儿童口腔微生物与乳牙早期龋研究进展

乳牙早期龋（Eady Childhood Caries,Ecc）是指发生在6岁以下儿童口腔中的龋病,是WHO在全世界范围内开展有关龋病预防的首要工作。据统计我国Ecc患病率可高达60％～80％,并有随着年龄的增长而增加的趋势,严重危害着我国少年儿童的生长发育。此外Ecc可以作为恒牙龋危险的预测指标：相对乳牙无龋病的儿童,乳牙患龋病的儿童有更高的恒牙患龋病的危险。     

郑州孙庄遗址仰韶文化人群的龋病

孙庄遗址位于河南省郑州市中原区孙庄村,是分布在黄河中游的一处仰韶文化晚期遗址,该遗址出土的54例仰韶时期的人骨保存状况良好,为我们了解仰韶文化人群的龋患情况提供了珍贵的资料。本文以肉眼观察为主并结合超景深显微镜对遗址出土的846枚牙齿进行鉴定、统计与分析,得出以下结论:孙庄遗址古代人群的龋病患病率70.37%,龋齿率22.93%,龋均3.59;壮年组患龋率最高,为88.89%,不同年龄组之间的龋齿率差异性显著;龋齿率女性为30.55%,男性为16.16%,女性龋齿率显著高于男性,P(0.000)<0.05,两性之间的龋齿率有显著差异;浅龋率为6.70%,中龋率为21.65%,深龋率为27.32%,深龋已穿髓率为19.07%,残冠残根率为25.26%,随着年龄的增长,龋病的病变程度呈加重趋势;龋损范围小于1/2牙冠累龋最常见,占总患龋齿数的42.27%;上颌龋齿率为26.91%,下颌龋齿率为19.70%,上下颌龋齿率差异显著(P<0.05)。龋病在不同牙位上的发生率依次为M3>M2>P2>M1>P1>C>I1>I2;邻面和■面是主要的...     

防龋疫苗的研究进展

龋病是一种极为常见的细菌感染。在巴西和中国等众多国家该病甚至呈流行趋势。由于严重受累的人群多为儿童,因此亟需一种有效并可普及的抑制龋病流行的方法。研究发现,口腔中的一组微生物-变异链球菌属(MS)与龋病密切相关,临床前研究也证实了用免疫的方法干预此病的可行性。可用于防龋疫苗的合适抗原、适宜的目标人群以及合理的给药时间等问题已逐渐清晰。本文就防龋疫苗研究的必要性及进展作一综述,以期为防龋疫苗的后续研究提供参考。     

Fabry病在中国汉族肥厚型心肌病人群的患病率(英文)

目的:研究中国汉族肥厚型心肌病人群中α-Galactosidase A突变的患病率及其临床表现。方法:对439名肥厚型心肌病患者及156名健康对照GLA基因进行全外显子测序,及基因型及临床表型进行关联分析。结果:确定了2个致病性突变,包括1个错义突变E66Q和1个剪接位点的突变c.547+1GC。2个突变在156名健康人群未发现,在1000人基因组计划中未报道。确定中国汉族肥厚型心肌病人群中α-Galactosidase A突变0.45%的患病率。结论:Fabry病在中国汉族肥厚型心肌病人群中α-Galactosidase A突变的患病率较低。基因检测有助于Fabry病与肥厚型心肌病的鉴别诊断。     

