The viability of the first generation roach (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rutilus rutilus</Emphasis> L.), bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abramis brama</Emphasis> L.), and blue bream (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abramis ballerus</Emphasis> L.) hybrids at early stages of development

The viability of bream, roach, and blue bream F ₁hybrids at early stages of their development is analyzed. Viability is controlled according to parameters of the survival rate at stages from fertilized eggs to yearlings. During embryogenesis, significant stages (blastula—gastrula and hatching) are revealed by the amount of losses. The viability of hybrids of the first generation (compared to pure species) from the hatching stage and in the subsequent development constantly increases. At the stage of fingerlings, the viability of F ₁hybrids significantly exceeds that of pure species, which points to the heterozygous effect according to the parameters of hybrid survival for the first generation, which is absent in embryogenesis.     

Chromosomes are eliminated in the symmetric fusion between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis </Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">thaliana</Emphasis> L. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bupleurum scorzonerifolium</Emphasis> Willd.

In order to investigate chromosome elimination in symmetric somatic hybridization between Bupleurum scorzonerifolium and Arabidopsis thaliana, protoplasts were isolated from suspension cultures of both A. thaliana and B. scorzonerifolium parents. Biparental protoplasts were mixed at a rate of 1.5:1 and fused with PEG-method. After protoplast fusion, the products were cultured in the P5 liquid medium for microcallus formation. Single cell lines formed from microcalli after subculturing on the MB1 (Xia and Chen, Plant Sci 120:197–203, 1996) solid medium. The putative somatic hybrid cell lines were identified by cytological and molecular analysis. Of the 132 somatic cell lines generated, 16 were identified as somatic hybrids, with the phenotypes resembled B. scorzonerifolium parent. These hybrids showed a complete set of B. scorzonerifolium chromosome and 0–2 small chromosome(s) of A. thaliana. A few of them showed nuclear and cytoplasmic SSR fragments of A. thaliana. These hybrid cell lines could differentiate to green spots, buds/leaves through complementation of regeneration ability. The chromosomes elimination of A. thaliana was discussed. Wang Minqin and Zhao Junsheng contributed equally to the work.     

The order of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">bs,Skdh</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aadh1</Emphasis> genes in chromosome 5R of rye <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale cereale</Emphasis> L.

Segregation analysis was performed in the progenies obtained in analyzing crosses of hybrids of spring and winter accessions of rye Secale cereale L. and wild S. montanum subsp. anatolicum (Grossh.) Tzvel. (syn. S. strictum (J. Presl) J. Presl). The test genes controlled the brittle stem (bs), the allelic variants of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase (Aadh1) and shikimate dehydrogenase (Skdh), and the growth habit (Vrn1). A linkage was observed in the inheritance of the brittle stem and the aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase and shikimate dehydrogenase alloenzymes. The order of genes was established to be bs-Skdh-Aadh1, and the genetic distances were estimated to be bs-(9.0%)-Skdh, bs-(10.8%)-Aadh1, and Skdh-(5.3%)-Aadh1. The recombination coefficient between the Skdh and Aadh1 genes varied from 2.2 to 18.2%, averaging 5.3%. The growth habit was inherited independently of the bs-Skdh-Aadh1 linkage group.     

Multiple host-ant use by the predatory social parasite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phengaris</Emphasis> (=<Emphasis Type="Italic">Maculinea</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">arion</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera,Lycaenidae)

Phengaris (=Maculinea) arion is an endangered social parasite of Myrmica ants, and for a very long time was considered as specific to Myrmica sabuleti. Previous studies carried out in Poland suggested some discrepancies within this assumption, and therefore a much more intensive survey was undertaken. The host ant use of P. arion was studied at five sites in different types of biotopes in Poland, i.e. xerothermal grasslands where Thymus pulegioides was used as a larval food plant by the butterfly, and more or less sandy biotopes with Thymus serpyllum. Altogether nine Myrmica species were recorded, and considerable variation in species composition and density of nests was recorded. At four localities M. sabuleti proved to be the most common ant. A total of 529 Myrmica nests were examined, and only 20 of them contained larvae and pupae of P. arion. Host ants belonged to five different species, i.e. M. sabuleti, Myrmica scabrinodis, Myrmica schencki, Myrmica lobicornis and Myrmica hellenica. Only at one site (NE Poland) was a significant heterogeneity in parasitation rates among Myrmica species detected. M. lobicornis was the most often infested ant there, which may suggest local specialisation of the butterfly. Overall low parasitism rates may explain the vulnerability of P. arion in Central Europe but further studies are also necessary.     

