我国几种典型棉纺织产品的工业水足迹评价

产品水足迹评价能够揭示人类活动在产品全生命周期中的水资源综合影响,可以为提高水资源利用与管理水平和引导绿色消费提供重要的科学依据和技术手段,是当前水资源评价与管理领域的热点研究方向。纺织品是日常生活最主要的消费品之一,其工业生产过程需要利用大量的水资源,同时排放出的工业废水还会对周围水环境造成严重影响。为了揭示纺织品生产过程的水资源综合影响,运用工业水足迹的概念与原理,探讨和明确了纺织品工业水足迹评价的系统边界与内容,建立了相应的核算方法,并选择了花灰布、漂白布、染色布、色织布等四种典型棉纺织产品进行了工业水足迹评价。结果显示,漂白布的工业水足迹较小为36.51L/lb,花灰布次之为37.84L/lb,染色布的平均工业水足迹为61.52L/lb,色织布水足迹最大,平均值为81.51L/lb。比较同种类型、不同颜色纺织品的工业水足迹,由大到小依次为深色中色浅色,即颜色越深对水资源的影响程度最大。从水足迹构成来看,棉纺织产品的工业水足迹主要来自于直接工业水足迹,间接工业水足迹占比较小;在直接工业水足迹的构成中,蓝水足迹的贡献较大。     

广东省水资源特点和合理开发利用研究

本文论述广东水资源量,时空分布和季节变化特点,并分析广东用水存在问题,不合理开发利用水资源和浪费水;水库蓄水和调节能力未能满足用水要求;水质污染日渐严重。使水资源渐感紧缺。按目前用水趋势,要达到供需水平衡,必须成立统一管理水资源的流域机构;按不同的经济发展阶段,改变其主要洪水职能;节约用水;增加水库的供水和调节能力;改变调峰发电方式：提高重复用水率;保护水质;做好水土保持工作。最后提出,制定地方经济发展总体规划时,其用水量必须与可能供水量相适应。     

北京市水足迹及农业用水结构变化特征

运用水足迹的理论和方法计算评价了1990—2005年北京市水足迹及水资源利用的可持续性,在此基础上进一步分析了北京市农业用水结构的变化特征。结果表明:(1)北京市水足迹从1990年的81.5亿m3上升至2005年的168.6亿m3,人均水足迹由750.1m3上升为1096.0m3;(2)北京市水资源匮乏度不断升高,1995年以来水资源自给率呈下降趋势,与之相对应的水资源依赖度越来越高;(3)农业部门用水量在本地用水量中的比例平均每年为55.1%,虚拟水净输入量在虚拟水净输入总量中的比例平均每年达到89.1%;(4)高耗水型作物产品生产用水比例升高加大了农业用水压力,动物产品生产用水量呈增加趋势,2001—2005年动物产品生产引入的虚拟水占到其虚拟水总量的81.3%。北京市水资源利用呈不可持续状态,通过农业系统内部结构的优化调整,实现农业部门水资源的高效利用是缓解北京市水资源紧缺问题的关键。     

南水北调对海河流域水生态环境影响分析

提出可定量分析研究流域水循环变化对水生态环境影响的关联分析方法 ,并对海河流域现状进行了关联分析和和评价。分析研究表明人类对水资源的过度开发利用已改变了海河流域的天然水循环并导致水生态环境全面退化。进一步对未来无南水北调和有南水北调的情况进行定量模拟计算 ,结果表明在无南水北调的情况下 ,未来海河流域将处于无法兼顾发展经济和保护生态环境的困境 ;在实施南水北调的情况下 ,水资源可支撑海河流域经济发展并影响和改善整个流域的水循环状态 ,从整体上遏制海河流域水生态环境恶化的趋势 ,但入海水量仍无法改善     

干旱胁迫对苗木蒸腾耗水的影响

采用Lico-6400便携式光合系统测定仪和BP3400精密天平等仪器研究了9个北方主要造林树种的蒸腾速率及实际蒸腾耗量;用压力室法分阶段测定了苗木的叶水势。得出了苗木在正常水分条件下及干旱胁迫过程中的蒸腾耗水规律。比较分析了不同水势梯度下、昼夜不同时间段的各树种的蒸腾耗水量及蒸腾耗水速率。结果表明,蒸腾耗水以白天为主,在相同的水分条件下,不同的苗木有不同的蒸腾耗水量,同种苗木的蒸腾耗水量随干旱胁迫的加重而减少,在受到严重干旱胁迫时,针叶树油松和侧柏的耗水量均降至正常水分条件下的11.7%,阔叶乔木树种降至6．6％,灌木树种降至16．9％。通过研究苗木在不同水势梯度下的耗水特性和蒸腾耗水量。为在水量缺乏的情况下,进行有效的林木培育和植被恢复重建提供依据。     