军都山古代人群运动模式及生活方式的时序性变化北大核心CSCDCSSCI

古代畜牧生计人群的生活方式、对畜牧业依赖程度及与相邻定居人群的关系表现多样。军都山墓地是东周时期以畜牧业为重要生计方式的玉皇庙文化代表性遗址,在其延续的近三百年时间里文化遗存发生了一些明确变化,暗示其生活模式的可能改变。本文通过该遗址出土人骨体质状况的表现对军都山古人群运动和生活方式的时序性变化进行探讨。106根股骨骨干中部断面生物力学参数被用来分析其下肢功能状况及流动性,2487枚牙齿的龋病发生情况用于了解其植物性食物摄入的变化趋势。结果表明,与放牧生活密切相关的流动性在男性随时代明显减弱,但一直显著高于同性别农业定居人群;女性的流动性则变化不大,与定居农业人群相当。龋齿发病在男性随时代显著增高,女性则变化不明显且维持在相对较高水平,表明男性饮食中粮食类占比随时代有增加的趋势。结合文化遗存的发展变化推断,虽然畜牧业一直是军都山古代人类最重要的生计模式,但其流动性和龋病的变化表明畜牧业在其生业模式重要性随时代有所下降;伴随其的是农业在其经济生活中的比重开始增加,可能是受周边定居农业文化影响的结果。     

军都山古代人群运动模式及生活方式的时序性变化

古代畜牧生计人群的生活方式、对畜牧业依赖程度及与相邻定居人群的关系表现多样。军都山墓地是东周时期以畜牧业为重要生计方式的玉皇庙文化代表性遗址,在其延续的近三百年时间里文化遗存发生了一些明确变化,暗示其生活模式的可能改变。本文通过该遗址出土人骨体质状况的表现对军都山古人群运动和生活方式的时序性变化进行探讨。106根股骨骨干中部断面生物力学参数被用来分析其下肢功能状况及流动性,2487枚牙齿的龋病发生情况用于了解其植物性食物摄入的变化趋势。结果表明,与放牧生活密切相关的流动性在男性随时代明显减弱,但一直显著高于同性别农业定居人群;女性的流动性则变化不大,与定居农业人群相当。龋齿发病在男性随时代显著增高,女性则变化不明显且维持在相对较高水平,表明男性饮食中粮食类占比随时代有增加的趋势。结合文化遗存的发展变化推断,虽然畜牧业一直是军都山古代人类最重要的生计模式,但其流动性和龋病的变化表明畜牧业在其生业模式重要性随时代有所下降;伴随其的是农业在其经济生活中的比重开始增加,可能是受周边定居农业文化影响的结果。     

南京社区人群甲状腺功能亢进症的患病率调查

目的：调查南京社区人群甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）的患病率。方法：随机抽取南京某社区的常驻居民1 540 例，分别测定该 人群的空腹血清三碘甲状腺游氨酸（FT3）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）和游离甲状腺素（FT4）的水平。结果：（1）南京社区人群临床甲亢 和亚临床甲亢的患病率分别为1.23%，1.62%。人群中临床甲亢知晓率15.8%。（2）临床甲亢、亚临床甲亢的患病率男女之间比较无 显著性差异（P>0.05）。（3）不论男女，临床甲亢和亚临床甲亢的患病率在不同年龄组间均无差异（P>0.05）。结论：南京社区人群甲 亢患病率较高，人群知晓率低，应注意早期诊治。     

窝沟封闭和涂氟同时应用对乳磨牙龋病干预的研究

目的:探讨同时应用窝沟封闭和涂氟预防干预乳磨牙预防龋齿的效果,为学龄前儿童乳磨牙龋齿的预防提供新的干预措施。方法:通过Cariostat法对150名学龄前儿童乳磨牙进行龋蚀活跃性试验,将其分为龋活跃高危人群和低危人群,检查其乳磨牙患龋情况,计算龋均。随机抽取30名龋活跃高危人群儿童做为实验组1,30名龋活跃低危人群儿童做实验组2,应用窝沟封闭和多乐氟护齿剂同时对乳磨牙进行龋病预防干预;同时抽取30名龋活跃低危人群做对照组应用多乐氟护齿剂对乳磨牙进行龋病预防干预,于干预后6、12、18个月计算龋病发病率。结果:龋活跃高危人群和低危人群的患龋率分别为68.75%、28.6%,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。干预后6个月时,实验组1、实验组2、对照组龋病发病率分别为12.3%、11.6%、13.1%,三组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05);12个月时,龋病发病率分别为12.4%、11.8%、23.2%,实验组1、实验组2比较无显著性差异(P>0.05),实验组1、实验组2均显著低于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.05);18个月时,龋病发病率分别为13.2%、12.9%、29.3%,实验组1、实验组2均显著低于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.05),但实验组1、实验组2比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:同时应用窝沟封闭和涂氟对乳磨牙可以有效防龋,降低学龄前儿童的龋发病率。     

