Membrane Potentials and Ion Permeability in a Cation Exchange Membrane

The nonequilibrium electrical potentials across an artificial membrane bathed by solutions of a single salt have been measured and calculated using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation and the irreversible thermodynamic equation. The latter equation predicts the observed potential differences over a 2500-fold concentration range, while application of a modified Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation leads to difficulties.     

玉米CMS-C不育系及其保持系线粒体膜通透性的比较分析

为了解玉米CMS-C相关不同育性材料雄穗线粒体膜通透性表现特征, 本文以玉米细胞质雄性不育系C48-2、保持系N48-2和育性恢复F1 （C48-2×18-599白）雄穗为材料, 测定了线粒体膜相关生理指标。结果发现, 从花粉母细胞时期到双核期C48-2雄穗线粒体膜吸光度、膜电位荧光强度、Ca2＋含量和Cyt c/a比值下降, MDA含量上升, 且各指标均在单核期和双核期与N48-2和F1 （C48-2×18-599白）有显著差异。     

Membrane Permeability of Conidia of Bipolaris oryzae

Germinability of the conidia of B. oryzae, after an efflux of substances — both electrolytes and non-electrolytes — was tested in sterilized solutions of plasmolytica and osmotica, ranging from molarity to 10^?12 M. Maximum percent germination was recorded at 10^?8 M concentration regardless of the exogenous supplement in the order KCl >D-glucose >Mannitol >NaCl. Germination was very poor or non-existent in other, higher or lower molarities tested except at 10^?7 M wíth c. 50% germination. In nature the conidia, though nutrient independent, are subject to leaching and likely to lose viability; hence the possible role of the proper osmoticum, basing on the observed fact, in maintenance of membrane equilibrium and germinability of the leached conidia has been discussed.     

A Study of Membrane Permeability in Haemodialysis

The efficiency of haemodialysis has been determined when a Watson-Marlow (Kiil) dialyser was used repetitively without changing the membranes. Dialysis efficiency was assessed from the clearance of creatinine and of urea from the patient''s blood. No significant deterioration in dialysis could be detected in six dialyses through the same membrane. Leaving the dialyser unit for up to eight hours before washing it out after the completion of each dialysis did not appear to have any effect on dialysis efficiency.It was concluded that repetitive haemodialysis through the same membranes is possible, but careful monitoring of the patient to assess suitability for such treatment, and subsequently at each dialysis, is essential.     

Permeability and Molecular Sieving Characteristics of Nylon Microcapsule Membrane

The permeability of nylon microcapsule membrane was measured by two methods: (1) by NH₄Cl tracer permeation method and (2) by the overall reaction behaviour of urease immobilized in microcapsule. The latter method gave higher values of permeability. It was possible to calculate permeability and activity simultaneously by the application of the least squares method to the results of overall microencapsulated urease reaction. Permeability varied with protein used in microencapsulation, which seemed to show the participation of proteins in the copolymerization reaction of nylon. The cut-off molecular weight of capsule membrane was measured to be 1,000~10,000 by permeation experiments using tracers of different molecular weights. These membrane characteristics were successfully applied to molecular sieving chromatography using a column packed with microcapsules.     

腹腔感染大鼠肠粘膜通透性改变与I-FABP表达关系

目的:观察腹腔感染大鼠肠屏障损伤后肠道通透性的改变与I-FABP表达的关系.方法:清洁级健康的成年雄性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为空白对照组(仅行简单的剖腹手术)和腹腔感染(采用CLP盲肠结扎穿孔法制作腹腔感染模型)术后12h、24 h、36h、48 h组,每组8只,相应时间点处死大鼠后,测定血浆D-乳酸和I-FABP含量.结果:腹腔感染后12h,大鼠血浆D-乳酸含量开始增加(P＜0.05),血浆I-FABP含量也开始增加(P＜0.01);血浆D-乳酸含量在24 h达到最高值(P＜0.01),血浆I-FABP含量在36h达到最高值(P＜0.01).大鼠血浆D-乳酸水平与I-FABP具有显著相关性(r=0.626,P＜0.01).结论:腹腔感染状态下,肠屏障严重受损,肠粘膜通透性的改变与血浆I-FABP水平具有显著的相关性.     