宽甸县水中硼的背景浓度及污染现状分析

采集辽宁宽甸县各种水样51个,用ICP—MS分析硼含量。结果表明,宽甸县水中硼含量的背景值与世界水平相当,污染地区地表水和地下水硼含量的平均值分别是背景点的23．1和495．6倍。硼的开采和加工对水体产生了较严重的硼污染。     

Diurnal Pattern of Transpiration,Water Uptake and Water Budget of Succulents with Different CO2 Fixation Pathways

The water fluxes and the CO₂ exchange of three leaf succulents, Othonna opima, Cotyledon orbiculata and Senecio medley-woodii, with different leaf anatomy, growth form and CO₂ fixation pathways (C₃, CAM) were monitored with a gas exchange cuvette which was combined with a potometric system to quantify water uptake. Measurements, which are primarily valid for plants with a sufficient water supply, were made during 6 to 10 consecutive days under constant experimental conditions. Water uptake for 24 h exceeded water loss by transpiration only for a S, medley-woodii plant with 10 expanding but only 7 mature leaves. In this case the gained water evidently is put into leaf expansion. All other plants showed balanced transpiration and water uptake rates. O. opima and C. orbiculata have a similar life form, similar water storage volumes and the same natural habitat but their diurnal water uptake patterns differ significantly. In the C₃ plant O. opima water uptake increased when the transpiration increased or transpiration rates were higher than uptake rates and vice versa. On the contrary the CAM plant C. orbiculata transpired during the dark period at constant or decreasing rates but showed steadily increasing uptake rates. Senecio medley-woodii- and C. orbiculata are CAM plants with similar diurnal water uptake patterns with its maximum in uptake during or towards the end of the CO₂ dark fixation period. Water uptake of C. orbiculata was at its minimum at the end of the light period despite transpiration being maximal. The results were discussed considering the different CO₂ fixation pathways. In the investigated CAM succulents, C. orbiculata and S. medley-woodii, the CAM influenced water uptake throughout the whole day and not only during the CO₂ dark fixation period.     

三江平原粮食作物生产水足迹时空特征及影响因素

水足迹是评价人类活动对水资源开采和水环境污染程度的重要方法,对农作物生长过程的绿水足迹、蓝水足迹和灰水足迹进行量化和分析,可以为农业用水综合评价和用水管理提供指导。以三江平原为研究区域量化粮食作物生产水足迹的时空特征,揭示粮食生产对区域水资源的占用情况,并分析水足迹的影响因素。结果表明:(1)三江平原粮食生产水足迹总量在2005-2018年间呈显著增加趋势,其中绿水足迹、蓝水足迹和灰水足迹在水足迹总量中的占比历年平均为28%、8%和64%;(2)粮食生产水足迹空间差异明显,在地市尺度,佳木斯市水足迹最高,占三江平原总量的47%,在县区尺度,富锦市、依兰县和桦南县是水足迹热点地区;(3)只考虑蓝水足迹,粮食生产给三江平原水资源造成轻度压力,而同时考虑蓝水和灰水足迹,粮食生产给三江平原水资源造成重度压力;各地市间水资源压力有较大差异,其中佳木斯市负担了该区域将近一半的粮食产量,水资源压力最高,鹤岗市则水资源压力最低;(4)降雨量、灌溉水利用效率、化肥施用量、粮食种植结构和作物单产水平等都会影响粮食作物生产水足迹,其中蓝水足迹响应种植结构的变化最敏感,灰水足迹响应化肥施用量的变化最敏感,而水足迹总量响应作物单产水平的变化最敏感。因此,建议减少化肥施用量、提高作物单产水平和优化作物种植结构纳入区域水资源可持续管理之中。     