郑州青台遗址新石器时代中晚期人群龋齿的统计与分析

本文通过对郑州青台遗址新石器时代中晚期91例个体、1913枚牙齿罹患龋齿的统计与分析可知,青台人群患龋率为71.43%,龋齿率为13.38%。其中,龋齿率女性高于男性,可能与女性孕期生理变化、食物选择及性别分工等有关。上颌龋齿率高于下颌,臼齿及咬合面为龋齿易患齿类及部位。通过对比可知青台人群显示出较高的龋齿罹患率,暗示该人群饮食中应包含较多的碳水化合物类食物,这可能与新石器时代中晚期黄河中游发达的旱作农业有关。此外,龋齿率在黄河及长江中、下游新石器时代农业人群中的区域性差异可能与龋病病因的复杂性和各地区不同的文化面貌、人群生活方式有关。     

健康与龋病口腔唾液中乳杆菌的发酵类群与表面性质

目的 研究口腔健康的成年人和龋病患者唾液中乳杆菌的发酵类群和表面性质。方法 糖酸以口腔健康的成年人和龋病患者为对象,取其早餐后2 h的无刺激全唾液分离乳杆菌,检验其对葡萄糖和葡萄糖酸钠发酵的情况;应用MATH（Microbiol Adhesion to Hydrocarbons）法测定菌体表面疏水性和电荷。结果 口腔健康的成年人与龋病患者唾液中乳杆菌各发酵类群的比例不同,前者表面疏水性和电荷比较高,后者比较低。结论 口腔健康的成年人和龋病患者唾液中乳杆菌的组成不同,表面性质也不同,特定种类的乳杆菌与龋病的发展相关。     

牛河梁红山文化人群龋齿的统计与分析

本文通过对牛河梁遗址出土的31例红山文化时期人类牙齿龋病的统计与分析, 获知: 1)牛河梁遗址男女两性的患龋率、龋齿率没有明显的性别差异; 2)他们的患龋率和龋齿率有随年龄增长逐步增高的趋势; 3)上颌的龋齿罹患率高于下颌; 4)龋齿的发生主要集中在臼齿,且以咬合面部位为主; 5)他们的患龋率和龋齿率均较低。牛河梁红山文化人群相对偏低的龋齿率可能暗示出他们的经济生活方式还处在以采集狩猎为主体的模式中, 农耕经济可能处于较低层次的状态。     

Socio-cultural factors in dental diseases in the Medieval and early Modern Age of northern Spain

The aim of this study is to present, discuss and compare the results of pathological conditions in teeth from skeletal remains found in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) in four Medieval cemeteries (late 15th century) and three cemeteries from the Modern Age (late 18th century). The final objective was to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic and cultural changes that took place during the early Modern Age in Spain, on oral health. Dental caries and antemortem tooth loss were considered as indicators of dental disease. A significant increase of both dental caries and antemortem tooth loss occurred in Modern Age individuals when compared to Medieval values, as reported for other regions. Increased trade with other continents may explain this deterioration of dental health, as food exchanges (mainly with America) contributed to diet changes for the overall population, including higher carbohydrate consumption (introduction of potatoes) at the expense of other vegetables. A sex-specific increase of dental disease with age, and a significantly higher prevalence of carious lesions in Modern Age females than in males, were also found. These changes can be explained by women having had limited access to dental care after the Middle-Modern Age transition, as a consequence of socio-cultural and political changes. In these changes, an increasing influence of the Catholic Church in Spanish society has to be noted, as it can contribute to the explanation of the unequal dental health of men and women. Women were socially excluded from dental care by regulations inspired by religious precepts.     

