk factors, cardiovascular disease will eventually become a major disease burden among Tibetans.     

Fertility of the Tibetans migrated to Northen India

This paper aims to study the fertility rate of the migrant Tibetans residing in Northern India and finding out the factors which are affecting the fertility level among them. Data are reported on age at menarche, age at marriage, first childbirth, use of contraception, widowhood, migration and on various fertility measures in the Tibetan of Northern India living at low and moderate altitude (600–2000 m), who have migrated from high altitude (4000 m above sea level) in Tibet. The migrant Tibetans reported a relatively lower fertility as compared to the high and moderate altitude populations. This lower fertility is mostly attributable to the use of contraception, the later mean age at marriage and first childbirth, and relatively high proportion of widows in the migrant Tibetans. However, the social as well as biological changes in population during migration should not be overlooked, which have a sufficient impact on fertility.     

Hope and Sorrow: Uncivil Religion,Tibetan Music Videos,and YouTube

Tibetan activists and their supporters are interpreting the lyrical and visual symbolism of contemporary Tibetan music videos from China as a call for Tibetans to return to a shared Tibetan identity, centered around religious piety and implied civil disobedience, in order to counter fears of cultural assimilation. As the popularity of some videos on social-networking sites dovetailed with the 2008 protests in Tibet, viewers employed a progressive hermeneutical strategy which demanded a sectarian political interpretation of the lyrics and imagery of the most popular videos out of Tibet. Within China, Tibetans have begun to add these videos to the growing canon of an emerging uncivil religion, which emphasizes Tibetan cultural, linguistic, and religious autonomy within China. Through comparing online and offline ethnography, this article explores the relationship between offline and online worlds and the connections between Tibetans in China and their supporters.     

A preliminary study of copy number variation in tibetans

Genetic features of Tibetans have been broadly investigated, but the properties of copy number variation (CNV) have not been well examined. To get a preliminary view of CNV in Tibetans, we scanned 29 Tibetan genomes with the Illumina Human-1 M high-resolution genotyping microarray and identified 139 putative copy number variable regions (CNVRs), consisting of 70 deletions, 61 duplications, and 8 multi-allelic loci. Thirty-four of the 139 CNVRs showed differential allele frequencies versus other East-Asian populations, with P values <0.0001. These results indicated a distinct pattern of CNVR allele frequency distribution in Tibetans. The Tibetan CNVRs are enriched for genes in the disease class of human reproduction (such as genes from the DAZ, BPY2, CDY, and HLA-DQ and -DR gene clusters) and biological process categories of "response to DNA damage stimulus" and "DNA repair" (such as RAD51, RAD52, and MRE11A). These genes are related to the adaptive traits of high infant birth weight and darker skin tone of Tibetans, and may be attributed to recent local adaptation. Our results provide a different view of genetic diversity in Tibetans and new insights into their high-altitude adaptation.