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1.
Recent evidence suggests that the ratio of the lengths of the second and fourth fingers (2D:4D) may reflect degree of prenatal
androgen exposure in humans. In the present study, we tested the hypotheses that 2D:4D would be associated with ratings of
men’s attractiveness and with levels of behavioral displays during social interactions with potential mates. Our results confirm
that male 2D:4D was significantly negatively correlated with women’s ratings of men’s physical attractiveness and levels of
courtship-like behavior during a brief conversation. These findings provide novel evidence for the organizational effects
of hormones on human male attractiveness and social behavior.
This work was supported by a Hind’s Fund Research Grant from the Committee on Evolutionary Biology at the University of Chicago
to J.R.R. and by NIH grants R01-MH62577 and K02-MH63097 to D.M.
James Roney, Ph.D., is now an assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research
interests are in human evolutionary psychology and behavioral endocrinology. Dario Maestripieri, Ph.D., is an associate professor
of Human Development at the University of Chicago. He has broad research interests in behavior, development, and evolution. 相似文献
2.
Maestripieri D 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2005,272(1569):1243-1248
A growing body of research on humans suggests that exposure to a stressful family environment or father absence from home during childhood is associated with early female puberty and greater interest in infants among adolescent girls. This effect may be mediated by early exposure to harsh and inconsistent maternal care, but the mechanisms by which maternal care affects female reproductive maturation are not known. The present study reports sex differences in interest in infants among juvenile rhesus macaques similar to those observed in human adolescents. Furthermore, juvenile females that were exposed to harsh and inconsistent maternal care in infancy showed higher interest in infants than controls. Evidence from cross-fostered females indicated that these effects resulted from early experience and not genetic inheritance from the mother. There were no significant differences in female age at first conception in relation to the quality of maternal care received during infancy. Macaque females exposed to harsh and inconsistent maternal care in infancy tended to have higher cortisol responses to stress and to corticotropin-releasing hormone than controls in the first three years of life. Furthermore, females with higher cortisol responses to stress exhibited higher interest in infants. These findings suggest that some of the effects of early parental care on female reproductive maturation may be mediated by developmental changes in the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. 相似文献
3.
Joel Kaplan 《Primates; journal of primatology》1973,14(1):89-91
The responses of mother squirrel monkeys to infants were examined by testing the mothers with bodies of their own and other infants. Mothers whose infants were stillborn or died at one day of age showed strong and equivalent maternal responses to all the bodies with which they were presented, while those whose infants died after two weeks of age responded mainly to the body of their own infant. These results suggest that the female squirrel monkey becomes more selective in responding to the body of a dead infant with the passage of time after parturition. The female's post-parturient condition appears to be the prime cause for changes in her responsiveness, although other factors related to the infant's growth and development might also be important.Supported by Grant HD 04905 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 相似文献
4.
Giving between generations in American families 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This paper documents the types and amounts of aid exchanged between adults and their non-coresidential parents. Data for the
study are drawn from a representative national sample survey of Americans age 19 and older conducted in 1987–1988. Exchanges
of monetary and material resources, childcare, household assistance, and companionship and advice are considered.
Patterns of intergenerational exchange are found to differ by gender, family structure, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic
situation. Differences in exchange between males and females and between whites and Mexican-Americans are related to other
life-course characteristics, and to the availability and proximity of kin. Blacks and persons living in poverty are shown
to be less involved than other groups in intergenerational exchanges. Finally, patterns of prior assistance and the available
needs and resources of the respondents and their parents are found to influence current patterns of exchange.
Support for this research was provided by NICHD Grant No. 1 R01 HD26070-01, “Intergenerational Exchanges in Families with
Children,” Dennis P. Hogan, Principal Investigator. Funds for the computer analysis were provided by the Pennsylvania State
University Intercollege Research Programs.
David Eggebeen is an Assistant Professor of Human Development in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies and
a research associate at the Population Issues Research Center at Pennsylvania State University. He trained in sociology and
demography at the University of North Carolina. His current research interests, besides those related to intergenerational
relations, are the recent changes in the demographic structure of childhood in America and their implications for children’s
social and economic well-being.