青铜—铁器时代人类颞下颌关节的形态学研究

本文对采集自河北、山西和内蒙古等地的43例青铜时代和铁器时代颅骨的颞下颌关节进行了形态学研究。上述入骨材料所代表的古代居民,从经济类型上可划分为两大类,分别属于农业民族和游牧民族。研究结果表明,在若干项重要的颞下颌关节形态特征上,青铜-铁器时代居民与现代人差异显著,表明在这些结构上向现代人水平的明显转化可能发生于更晚的历史阶段。从新石器时代到青铜-铁器时代,人类颞下颌关节的若干形态变化与时代发展的同步性并不明显,而主要反映出其与由经济类型所决定的饮食结构之间的密切关系。     

Dental paleopathology and agricultural intensification in south Asia: new evidence from Bronze Age Harappa.

Patterns of dental disease among Bronze Age people of the Indus Valley Civilization are currently based on early and incomplete reports by non-specialists. This deficiency precludes accurate diachronic analysis of dental disease and its relationship with increasing agriculturalism in the Indian subcontinent. The objective of this paper is to document prevalence of dental disease at Harappa (2500-2000 B.C.), Punjab Province, Pakistan, comparatively evaluate the Harappan dental pathology profile, and use these data to assess theories regarding the dental health consequences of increasingly intensive agricultural dependence. Pathological conditions of the dentition included in the study are abscesses, ante-mortem tooth loss (AMTL), calculus, caries, hypoplasia, hypercementosis, pulp chamber exposure, and alveolar resorption. The Harappan dentition exhibits a dental pathology profile typical of a population whose subsistence base is agriculture. Dental caries at Harappa are present in 6.8% (n = 751) of the teeth and 43.6% (n = 39) of the more completely preserved dental specimens. The use of a caries correction factor is recommended to permit an estimate of caries induced AMTL in calculating the caries prevalence. All dental lesions are present at higher rates in this Harappan study sample than were reported in previous investigations, and important differences in prevalence of dental disease occur between the genders. Prevalence of dental disease increases in the greater Indus Valley as subsistence becomes more intensive and as food preparation and storage technology becomes more efficient.     

Observations of dental diseases among prehistoric populations of Hungary

The incidence of dental disease among people in developing countries today raises questions about the variation in the oral health of prehistoric populations. Considering these questions, we offer observations describing several types of dental disease which occurred among certain prehistoric populations of Hungary. The dental remains of 162 individuals recovered from seven sites of the Neolithic, Copper, and Bronze Age periods were examined for evidence of caries, hypoplasia, and periodontal disease. Appropriate methods were used to describe and record these dental lesions. The incidence of dental caries was low by comparison to other prehistoric agriculturists except for two forms of root caries: cervical and cemental. These types accounted for 68% of all the carious teeth recorded. Enamel hypoplasia was also lower than expected, occurring on only 4% of the total number of teeth. Periodontal abscesses were rare but other milder forms of periodontal lesions were frequent. Alveolar bone resorption occurred in varying degrees and followed the expected age distribution. The few exceptions were children or adolescents whose crania had other lesions suggesting a mineral metabolic disturbance. The lower incidence of enamel caries is likely due to high fluoride ingestion which also may have influenced the expression of enamel hypoplasia. No clear population trends were seen in dental disease incidence except for cemental caries which were found among Copper and Bronze Age remains.     

The Bronze Age burials from Cova Dels Blaus (Vall d′Uixó, Castelló, Spain): An approach to palaeodietary reconstruction through dental pathology, occlusal wear and buccal microwear patterns

This paper reports a palaeodietary investigation of the human remains found in the collective Bronze Age burial cave from Vall d′Uixó (Castelló, Spain). Dental pathology, tooth wear as well as buccal dental microwear were analysed. Percentages of dental pathologies were compared with Chalcolithic and Bronze Age sites from the same territory. Dental caries, ante-mortem tooth loss, periodontal disease and abscess frequencies indicate a diet rich in carbohydrate foods. However, dental calculus percentages and macroscopic wear patterns suggest a diet not exclusively relying on agricultural resources. In addition, buccal dental microwear density and length by orientation recorded on micrographs using a scanning electron microscope showed inter-group differences with regard to carnivorous hunter-gatherers and farming populations related to the amount of abrasives in the diet that could correspond to a different dependence on agricultural resources or food preparation technology.     