Frequencies of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">DRB1</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">DQA1</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">DQB1</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">TNFA</Emphasis> alleles in immigrant population of west Siberia

Based on population analysis of the DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 and TNFA allele frequency distribution patterns, regional features of immunogenetic structure of the population of West Siberia were investigated. Statistically significant linkage disequilibrium within the HLA class II region, as well as between the TNFA and DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 was demonstrated. Population frequency distribution patterns of two- and multilocus haplotypes were examined.     

Molecular characterization and mating type analysis of oyster mushroom (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus</Emphasis> spp<Emphasis Type="Italic">.</Emphasis>) using single basidiospores for strain improvement

Existence of variability in morphological traits and growth rate of mycelium of homokaryotic single basidiospores can be exploited for the development of inter-strainal hybrids. We isolated 182 single basidiospores from mushroom bodies of P. sajor-caju, P. florida, P. eous and one wild relative of Pleurotus called Hypsizygus ulmaris. The single spores were isolated using a new technique that is less prone to contamination and more efficient than the common techniques used by earlier workers. All the isolates showed a varied range of cultural morphology. Mating types of all the isolates within the species were identified on the basis of hyphal fusion via anastomosis with the tester strains. Four compatible pairs of isolates with well prominent tuft in the contact zone were selected for dikaryon isolation. Dikaryons were used for spawn preparation and mushroom cultivation. The dikaryotic isolates with their replicates were evaluated for spawn run period, yield and biological efficiency. 42 isolates (10 di- and 32 mono-karyotic isolates) were analyzed with RAPD genetic markers. Phenotypic characters and mating types of all the 42 isolates analyzed genetically were correlated with their genetic polymorphism data. The isolates showed very large diversity both at the phenotypic and the genotypic level. Available phenotypic and genotypic data can further help in the selection of monosporous isolates for developing inter-strainal hybrids which can lead to better prospects for genetic improvement in different species of Pleurotus.     

Habitat,density, and spatial distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rivulus giarettai</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Actinopterygii</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinodontiformes</Emphasis>) in southeastern Brazil

We present data on the habitat, density, and spatial distribution of Rivulus giarettai, and discuss some biotic and abiotic variables related to its abundance in Free Flowing Waters (FFW) and Dam Reservoirs (DR) in palm grove (Mauritia flexuosa) marshes (Veredas) in Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. The mean density (individuals/plot) of R. giarettai was about 13 times higher in FFW than in DR. In FFW, the density of R. giarettai was highest at intermediate amounts of substrate (plant mass) and it was positively rank-correlated with the depth, and the number of arthropods. Individuals occurred in an aggregated distribution. The aggregated pattern could be related to a concentration of individuals in microhabitats neither too much exposed nor completely saturated by plants. R. giarettai was relatively abundant and tolerant to slight man-made habitat modifications. Damming appeared to be especially problematic by negatively affecting its density.     

Alternative mating tactics of the gobiid fish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bathygobius</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">fuscus</Emphasis>

The reproductive ecology of the gobiid fish Bathygobius fuscus was studied at Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan. Males of this species maintain small rock holes as a nest and females spawn an egg mass on the wall of the nest. The males employed two forms of mating tactic: nest holding and sneaking. A nest holder stayed in the nest and waited for a female to visit, whereas a sneaker intruded into a nest while a pair was engaged in reproduction. Males larger than 55 mm standard length were always nest holders; those of smaller size employed both tactics. As the larger males excluded the smaller males, the latter did not occupy a nest hole. With a decrease in the number of larger males, smaller males changed their mating tactic from sneaking to nest holding. The results suggest that male Bathygobius fuscus adopt a conditional strategy whereby they change their tactic depending on their social status. Electronic Publication     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Boletus kermesinus</Emphasis>, a new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Boletus</Emphasis> section <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luridi</Emphasis> from central Honshu,Japan

Boletus kermesinus, a new species of Boletus section Luridi, is fully described and illustrated based on the materials collected in subalpine coniferous forests of central Honshu, Japan. It has distinctive features of dark-red basidiomata having distinct viscidity in the pileus surface, usually unchanging flesh, discolorous red pores, and an entirely reticulate stipe becoming coarsely lacerate-rimose with age.     