Dennis P. Hogan is a professor of sociology and the director of the Population Issues Research Center at Pennsylvania State
University. His current research interests, besides those related to intergenerational relations, are in the interrelation
of social structures and the demographic life course. He is coauthor with David I. Kertzer ofFamily, Political Economy, and Demographic Change: The Transformation of Life in Casalecchio, Italy, 1861–1921, University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. 相似文献
5.
Marc J. Swartz 《American anthropologist》1998,100(3):831-832
Ethnography and Human Development: Context and Meaning in Social Inquiry. Richard Jessor. Anne Colby. and Richard Shweder. eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. pp. 516. 相似文献
6.
Janek S. Lobmaier Reiner Sprengelmeyer Ben Wiffen David I. Perrett 《Evolution and human behavior》2010,31(1):16-21
Neonatal features in the newborn are thought to trigger parental care, the most fundamental prosocial behaviour. The underlying mechanisms that release parental care have not yet been resolved. Here we report sex differences in the ability to discriminate cues to cuteness despite equivalence in the capability to discriminate age and facial expression. These differences become apparent in a task where adults were asked to choose the cuter of two babies. While women could reliably choose the cuter infant, men had more difficulty in doing so. When showing the exact same face pairs but asking to choose the younger or the happier baby, there was no sex difference. These results suggest that the sex difference in the ability to discriminate cues to cuteness in infants underlies female-specific emotive responses. We argue that this reactivity expressed by women evolved to ensure that a female allocates her caretaking resources to her youngest offspring while it needs mothering care. 相似文献
7.
Sex differences in interest in infants in juvenile rhesus monkeys: relationship to prenatal androgen 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Yearling rhesus monkey females interact more with infants than do males. However, the continuity of this sex difference throughout the juvenile period is unknown. Human females display similar sexually differentiated interest in infants, and studies of girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia suggest that this sex difference may be modulated by prenatal androgen exposure. We investigated infant interest in 1- to 3-year-old juvenile rhesus monkeys. Hormonal influences on this behavior were investigated by treating pregnant females with an androgen-receptor blocker (flutamide), testosterone enanthate, or vehicle, early or late in gestation. Subjects were reared in their well-established natal groups, composed of species-typical matrilineal social structures, including members of all ages. Yearling control females interacted with infants more than did yearling control males. At 2 and 3 years of age, the magnitude of the sex difference in interactions with infants increased markedly, producing effect sizes of more than 2.5 standard deviations. These effects are larger than those reported in humans. Androgen treatment did not affect male or female interactions with infants, but late gestation flutamide masculinized aspects of females' interest in infants. Although early flutamide prevented complete masculinization of male genitalia, this treatment was not accompanied by any alterations in the masculine pattern of infant interest. We found no evidence that the robust juvenile sex difference in frequency of infant interactions results from socialization. However, it was largely unaffected by our hormone manipulations. Whether this reflects characteristics of our specific treatments or is evidence of nonhormonal influences on infant interest remains unanswered. 相似文献
8.
The fetal rodent brain is permanently altered by exposure to sex hormones. Long-term effects of prenatal sex hormones on the human brain are far less clear. In order to explore such effects, we studied a measure of cognitive function among young adults who had been exposed in utero to a powerful synthetic estrogen. In a randomized clinical trial conducted at the University of Chicago in 1950-1952, 1646 pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive either high doses of diethylstilbestrol or placebo. Women in this study gave birth to 1653 liveborn infants, of whom 1603 (820 sons and 783 daughters) survived to their fifteenth birthday. College entrance examination scores were obtained for 42% of these offspring. No differences in test performance were seen among exposed daughters. Among sons, test scores were marginally higher among the exposed, probably due to chance. 相似文献
9.