工业水足迹评价与应用

大规模的工业生产不但消耗了大量的水资源,同时产生了大量的工业废水,这是造成和加剧全球或区域水资源危机和水环境问题最重要的原因之一。对工业生产过程的水资源综合影响进行科学有效评估是目前资源环境管理领域研究的重要问题之一,是采取有效措施、提升工业生产的水资源利用效率和管理水平的重要前提和基础。以发展和完善工业生产过程的水资源综合影响的评价系统和方法体系为目标,基于水足迹理论,提出了工业水足迹的概念,即用以测量由某一产品、工业企业、行业或区域的工业生产过程引发的水资源利用增量的一个多维指标。以此概念为理论基础,进而首先分析了工业水足迹的内涵,包括直接工业水足迹与间接工业水足迹两部分。另外,区别于全生命周期的水足迹,工业水足迹评价是针对工业生产过程中由于工业原料、辅料、能源和水的输入,以及废水、废物与产品的输出产生的水足迹,其系统边界不包括分销零售、消费使用与废物处理等环节。其次,在确定的系统边界内构建了工业水足迹的核算框架和基础方法体系,即从生产、公共及运输3个方面收集数据、处理并核算。最后,从产品、企业、行业和区域4个层面对工业水足迹的应用及其意义进行了展望。     

The dielectric method of investigating bound water in biological material: An appraisal of the technique

Three independent dielectric methods for the measurement of water of hydration (bound water) in a biological material are described and discussed comparatively. For well-defined aqueous solutions of biological molecules, hydration can be obtained from direct observations made on the δ dispersion or from measurement of the dielectric values of the β dispersion. For whole tissue, however, neither of these two methods is applicable, and to deduce the hydration, it is necessary to use the third technique in which the volume of the hydrated biological particle is obtained by measuring the effect of it on the known dielectric properties of pure water. The hydration can then be calculated by deducting the volume of the anhydrous particle from the experimentally determined volume of the hydrated particle. Owing to possible systemmatic errors the uncertainty in the absolute hydration value associated with this technique is rather larger than that obtained with the other two dielectric methods. For studying the differences between hydration in similar tissues, however, this objection disappears.     

Occurrence of moulds in drinking water

AIMS: In order to determine the occurrence of filamentous fungi in public drinking water systems in Norway, water from 14 water supply networks from all over the country was sampled and analysed. Networks with both ground and surface water sources were included in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS: During a one-year period, 273 water samples were collected. Frequencies of fungi in samples from raw water, treated water and from home and hospital installations were determined on the basis of incubation of 100 ml membrane-filtered samples on dichloran 18% glycerol agar media. Filamentous fungi were recovered from 62% of all samples. In ground water 42.3% of the samples were positive for mould growth, while surface waters yielded 69.7% positive samples. CONCLUSIONS: The risk to recover moulds from surface water is three times higher compared with ground water. It is more likely to detect moulds in cold waters and showers than in hot waters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: By analysing the water reaching the consumers, the results reported in present study indicate that filamentous fungi in drinking water is not negligible, and that moulds should be considered as part of the microbiological analysis parameters in drinking water.     

基于不同保护目标的河道内生态需水量分析——以琉璃河湿地为例

为探索不同阶段保护目标下的河道内生态需水量,以北京市房山区琉璃河为研究区域,基于琉璃河湿地工程的特殊性,在同一工程项目中不同阶段创新应用环境需水量和生态需水量两种方法,分别计算在截污工程完成前满足水质要求的河道内环境需水量和截污工程完成后满足以生态修复及维系为目标的河道内生态需水量。结果表明:(1)在考虑景观娱乐水量的情况下,二者一次生态需水量均为196.78万m~3;(2)以消纳污水为目标的河道内,在考虑河道稀释及自净能力的情况下,利用水环境容量法计算净化需水量为30.39万m~3/d,景观娱乐需水量为180.43万m~3,河道内的土壤储水量为16.136万m~3,水体年蒸发量为78.03万m~3,日均0.21万m~3,水体渗透量21.69万m~3,日均渗漏量0.03万m~3;(3)以生态修复及维系为目标的河道中,河道内的水生生物栖息地需水量为71.73万m~3。(4)在截污工作未完成之前,琉璃河内需每日注入30.39万m~3/d的湿地出水以保持水质。在不同保护目标下,如何依据河流实际情况,满足不同的需求,完善生态需水的计算方法,维持生态系统的稳定健康,将是未来关注的重点。     