Synthesis of orthogonally protected (<Emphasis Type="Italic">3R</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic">4S</Emphasis>)- and (<Emphasis Type="Italic">3S</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic">4S</Emphasis>)-4,5-diamino-3-hydroxypentanoic acids

Summary.  The paper describes two methods of the synthesis of ethyl (3R,4S)- and (3S,4S)-4-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxypentanoates, useful for the syntheses of edeine analogs. Differently N-protected (S)-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid was used as a substrate in both procedures. The absolute configuration of newly generated asymmetric carbon atoms C-3 in β-hydroxy-γ,δ-diamino products was assigned by means of ¹H NMR spectroscopy after their transformation into corresponding piperidin-2-ones. Received May 24, 2002 Accepted October 10, 2002 Published online December 18, 2002 Acknowledgment The authors are indebted to the Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Gdańsk for financial support. Authors' address: Zbigniew Czajgucki, M. Sc., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Gdańsk, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland, Fax +48 58 347 11 44, E-mail: zmczaj@wp.pl     

Photosynthetic and transpiration responses of <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>-regenerated <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum nigrum</Emphasis> L. plants to <Emphasis Type="Italic">ex vitro</Emphasis> adaptation

In vitro regeneration of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) plants was achieved through callus-mediated shoot organogenesis followed by 30 d indoor ex vitro adaptation to nutritional stress under environmental ambience and thereafter 6-d outdoor acclimatization in pots prior to field establishment. Relevant physiological parameters including pigment content, chlorophyll a fluorescence, net photosynthetic rate (P _N), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (g _s) of in vitro-regenerated plants were investigated during the course of ex vitro adaptation. During the first 4 d of indoor transplantation to potting substrate, there was a marginal reduction in the leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents but P _N and E were strongly reduced. The stomatal conductance and E/P _N ratio were significantly higher in plants up to 20 d of indoor adaptation than those of comparable age grown naturally from seeds. The shape of the OJIP fluorescence transient varied significantly with acclimatization, and the maximum change was observed at 2.0 ms. The 2.0 ms variable fluorescence (V _j), 30 ms relative fluorescence (M ₀), photon trapping probability (TR₀/Abs), and photosystem II (PSII) trapping rate (TR₀/RC) showed initial disturbance and subsequent stabilization during 30 d of indoor acclimatization. Energy dissipation (DI₀/RC) and electron transport probability (ET₀/TR₀) showed an initial phase of increase during the 4 d after plants were transplanted outdoors. During the 6-d outdoor acclimatization after transfer of plants to soil, no significant change in total chlorophylls and carotenoids, E, and g _s were observed, but P _N improved after reduction on the first d. The OJIP-derived parameters experienced change on the first d but were stabilized quickly thereafter. There was no significant difference between outdoor acclimatized plants and those of the seed-grown plants of comparable age with respect to photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters. Direct transfer of plants without indoor acclimatization, however, showed a completely different trend with respect to P _N, E, and OJIP fluorescence transients. The bearing of this study on optimizing micropropagation is discussed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> propagation of ten threatened species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mammillaria</Emphasis> (Cactaceae)

Mammillaria species are the most numerous within Cactaceae family, and some of them are threatened with extinction as a result of human activities. In this work, results of in vitro propagation are presented for ten Mammillaria species, testing 20 combinations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin. Best results on shoot formation were obtained using kinetin at two levels: 27.9 and 46.5 μM. All IAA levels tested were able to induce de novo shoot formation in M. bocasana, M. densispina, M. hahniana, M. hutchisoniana, M. orcutii, M. pectinifera, M. perbella, M. picta, M. rhodantha, and M. zephyranthoides. Depending on the IAA level tested, four responding groups were observed concerning their highest shoot-formation number. For all species, the highest average of shoot formation was achieved with 5.7:46.5 or 11.4:46.5 μM IAA/kinetin, yielding 4.8 and 4.7 shoots per explant, respectively, in 60 d. Rooting of regenerated shoots was achieved by leaving the explants in their shoot-induction medium or transferring them to half-strength MS medium. Hardening of regenerated plants was successfully achieved by planting them in peat moss substrate after a desiccation treatment at room temperature for 3 d.     