Non‐Mammalian Infants Requiring Parental Care Elicit Greater Human Caregiving Reactions Than Superprecocial Infants Do
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Daniel J. Kruger 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2015,121(8):769-774
Ethologists proposed the coevolution of pedomorphic characteristics in infants and caregiving responses to these features in parents. Human infants higher in pedomorphic characteristics are more likely to receive baby talk from adults and elicit stronger motivations for caretaking. Neotenous facial characteristics in human adults cue social approach and elicit helping. This study demonstrates generally strong differences in reactions to infants from non‐mammalian species requiring parental care (semiprecocial) and superprecocial species within the same class. People perceive semiprecocial infants as more neotenous (cute, immature, and helpless), had greater desires to hold or pet them, thought they would have a greater appreciation of being held or pet, thought they would be less likely to survive on their own, and anticipated being more likely to adopt them compared to superprecocial infants. Both avian and reptilian infants elicited these patterns. There was a moderate degree of sex differences in ratings, women saw the infants as more neotenous and were more willing to adopt them than men. 相似文献
10.
The occurrence of male-care behaviour directed from juvenile and adult males to infants was studied in a free-ranging troop
of Stumptail macaques. The study period lasted two months comprising about 140 hours of recorded observations.
Infants were a focal subgroup and their interactions with older males were recorded. The following variables were examined
in relationship to the sending and receiving of male-care: the infant (its age, sex, and dominance rank), older males (their
age and dominance rank), and genetic ties.
Infants I received more male-care than infants II and differences in the type of male-care received by infants I and II were
found. Male infants received more male-care than female infants and sex differences in the type of care received were evident.
No relationship was found between the infant’s dominance rank and the amount of male-care received. A substantial amount of
male-care behaviour was sent to genetic kin.
Two-three year olds displayed more male care than yearlings. Juveniles as a class displayed more male-care than adults. A
positive association was found between the juveniles’ dominance rank and the sending of male-care. However, among the adults,
the subordinate male displayed more care behaviour than the alpha male. The presence or absence of the mother was found to
influence the older males’ interest in the infant. The results are discussed and compared with data available on other primate
species.
Supported by grants from the Behavioral Science Foundation (U.S.) and by the Mexican Institute of Anthropology. 相似文献
11.
Ivan Brady 《American anthropologist》1998,100(2):510-516
Ethnography and Human Development: Context and Meaning in Social Inquiry. Richard Jessor. Anne Colby, and Richard A. Shweder, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 516 pp
Interpretive Anthropology: Ethnographic Practices for the 21st Century. Norman K. Denzin. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997. 325 pp. 相似文献
Interpretive Anthropology: Ethnographic Practices for the 21st Century. Norman K. Denzin. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997. 325 pp. 相似文献
12.
Researchers have typically reported relatively greater preferences for infants among females than among males, though this varies somewhat across samples and age groups. The mechanism by which this sex difference occurs is not well understood and many studies rely on participants' self-reported preferences rather than measuring motivated behavior or patterns of visual attention directly. The present research consists of two independent studies investigating attention to infants. The aim of these studies was to extend research on the characteristics associated with interest in infants by measuring motivation to view infant faces (Study 1) and visual attention to infants in a complex visual scene (Study 2). In Study 1, participants controlled the length of viewing time for different images. Women demonstrated motivation to extend viewing of infants. Men showed the opposite pattern, working to decrease the length of time they viewed infants. In Study 2, participants were shown complex scenes that contained infants. Patterns of visual attention were measured using eye-tracking technology. Infants did not receive a particularly high proportion of fixations from either sex. However, there were relationships between gender-linked traits, such as digit ratio and self-reported interest in infants, and the percentage of fixations on infants. Additionally, participants who reported being in a romantic relationship demonstrated greater interest in infants. This suggests the long-reported sex difference in interest in infants may relate more to current life circumstances and gender linked traits than an overwhelming tendency among all members of a sex. 相似文献
13.
Men and women exhibit different neural, genital, and subjective arousal responses to visual sexual stimuli. The source of these sex differences is unknown. We hypothesized that men and women look differently at sexual stimuli, resulting in different responses. We used eye tracking to measure looking by 15 male and 30 female (15 normal cycling (NC) and 15 oral contracepting (OC)) heterosexual adults viewing sexually explicit photos. NC Women were tested during their menstrual, periovulatory, and luteal phases while Men and OC Women were tested at equivalent intervals, producing three test sessions per individual. Men, NC, and OC Women differed in the relative amounts of first looks towards, percent time looking at, and probability of looking at, defined regions of the pictures. Men spent more time, and had a higher probability of, looking at female faces. NC Women had more first looks towards, spent more time, and had a higher probability of, looking at genitals. OC Women spent more time, and had a higher probability of, looking at contextual regions of pictures, those featuring clothing or background. Groups did not differ in looking at the female body. Menstrual cycle phase did not affect women's looking patterns. However, differences between OC and NC groups suggest hormonal influences on attention to sexual stimuli that were unexplained by subject characteristic differences. Our finding that men and women attend to different aspects of the same visual sexual stimuli could reflect pre-existing cognitive biases that possibly contribute to sex differences in neural, subjective, and physiological arousal. 相似文献
14.