Role of protein conformation and aggregation in pumping water in and out of a cell

Dialysis cassettes containing BSA solutions were used to simulate passive in vivo conditions to assess the effect of protein conformation and aggregation on cell water content. The cassettes were suspended in dextran solutions to provide a range of fixed osmotic stress values simulating blood plasma. The system was placed on a shaker for 24 h to attain equilibrium. Four manipulation methods; pH, cosolute salt concentration, e.g. NaCl, temperature annealing and urea concentration denaturant were varied to produce well-known manipulations of BSA conformation. It was observed that the cell water content varied from +14% to about -13% with changes in protein conformation and aggregation. The findings demonstrate that a change in protein conformation and aggregation, pumps water in and out of a cell to maintain equilibrium % water content matching the protein conformational hydration parameter. This concept supplements existing theories on cell volume regulation.     

Risk assessment of adenoviruses detected in treated drinking water and recreational water

AIMS: Human adenoviruses (HAds) have previously been detected in sewage and polluted river and dam water, as well as treated drinking water. The 51 serotypes of HAds cause a wide range of infections with clinical manifestations associated with the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts, and the eyes. Water may play a meaningful role in the transmission of many of these HAd serotypes, specifically the enteric HAds which are transmitted via the faecal-oral route. The presence of these viruses in water used for drinking and recreational purposes is considered to constitute a potential health risk. In this study, the risk of infection by the group of HAds previously detected over a period of 1 year in selected drinking water supplies, as well as river and dam water used for recreational purposes, was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Adenoviruses were previously detected in nine of 204 (4.41%) samples of two drinking water supplies (A and B) treated and disinfected according to international specifications, in four of 51 (7.8%) samples of river water and nine of 51 (17.7%) samples of dam water. Application of these previously published results in an exponential risk assessment model indicated an annual risk of infection of 1.01 x 10(-1) and 1.7 x 10(-1) for drinking water supplies A and B, respectively, assuming a daily consumption of 2 l day(-1). The daily risk of infection constituted by HAds in the river water was calculated as 1.71 x 10(-4), and in the dam water as 3.12 x 10(-5), assuming a consumption of 30 ml of water per day. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of infection exceeded the tolerable risk of one infection per 10 000 consumers per year proposed for drinking water. However, the results for river and dam water used for recreational purposes were within the tolerable risk of one infection per 1000 bathers per day proposed for environmental waters used for recreational purposes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study showed that the risk of HAd infection calculated for the drinking water supplies and the recreational water may overestimate the actual risk of infection, as conservative values were assumed for some of the variables. For a more accurate assessment of the potential risk of infection research should at least include a thorough investigation of the water consumption of individuals in South Africa, and the efficiency of recovery of the glass wool adsorption-elution method.     

启东海域水质营养状况及其与陆域农村水环境质量的关系

根据启东近岸海域2003—2009年7个站点的监测数据,研究了该海域的水质营养状况,并初步分析了与相邻陆域农村水环境质量的关系。结果表明:除平台站点之外,多数站点的COD、DIN、DIP和DO有增加的趋势;仅平台站点在2003年未富营养化,其他6站点都处于富营养状态,在2007年富营养化指数达到最高值,其后逐年显著降低;2003—2009年重污染海域比例达到4.1%,在2007和2008年是污染较为严重的年份;富营养化指数与综合标准指数之间存在显著的正线性相关;相对于城市工业生产生活排放,启东近岸陆域农村水环境质量变化和长江径流对近岸水质营养状况的影响较小。     

水资源的忧虑

水是生态系统中生命必需元素得以无限循环的介质。没有水生态系统,生命就不能维持。在当今世界面临的人口、资源、环境三大问题中,水属于人类赖以生存和社会经济发展的重要物质资源,又和其它两个问题有着密切的关系。因此,水资源的开发、利用和管理已成为世界各国普遍重视的一个重要课题。     

Water footprint and economic water productivity assessment of eight dairy cattle farms based on field measurement

