d－生物素代替玉米浆发酵生产谷氨酸的研究

用ｄ－生物素代替玉米浆的摇瓶发酵实验,筛选出高产酸菌株,测定了ｄ－生物素的亚运量可变范围。比较了单一玉米浆、单一ｄ－生物素与两者各半量发酵结果及不同接种量对产酸的影响。采用ｄ－生物素代替半量玉米浆的中糖发酵工艺应用于生产。结果证明此工艺可行,降低了成本,提高了产酸率,平均产酸率达７．８１％,平均转化率达５３．２％。     

Inhibition of Aminopeptidases by Phosphonic Acid and Phosphinic Acid Analogues of Aspartic and Glutamic Acids

Abstract

More than 30 phosphonic and phosphinic acid analogues of aspartic and glutamic acids were synthesized in order to probe how the structural differences of these molecules were reflected in their ability to inhibit cytosolic (LAP) and microsomal (APM) aminopeptidases. Although most of the compounds studied were found to exert only a modest inhibitory effect, the studies provide some information on the structural requirements of the binding subsites and catalytic centers of both enzymes.     

Formation of Valine in the Presence of Sodium Acrylate Monomer by Glutamic Acid Producing Bacteria

Glutamic acid producing bacteria accumulated a large amount of valine in the presence of the excess biotin, when sodium acrylate monomer (Na-AM) was added at the earlier phase of culture. Brevibacterium roseum ATCC 13825, particularly, accumulated the large amount of valine among bacteria tested and the conditions of valine accumulation by this strain were investigated.

The most effective addition time of Na-AM was at the earlier phase of logarithmic phase. The optimal concentration of Na-AM for the accumulation of valine was 1.0 per cent (v/v). Most effective nitrogen sources were the combination of 1.0 per cent urea and 0.2 per cent ammonium sulphate. The additions of Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ increased valine accumulation. By the excess concentration of biotin for growth, 20 μg/liter or more, did not affected valine accumulation, while the presence of the suboptimal condition of biotin for growth was not good for the formation of valine even in the presence of Na-AM. The accumulation of valine reached 9.0 mg/ml from 75.0 mg/ml of glucose in the presence of 50 μg/liter of biotin and 1.0 per cent (v/v) of Na-AM.

This strain possessed considerable activity of valine formation regardless of the addition of Na-AM and promoted the accumulation of valine by the addition of Na-AM.     

Reversal by Citrate of the Iodoacetate and Fluoride Inhibition of Glutamic Acid Production by Corynebacterium glutamicum

Citrate reversal of iodoacetate inhibition of glutamate synthesis is nonmetabolic. Reversal of fluoride inhibition is metabolic, occurring only at low Mg concentrations.     

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylation in Chlorella

The decarboxylation of endogenous free glutamic acid by Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Marburg strain, was induced by a variety of metabolic poisons, by anaerobic conditions, and by freezing and thawing the cells. The rate of decarboxylation was proportional to the concentration of inhibitor present. Possible mechanisms which relate the effects of the various conditions on glutamate decarboxylation and oxygen consumption by Chlorella are discussed.     

Reversal of Ethionine-Induced Inhibition of Elongation of Avena Coleoptiles by Purines, Adenosine, and Glutamic Acid

Ethionine-induced inhibition of elongation of Avena coleoptile segments has been measured in water and in indol-3yl-acetic acid. In the presence of 10 mM L-ethionine the inhibition amounts to about 70 %. It has been shown previously that the addition of adenosine triphosphate effectively counteracts this inhibition; optimal ATP concentrations are between 0.25 and 0.5 mM. Adenine, adenine sulfate, adenosine, guanine, S-adenosylmethionine, and glutamic acid have now been shown to act similarly to ATP in reversing the ethionine-induced inhibition of elongation.     

Inhibition of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis and Bud Formation by Nalidixic Acid in Hyphomicrobium neptunium

The relationship between chromosome replication and morphogenesis in the budding bacterium Hyphomicrobium neptunium has been investigated. Nalidixic acid was found to completely inhibit deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, but not ribonucleic acid synthesis. The antibiotic was bacteriostatic to the organism for the initial 5 h of exposure; thereafter it was bacteriocidal. Observation of inhibited cultures revealed cells that had produced abnormally long stalks, but no buds. These results indicate that bud formation is coupled to chromosome replication in H. neptunium. They do not exclude the possibilities that cross wall formation and bud separation may also be coupled to chromosome replication.     

Suppression of Glutamic Acid Codons by Mutant Glycine Transfer Ribonucleic Acid

In previous mutational studies with mutant trpA46 (Gly [GGA] --> Glu [GAA] at position 211 of the tryptophan synthetase alpha chain) of Escherichia coli, no missense suppressors were detected. Such suppressors have now been obtained by single mutations in gly Vins, the structural gene for a GGA/G-reading, mutationally altered form of gly V transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) (tRNA(Gly) which reads GGU/C). A trpA46 strain containing the gly Vins alteration was mutagenized with hydroxylamine, and suppressor mutations were detected in the prototrophs obtained. Eighteen independent suppressors were examined and shown to have alterations which map in the gly V region. Chromatography of the glycyl-tRNAs of one suppressed mutant on a benzoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column revealed an alteration in the tRNA(ins) (Gly) peak. The trpA46 suppressor mutation thus appears to involve a change of tRNA(ins) (Gly) from a GGA/G (Gly) reader to a GAA (Glu) reader. Since this suppressor presumably retains the "wobble" pairing of gly Vins tRNA, it was used to select the conversion of GAU (Asp211) to GAG (Glu211) in the alpha chain. supD (serine-inserting amber suppressor) was then used to obtain the conversion of GAG (Glu211) to UAG211. Missense revertants of trpA (UAG211) are being isolated as a means of introducing new codons which can be used in the selection of additional missense suppressors.     