Association of a presynaptic spike with a postsynaptic spike can lead to changes in synaptic efficacy that are highly dependent
on the relative timing of the pre- and postsynaptic spikes. Different synapses show varying forms of such spike-timing dependent
learning rules. This review describes these different rules, the cellular mechanisms that may be responsible for them, and
the computational consequences of these rules for information processing and storage in the nervous system.
Received: 16 January 2002 / Accepted: 3 June 2002
Acknowledgements. This research is supported in part by a National Science Foundation grant IBN 98-08887 (awarded to PDR), and by National
Institutes of Health grants R01-MH49792 (awarded to CCB), R01-MH60996 (awarded to CCB), and R01-MH60996 (awarded to PDR).
Correspondence to: P. D. Roberts (e-mail: robertpa@ohsu.edu) 相似文献
15.
Experimentally induced pain often reveals sex differences, with higher pain sensitivity in females. The degree of differences has been shown to depend on the stimulation and assessment methods. Since sex differences in pain develop anywhere along the physiological and psychological components of the nociceptive system, we intended to compare the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) as a more physiological (spinal) aspect of pain procession to the verbal pain report of intensity and unpleasantness as the more psychological (cortical) aspect. Twenty female and twenty male healthy university students were investigated by use of nociceptive flexion reflex threshold (staircase method) after electrical stimulation of the N. suralis. Furthermore, we assessed supra-threshold reflex responses (latency, amplitude and area) by applying 10 stimuli 5 mA above reflex threshold. Following each stimulation, the subjects provided pain ratings of intensity and unpleasantness on a visual analogue scale. Females exhibited marked lower nociceptive flexion reflex thresholds than males, while the supra-threshold reflex response tailored to the individual reflex threshold did not show any significant differences. The verbal pain ratings, corrected for NFR threshold, were not found to differ significantly. The large sex differences in nociception that were present in NFR threshold but not in the pain ratings corroborate the hypothesis that spinal processes contribute substantially to sex differences in pain procession. 相似文献
16.
Lonnie R. Sherrod 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1990,1(4):331-353
The study of infant social cognition is the study of how human infants acquire information about people. By examining infants’
sensory abilities and the stimulus characteristics of people, research can determine what information is available to infants
from their social world. We can then consider what social environments are appropriate for infants of different ages. This
paper examines the sociocognitive competencies of human infants during the first 6 months of their lives and asks how these
competencies are functional in the daily social ecology of the human infant. Select examples of research with other species
are used to illustrate how the adaptive significance of sociocognitive abilities could be more fruitfully explored in studies
of human infancy.
Lonnie R. Sherrod is Vice President for Program at the William T. Grant Foundation. Formerly, he was Assistant Dean at the
Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research and before that, Staff Associate at the Social Science Research Council.
He received a Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology from Yale University in 1978, an M.A. in Biology from the University of Rochester
in 1974; and a B.A. in Zoology and Psychology from Duke University in 1972. He has taught at New York University and the New
School and has published numerous articles and edited volumes on infant social cognition, on adolescence, and on child development
from a life-span and biosocial perspective. Examples includeInfant Social Cognition (1981), edited with Michael Lamb;The Life Course and Human Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (1986), edited with Aage B. Sorensen and Franz E. Weinert; and “Changes in Children’s Social Lives and the Development of
Social Understanding” authored with Judith Dunn (1988), in E.M. Hetherington, M. Perlmutter, and R. Lerner (eds).,Child Development in Life-Span Perspective. 相似文献
17.