Water scarcity prevailing in the drylands is threatening the sustainability of livestock production systems. The water footprint (WF) indicator was proposed as a metric of water use. This study aimed to determine the WF and the economic water productivity (EWP) of 1 kg of fat and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) in eight dairy farms (n = 8; animals = 117 ± 62; area = 198 ± 127; 95% confidence level) in northern Tunisia. Then, to assess the effects of three simulation scenarios targeting the reduction of the WF of milk production (scenario A: using triticale silage to replace, on DM basis, the silage of maize, sorghum or ray-grass; scenario B: reducing by 56% the wastage of water devoted to milking, cooling, cleaning and servicing; scenario C: using concentrate feeds imported from Brazil and Argentina instead of that imported from France). A year-round monitoring of on-farm practices was performed using water-meters and recording equipment installed in key locations in the target dairy farms: (i) water used for feed production, (ii) cow watering, (iii) servicing water, (v) crop and forage production and (iv) economic and production performance were controlled by water source (green and blue). Over the eight farms evaluated, milk production consumed on average 1.36 ± 0.41 m³/kg FPCM, of which 0.93 ± 0.40 m³/kg FPCM was green water and 0.42 ± 0.30 m³/kg FPCM was blue water. However, virtual water of 1 kg FPCM averaged 43% ± 14.3%. Water used for feed production for lactating cows represents approximately 87% ± 6% of the total WF of milk production. However, drinking and servicing water contributed by 3.75% ± 2% and 9% ± 5% to the total WF of milk, respectively. The EWP assessment revealed that the selected dairy farms had a relatively small gross margin per m³ of water averaging US$ 0.05 ± 0.04. The variation in WF of milk was mainly associated with diets’ ingredients, which affected milk productivity and water consumption. Scenario analysis indicated that using feed with less water requirements or importing feeds from countries where its water consumption is low could reduce consumptive water use for milk production by up to 16%. The efficient use of servicing water could reduce blue WF of milk by up to 4%. The implementation of these measures would lead to potential total water savings in the Tunisian dairy sector of 646 million m³ per year (30%).     

基于多源数据的黄土高原陆地水循环结构变化分析

近几十年间,黄土高原的水循环进程在人类活动与气候变化的影响下已产生了剧烈的变化。为加深对水循环结构变化的了解与认识,利用1982-2010年的降水、蒸散发、径流、土壤储水量和社会经济用水等数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和线性回归分析方法,对黄土高原的水量平衡进行评估,且细化了组成水循环的12种水文变量,并分析了水循环各分量的变化趋势及其结构的演化规律。由于网格化的社会经济用水数据（1982-2010年）对本研究产生了较大的时间限制,因此本文注重于探究这29年间黄土高原各水文变量的变化趋势及水循环结构的演化规律。结果表明：在自然系统中,蒸散发以1.97 mm/a的速率上升（P<0.01）,径流、降水和土壤储水量分别以1.01 mm/a（P<0.01）、0.77 mm/a和0.46 mm/a的速率下降。在社会系统中,社会经济用水以0.50 mm/a的速率上升,其中主要由于生活、制造业、发电和采矿用水分别以0.22、0.23、0.30 mm/a和0.01 mm/a的速率增加所导致。此外,灌溉和牲畜用水分别以0.25 mm/a（P<0.05）、0.01 mm/a（P<0.01）的速率减少。就水循环结构而言,多年平均蒸散发和社会经济用水占水循环的平均比例分别为80.95%、15.27%,并以每年0.16%、0.06%的速率逐渐升高。径流、土壤储水量的变化占水循环的平均比例分别为4.00%、-0.24%,并以每年0.24%（P<0.01）、0.02%的速率逐渐下降。随着社会经济的发展和人口的增加,区域水资源供需矛盾将进一步加剧,本研究对黄土高原水资源的科学调控与可持续利用有重要参考意义。     

吉林省西部草原区地下水水质研究

人类的日常生活中 ,水是不可缺少的物质。作为一种极好的溶媒 ,除可溶解的物质外 ,不溶解的悬浮物质、胶体物质和生物均可能混入水中。根据天然水的物理、化学成分决定该水适合那种用途 ,在选择水源时 ,还应按其质量指标 ,加以分析判断。吉林省长岭县东南厩村境内既无河流 ,也无湖泊 ,村民平日的所有用水都来源于地下水 ,即村民直接饮用水。因此 ,对东南厩村的地下水水质调查、评价就显得十分重要。1　研究地点和方法1.1　研究地点自然概况研究地点位于吉林省长岭县三十号乡东南厩村。该地区地理位置为东经 12 3°4 4′～ 12 3°4 7′ ,北纬…