噬菌体对国内谷氨酸生产菌的鉴别

利用噬菌体的宿主专一性,对收集的国内用于生产的谷氨酸生产菌进行鉴别,发现一株7338菌株对T6—13噬菌体敏感,而对7338的噬菌体不敏感。根据上述事实,工厂中为防止噬菌体侵袭,轮换使用不同菌株时,提出要了解菌株对不同噬菌体的敏感性,以免感染造成巨大经济损失。     

谷氨酸在心肺脑复苏中的影响

心跳呼吸骤停及心肺脑复苏(CPCR)的过程均导致机体发生缺血/再灌注损伤(I瓜)等复杂的病理生理变化.脑的缺血再灌注损伤是一个快速的级联反应,包括能量代谢障碍、氧自由基的生成增多、兴奋性氨基酸释放增加、炎性细胞因子释放增加等.这些环节紧密连接,互为因果,形成恶性循环,最终导致神经元的凋亡或坏死.谷氨酸是大脑中一种关键的兴奋性神经递质,它的过多释放在神经元损伤发展过程中起着重要作用.随着细胞外高浓度谷氨酸的结合,N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)开放,大量Ca2+内流,导致细胞内钙超载,是引起脑损伤的共同通路.本文就神经兴奋毒性的研究进行综述.     

Abscisic Acid Inhibition of Kinetin Nucleotide Formation in Germinating Lettuce Seeds

Imbibing ‘Grand Rapids’ lettuce (Lactuca saliva L.) seeds take up ¹⁴C-kinetin, and metabolize this cytokinin to the 5′-nucleotide. The identity of the labeled nucleotide in seed extracts was verified by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, paper and thin layer chromatography, and high voltage paper electrophoresis. Incubations with kinetin in the presence of abscisic acid lead to an apparent specific inhibition of kinetin nucleotide formation. ABA has no effect on kinetin uptake, and does not inhibit kinetin nucleotide synthesis in vitro by a cell-free preparation from lettuce seeds. Additionally, ABA does not inhibit adenylate synthesis from exogenously supplied adenine. These results represent a specific cytokinin-ABA interaction, which might play a significant role in the hormonal regulation of lettuce seed germination.     

谷氨酸脱羧酶与Ⅰ型糖尿病发病机制

谷氨酸脱羧酶（glutamic acid decarboxylase,GAD）与Ⅰ型糖尿病（type 1 diabetes,T1DM）的发病有很大关系,被认为是Ⅰ型糖尿病发病的自身免疫启动靶抗原。谷氨酸脱羧酶对于Ⅰ型糖尿病的预测、诊断、预防和治疗都有很大应用价值。该文阐述了谷氨酸脱羧酶的最新研究进展,以及谷氨酸脱羧酶与Ⅰ型糖尿病自身免疫发病机制的联系。     

Tetrodotoxin Interference of CNS Excitation by Glutamic Acid

TETRODOTOXIN (TTX), the powerful neurotoxin of the puffer fish, blocks electrical excitation of many neuronal and muscle membranes¹. This neurotoxin selectively blocks the sodium conductance increase, leaving the delayed potassium conductance change unaltered^2–6.     

Formation Mechanism of the Free Radical Product and Its Precursor by the Reaction of Dehydro-L-ascorbic Acid with Amino Acid

During the formation of radical A (2) and its precursor (tris(2-deoxy-2-L-ascorbyl)amine, 1) by the reaction of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) with amino acid, ascorbic acid (AsA) and the reduced red pigment (3) were newly identified, in addition to scorbamic acid (SCA) and the red pigment (4), as intermediate products. The addition of AsA to the DHA-amino acid reaction, as well as to the DHA-SCA reaction, greatly increased the formation of 3 and 1. The reaction of AsA with 4 gave rapidly 3, followed by the gradual production of 1. From these results, a reaction pathway is proposed that 3 formed by the reduction of 4 with AsA is a key intermediate and its condensation with DHA followed by reduction with AsA might produce 2 and 1.     

Production of Nucleic Acid Related Substances by Fermentative Processes

It was found that a guanine and adenine-requiring mutant of Micrococcus glutamicus accumulated the ultraviolet-absorbing substance in the culture fluid. A KY9978 strain, which accumulated the largest amount of the substance, we selected from the guanine auxotrophs derived from the guanineadenine doubleless mutant. The substance was isolated in a crystalline form from the culture fluid by the use of ion exchange resins, Diaion SA 21A and SK No. 1, and identified chemically and enzymatically as 5′-xanthylic acid, an intermediate from 5′-inosinic acid to 5′-guanylic acid on the purine nucleotide biosynthesis.     

抗噬菌体谷氨酸高产菌株选育

从污染的谷氨酸发酵废液中分离纯化噬菌体,并以高滴定度侵染生产敏感菌,借助菌的自发突变筛选出抗噬突变株,再运用紫外线、亚硝基胍复合诱变手段经过初筛、复筛,最后选育出抗噬谷氨酸高产菌株。其过程简单、便利,可靠性高,是选育抗噬谷氨酸高产菌株的好方法,对发酵行业具有指导意义。曾选育到抗噬谷氨酸高产菌株,其摇瓶发酵产量比对照提高26.4%。