G6PD specific activity (S.A.) was significantly greater in human females than in males, both in fresh erythrocytes from newborns and in prenatal cultural lung. The sex difference in erythrocytes was nullified by 6 years of age via a reduction of G6PD S.A. in the female relative to the male. The sex difference in prenatal lung was nullified during the first month of postnatal life by an abrupt rise of G6PD S.A. in the male rather than by any postnatal change in the female. No sex difference was found for G6PD in cultured skin or for LDH and HGPRT in any of the tissues studied. Qualitative and quantitative tissue-specific and developmental differences were found among G6PD, LDH, and HGPRT in cultured skin and lung. Our data suggest (1) that cultured fibroblasts still can reflect the tissue-specific, developmental, and sex differences of their origin and (2) that sex differences for X-linked loci such as G6PD do not necessarily imply escape of the locus from X-inactivation in the female but rather may result from other unknown regulatory mechanisms in either sex.This work was supported in part by HRSF of Pittsburgh Grant No. L-22, NIH GRS Grant No. 5-S01FR05507, and National Cancer Institute Grant No. R01 CA12113. 相似文献
18.
Rodrigo A. Cárdenas Lauren Julius Harris Mark W. Becker 《Evolution and human behavior》2013,34(4):280-287
Parental care and alloparental care are major evolutionary dimensions of the biobehavioral repertoire of many species, including human beings. Despite their importance in the course of human evolution and the likelihood that they have significantly shaped human cognition, the nature of the cognitive mechanisms underlying alloparental care is still largely unexplored. In this study, we examined whether one such cognitive mechanism is a visual attentional bias toward infant features, and if so, whether and how it is related to the sex of the adult and the adult’s self-reported interest in infants. We used eye-tracking to measure the eye movements of nulliparous undergraduates while they viewed pairs of faces consisting of one adult face (a man or woman) and one infant face (a boy or girl). Subjects then completed two questionnaires designed to measure their interest in infants. Results showed, consistent with the significance of alloparental care in human evolution, that nulliparous adults have an attentional bias toward infants. Results also showed that women’s interest in and attentional bias towards infants were stronger and more stable than men’s. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that, due to their central role in infant care, women have evolved a greater and more stable sensitivity to infants. The results also show that eye movements can be successfully used to assess individual differences in interest in infants. 相似文献
19.
Mammalian play is believed to improve motor skills as well as facilitate the development of social relationships. Given the marked sexual dimorphism in gorilla body size and the role assumed by the male in protecting the group from conspecifics and predators, the motor-training hypothesis of play predicts that male infants should exhibit higher frequencies of social play than female infants, and that males should prefer to play with other males. Given that adult female gorillas are strongly attracted to adult breeding males and form only weak social bonds with unrelated adult females, the social-relationship hypothesis of play predicts that female infants should prefer to play with males. These hypotheses were tested in a 22-month study of 12 gorilla infants, aged between 0-5 years, living in three zoological parks in Chicago and Atlanta. Consistent with the hypotheses, male infants played more than female infants did, and both male and female infants preferred to play with males rather than with females. These findings suggest that sex differences in play in the great apes and other primates can be predicted by the characteristics of adult behavior and social structure above and beyond the patterns of sex-biased dispersal or coalition formation with same-sex kin. 相似文献
20.
Inaccuracies introduced through biases in preservation are a major source of error in paleodemographic reconstructions. Although it is generally assumed that such biases exist, little is known about their magnitude. To investigate this problem, we studied age and sex differences in the preservation of skeletal remains from Mission La Purisima and a prehistoric cemetery (Ca-Ven-110). Comparison of mortality profiles obtained through analysis of skeletal remains and burial records from the mission indicates that biases in preservation can be very significant in poorly preserved skeletal collections. The Purisima burial records show that most of the people interred in the cemetery were either infants or elderly adults. The skeletal remains, in contrast, are predominantly those of young adults. The burial records and skeletal collection produced comparable sex ratios. These results show that age biases in preservation are much more important than sex biases. This conclusion is supported by data on the completeness of the skeletons from La Purisima and Ca-Ven-110. At both sites, the remains of young adults were better preserved than those of children or elderly adults, and the completeness of male and female skeletons was comparable. 相似文献