Permeability of Squid Axon Membrane to Various Ions

The permeability of the squid axon membrane was determined by the use of radioisotopes of Na, K, Ca, Cs, and Br. Effluxes of these isotopes were measured mainly by the method of intracellular injection. Measurements of influxes were carried out under continuous intracellular perfusion with an isotonic solution of potassium sulfate. The Na permeability of the resting (excitable) axonal membrane was found to be roughly equal to the K permeability. The permeability to anion was far smaller than that to cations. It is emphasized that the axonal membrane has properties of a cation exchanger. The physicochemical nature of the "two stable states" of the excitable membrane is discussed on the basis of ion exchange isotherms.     

Molecular Basis of Bacterial Outer Membrane Permeability Revisited

Gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer, the outer membrane. Although outer membrane components often play important roles in the interaction of symbiotic or pathogenic bacteria with their host organisms, the major role of this membrane must usually be to serve as a permeability barrier to prevent the entry of noxious compounds and at the same time to allow the influx of nutrient molecules. This review summarizes the development in the field since our previous review (H. Nikaido and M. Vaara, Microbiol. Rev. 49:1-32, 1985) was published. With the discovery of protein channels, structural knowledge enables us to understand in molecular detail how porins, specific channels, TonB-linked receptors, and other proteins function. We are now beginning to see how the export of large proteins occurs across the outer membrane. With our knowledge of the lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid asymmetric bilayer of the outer membrane, we are finally beginning to understand how this bilayer can retard the entry of lipophilic compounds, owing to our increasing knowledge about the chemistry of lipopolysaccharide from diverse organisms and the way in which lipopolysaccharide structure is modified by environmental conditions.     

pH-Induced Proton Permeability Changes of Plasma Membrane Vesicles

In vivo studies with leaf cells of aquatic plant species such as Elodea nuttallii revealed the proton permeability and conductance of the plasma membrane to be strongly pH dependent. The question was posed if similar pH dependent permeability changes also occur in isolated plasma membrane vesicles. Here we report the use of acridine orange to quantify passive proton fluxes. Right-side out vesicles were exposed to pH jumps. From the decay of the applied ΔpH the proton fluxes and proton permeability coefficients (P_H+) were calculated. As in the intact Elodea plasma membrane, the proton permeability of the vesicle membrane is pH sensitive, an effect of internal pH as well as external pH on P_H+ was observed. Under near symmetric conditions, i.e., zero electrical potential and zero ΔpH, P_H+ increased from 65 × 10⁻⁸ at pH 8.5 to 10⁻¹ m/sec at pH 11 and the conductance from 13 × 10⁻⁶ to 30 × 10⁻⁴ S/m². At a constant pH _i of 8 and a pH _o going from 8.5 to 11, P_H+ increased more than tenfold from 2 to 26 × 10⁻⁶ m/sec. The calculated values of P_H+ were several orders of magnitude lower than those obtained from studies on intact leaves. Apparently, in plasma membrane purified vesicles the transport system responsible for the observed high proton permeability in vivo is either (partly) inactive or lost during the procedure of vesicle preparation. The residue proton permeability is in agreement with values found for liposome or planar lipid bilayer membranes, suggesting that it reflects an intrinsic permeability of the phospholipid bilayer to protons. Possible implications of these findings for transport studies on similar vesicle systems are discussed. Received: 5 April 1995/Revised: 28 March 1996     

The Permeability of the Guard Cell Plasma Membrane and Tonoplast

Uptake experiments and efflux compartmental analysis of planthormones, osmotica and toxins using ‘isolated’ guardcells of Valerianella locusta and guard cell protoplasts (GCP)of Vicia faba were performed in order to study the permeabilityproperties of guard cell plasma membrane and tonoplast. Theplasma membrane of guard cells exhibits a higher permeabilitythan plasma membranes of mesophyll cells for most solutes investigated.The permeability coefficients (P_s calculated for the guard cellplasma membranes are also significantly higher than the P_s valuesfor the guard cell tonoplast. This applies also for protonatedABA. We suppose that the high permeability for ABAH could bepart of the target cell properties. A Collander analysis demonstratesa linear correlation between P_s, values and the ratio K_r/M_r^1,5for both plasma membrane (r = 0.87) and for the tonoplast (r=0.93). Because of deviations from the observed correlations,the permeation of some solutes (ABA, GA, IAA through the tonoplast;methylamine through the plasma membrane) seems to be facilitatedby an additional transport mechanism. The Collander analysisof the plasma membrane of GCP shows very similar results tothe analysis of the plasma membrane of ‘isolated’guard cells, indicating that isolation of protoplasts does notalter the permeability of the guard cell plasma membrane. Key words: Permeability coefficient, guard cells, plasma membrane, tonoplast     