Presence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. albidus</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. laurentii</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. uniguttulatus</Emphasis> in Crop and Droppings of Pigeon Lofts (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Columba livia</Emphasis>)

Columba livia is an important reservoir and carrier of Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus uniguttulatus, Cryptococcus laurentii and Cryptococcus albidus. Upper digestive tract of this species is also known as a habitat for Cryptococcus neoformans. Given the increasing clinical interest of this microorganism, 331 swabs from crop and 174 dropping samples from pigeon lofts in Grand Canary Island have been studied. The obtained results show an extensive presence samples 81 positive (24.47%) of Cryptococcus spp. in analysed crops: 32 (9.66%) for C. neoformans, 24 (7.2%) for C. uniguttulatus, 23 (6.9%) for C. albidus and 2 (0.6%) for C. laurentii. In the same way, Cryptococcus spp was also isolated in 82 (47.13%), dropping samples: C. neoformans in 59 (33.9%), C. uniguttulatus, in 9 (5.17%), C. laurentii in 8 (4.59%) and C. albidus in 6 (3.44%) of the investigated samples, respectively. The cryptococcosis produced by species of cryptococci other than C. neoformans has become more important during the last decade, supporting the study on the role of pigeon in the epidemiology of this disease.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Maireina afibulata</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">M. attenuatipilis</Emphasis>, new members of the cyphelloid genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Maireina</Emphasis> (Basidiomycota,Agaricomycetes)

Maireina afibulata and M. attenuatipilis are proposed as new members of the recently revised genus Maireina, one of the few anatomically well-studied cyphelloid groups in the Basidiomycota. Maireina species have brownish basidiomes, smooth, parietally unpigmented spores, and are characterized by non-ramified external hyphae with more or less thick, yellow to brown cell walls and distinct crystalline incrustations that always include their distal ends. A key to the species of the genus Maireina is presented, and M. afibulata as well as M. attenuatipilis are described and discussed in detail. Taxonomic novelties: Maireina afibulata Bodensteiner, M. attenuatipilis Bodensteiner     

Multiple alleles at <Emphasis Type="Italic">Early flowering 1</Emphasis> locus making variation in the basic vegetative growth period in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza</Emphasis> <Emphasis Type="Italic">sativa</Emphasis> L.)

A recently established rice breeding program in low latitudes aims to develop varieties with extremely long basic vegetative growth (BVG) periods and weak photoperiod sensitivities. The Taiwanese japonica variety Taichung 65 (T65) harbors a recessive allele ef1 at the Ef1 (Early flowering 1) locus, thereby exhibiting an extremely long BVG period. The previous reported functional allele Ehd1 (Early heading date 1), located on chromosome 10, encodes a B-type response regulator, thereby shortening the BVG period, whereas its nonfunctional allele ehd1 greatly prolongs the BVG period. A conventional analysis using F₂ and F₃ populations and a subsequent CAPS analysis based on the amino acid sequences of Ehd1 and ehd1 showed that Ef1 and Ehd1 were at the same locus. The CAPS analysis also indicated that the Taiwanese japonica varieties with extremely long BVG periods all harbor ef1, but that ef1 does not exist among indica and japonica varieties in the low latitudes. Since ef1 has not been found in any japonica varieties outside Taiwan, this allele might have originated in Taiwan. Sequence analysis revealed that the mutant allele ef1-h, which prolongs the BVG period even more than ef1 does, harbors an mPing insertion in exon 2, which causes the complete loss of gene function. Our results indicate that both ef1 or ef1-h alleles can be used as new gene sources in developing rice varieties with extremely long BVG periods for low latitudes. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Interaction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus</Emphasis> with bacteria <Emphasis Type="Italic">Campylobacter jejuni</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicobacter pylori</Emphasis>

Interaction of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 100NCJB with bacteria Campylobacter jejuni (strains 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) and Helicobacter pylori, strain TX30a, was confirmed. The results indicate that lytic activity of bdellovibrios both in liquid media and cells attached to a surface was observed. The potential use of the antimicrobial activity of predatory bacteria for environmental bioprotection and public health is discussed.     