新疆于田流水墓地青铜时代人类牙齿非测量性状

我国新疆地区自古以来即是东西方文明相互交融的摇篮,以往的考古学、体质人类学研究表明,该区域内不同文化之间的互通有无早在我国青铜-早期铁器时代便已经发生。关于这种交流与融合产生的原因,目前学术界仍未有定论。新疆于田流水墓地(2950±50 BP)是由中国社会科学院考古研究所于2003-2005年主持发掘的青铜时代墓葬群,该墓地共发掘墓葬65座,被视为是昆仑山北麓发现的最早人类文化遗存。本文从采集自流水墓地108例人骨标本的19项牙齿非测量性状研究入手,将其与欧亚大陆范围内的古今人群进行比较研究,并进行史密斯生物学距离的计算以及主成分分析。结果表明:生活在新疆流水地区的古代人类与南西伯利亚地区、日本绳纹、阿富汗/巴基斯坦、中国姜家梁地区人群之间在牙齿非测量性状方面存在某种程度上的相似性,这或许可以说明至少在3000年前,我国新疆西南部地区可能已经存在了东西方的人群迁徙。     

甘肃临潭磨沟墓地人骨的牙齿健康状况

本文通过甘肃临潭磨沟齐家文化墓地出土的262例人骨标本的牙病情况尤其是龋病、牙周病、根尖周病以及牙结石情况的统计与分析,得知磨沟墓地古代居民牙齿疾病的基本情况:1)牙病的罹患率性别差异显著,女性龋病和根尖周病的罹患率高于男性,而在牙周病和牙结石的出现率上则是男性高于女性;2)牙病的罹患率随着年龄增长而增高;3)龋病、牙周病及根尖周病多发于臼齿,牙结石多发于门齿;4)重度磨耗牙齿多发牙周病及根尖周病;5)牙病罹患率不仅受到性别、年龄、牙位以及齿冠磨耗程度的影响,而且与磨沟组古代居民农业种植食物和采集食物并重的食物结构有关。     

Tooth wear and dental pathology of the Bronze-Iron Age people in Xinjiang, Northwest China: Implications for their diet and lifestyle

Tooth wear and dental pathology related to diet and lifestyle were investigated in the human dental remains unearthed from three archaeological sites of Bronze Age and Iron Age in Xinjiang of northwest China, and in comparative samples from two Neolithic sites in Henan and Shanxi in central China along the Yellow River.Our results indicate that the average tooth wear on most tooth types in the three Xinjiang sites was close to those of the Neolithic samples from central China. The variation within the Xinjiang samples was also explored. Some special wear patterns such as severe wear on the first molar and relatively heavy wear of anterior teeth were observed on the specimens from the Xinjiang sites. Obvious differences in caries and antemortem tooth loss were found between Xinjiang and comparative samples with higher frequencies of caries observed in samples from central China and higher antemortem tooth loss in samples from the Xinjiang sites. Strongly developed exostoses (tori) were also identified on mandibles and maxillae of the specimens from Xinjiang.The authors believe that the differences in tooth wear and dental pathology between Xinjiang and central China were caused by differences in diet and lifestyle. Food of a harder texture was consumed by the people who lived in Xinjiang than by the people in Henan and Shanxi of central China. The higher occurrence of heavily worn anterior teeth and some other special wear patterns, antemortem tooth loss and presence of exostoses on jaw bones in Xinjiang suggest that the people in Xinjiang lived in a relatively harsh environment, frequently gnawing hard objects, or using teeth as some kind of tools. All these activities put masticatory organs under a heavy load. The differences in caries frequencies between the frontier and central areas of China indicate that food richer in carbohydrates was consumed by the people in the central areas.It is proposed that about 3000-2000 years BP in many areas of frontier Xinjiang, people mainly relied on the type of hunter-gatherer economy with agriculture playing a smaller role in their lifestyle.