Overexpression of the Chitosanase Gene in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium solani</Emphasis> via <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">tumefaciens</Emphasis>-Mediated Transformation

To overexpress the chitosanase gene (csn) in F. solani, a vector based on pCAMBIA 1300 was constructed. The csn gene, which is under control of the Aspergillus nidulans gpdA promoter and A. nidulans trpC terminator, was introduced back into the F. solani genome by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, and the herbicide-resistance gene bar from Streptomyces hygroscopicus was used as the selection marker. Transformants which showed a significant increase in chitosanase production (~2.1-fold than control) were obtained. Southern blot analysis indicated that most transformants had a single-copy T-DNA integration.     

Revision of “<Emphasis Type="Italic">Septonema ochraceum</Emphasis>” revealed three new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Venturiaceae</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Herpotrichiellaceae</Emphasis>

Survey of seven strains determined as Septonema ochraceum (Dothideomycetes, inc. sed.) isolated from pine litter or obtained from public collections revealed three new species, Fusicladium cordae, F. sicilianum (Venturiaceae), Cladophialophora matsushimae (Herpotrichiellaceae) and a cryptic species morphologically identical to Devriesia americana (Teratosphaeriaceae), but phylogenetically distinct. Morphological survey and phylogenetic analysis using nucleotide sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal subunit genes indicate a close relationship within three species colonising pine litter needles, F. cordae, F. pini and F. ramoconidii. F. sicilianum is most related to F. rhodense. C. matsushimae represents a species belonging to one of the lineages of the polyphyletic genus Cladophialophora. None of the strains observed can be classified morphologically as S. ochraceum, of which the type material does not exist.     

Comparative analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">iol</Emphasis> clusters in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus casei</Emphasis> strains

The present study was designed to expand genetic knowledge of myo -inositol (MI) metabolism in Lactobacillus casei. Twenty-four L. casei isolates of dairy origin were tested for the presence of iol cluster. PCR screening revealed eight strains encoded functions involved in MI utilization, of which one strain was able to use MI as carbon source. To gain a deeper understanding of the function of iol genes, four of the eight observed iol clusters were subjected to the full sequencing procedure. The results showed that the iol cluster was not a common feature among dairy L. casei strains. In addition, the four iol clusters were highly similar to one another in terms of sequence similarity and operon architecture. However, abundant polymorphisms that comprised a majority of synonymous mutations were detected throughout the full sequences. Three of them distributed among iolB, iolC, and iolT genes were found in linkage to MI-negative phenotype. Compared with other bacterial iol clusters, the iol cluster of L. casei showed a high similarity with that of Bacillus subtilis.     

Morphological and molecular characterization of two ITS groups of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erysiphe</Emphasis> (Erysiphales) occurring on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Syringa</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ligustrum</Emphasis> (Oleaceae)

ITS sequences determined for 53 Erysiphe specimens on Syringa and Ligustrum collected in Europe, East Asia, and North and South America were divided into two ITS groups, S and K types. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these two ITS types do not share a common ancestor and form separate clades. The K type on Ligustrum was identified as Erysiphe ligustri based on the three-dimensional branching pattern of appendages. Morphological observations showed that there are some morphological differences—pigmentation of appendages and number of ascospores per ascus—between the S and K types on Syringa. Based on these morphological observations, the S and K types on Syringa were identified as E. syringae and E. syringae-japonicae, respectively. The recent abundant production of chasmothecia by lilac powdery mildew in Europe was caused by E. syringae-japonicae introduced from East Asia. DNA sequence analyses of the rDNA ITS region and the 28S rDNA, tub2, CYP51, and Chs1 genes did not support an interspecific hybrid origin for E. syringae-japonicae. Haplotype analysis suggested that E. syringae originated in North America and independently migrated to East Asia and Europe/South America.