The Effect of Iodoacetate on Phospholipid Levels and Membrane Permeability

Leakage of electrolytes from discs of cucumber cotyledons isenhanced by floating them for 3 d on 10^–3 M iodoacetateinstead of water. The respiration of the discs is severely inhibitedby iodoacetate and the total quantity of phosphatidyl choline,phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol falls to77 per cent of the control level at 3 d in young cotyledonsand 50 per cent in old cotyledons. ¹⁴C-acetate-labelling experimentsprovide evidence of phospholipid turnover; those phospholipidssubject to the most rapid turnover tend to be the ones thatdisappear most rapidly from discs treated with iodoacetate.     

Relation Between the Dielectric Constant of Hydrophobic Cation Exchange Membrane and Membrane Permeability to Counterions

Filters made of cellulose acetate-nitrate when saturated with organic solvents and interposed between aqueous solutions form membranes which behave like cation exchangers. The diffusion coefficients of counterions in such membranes are strongly dependent upon the dielectric constant of the saturating solvent. The results obtained suggest that a linear relationship between the log of the cation's diffusion coefficient (or membrane conductance) and the reciprocal value of the dielectric constant of the saturating solvent exists. There is also a good correlation between the relative membrane permeability to organic cations and the solubility of the cations in the pure solvent phase. These studies indicate that there are two routes for cation movement through the membrane: (a) the bulk hydrophobic phase and (b) continuous narrow aqueous channels.     

NAR患者鼻灌洗EOS与诱导痰EOS的相关性研究

目的:评估非变应性鼻炎(nonallergic rhinitis,NAR)患者全身、鼻腔及下气道嗜酸性粒细胞(Eosinophils,EOS)浸润水平及相关性。探讨EOS在NAR患者鼻腔及下气道的特征及意义。方法:2011年6月~2012年6月在我院就诊的NAR患者241例,同期征集健康对照组222例,所有受试者均进行病史采集、皮肤点刺实验(SPT)、血清嗜酸性粒细胞、鼻灌洗、诱导痰检查。结果:1NAR组和对照组相比鼻灌洗EOS计数、诱导痰EOS比例、血EOS比例均显著高于健康对照组(P均0.01)。2有鼻腔EOS炎症和无鼻腔EOS炎症层的诱导痰EOS百分比阳性率分别为34.7%vs 9.6%(P0.01)。3NAR组鼻灌洗EOS计数和诱导痰EOS比例存在明显相关性(r=0.262,P=0.000),鼻灌洗EOS计数和血EOS比例存在明显相关性(r=0.228,P=0.000),诱导痰EOS比例和血EOS比例存在明显相关性(r=0.291,P=0.000)。结论:NAR患者血液、鼻腔及下气道EOS浸润程度较正常对照组均明显升高,EOS在NAR患者血液、鼻腔及下气道炎症中存在明显一致性,提示NAR是一种全身系统性炎症性疾病;无下气道症状的NAR患者部分存在下气道EOS炎症,鼻腔及血液EOS炎症是导致下气道EOS炎症的主要高危因素。鼻灌洗EOS可能是观测NAR患者下气道炎症及对下气道炎症进行评估和追踪的有效指标。EOS可能是鼻炎、哮喘及血液炎症相关的效应细胞,是上下气道炎症有效生物标记物。     

Correlation between Intracellular Cyclic AMP Level and Cell Membrane Antigenicity of Normal and Malignant Cells

Tumour cells cultured with certain quantities of dbcAMP and theophylline are normalized with respect to cell morphology, cell volume and restoration of topo-inhibition. Raising the intracellular level of cyclic AMP by exogenous dbcAMP and/or theophylline also resulted in profound changes of the antigenic pattern of normal and transformed mouse cell surfaces. The expression of xenogeneic antigens is decreased, while at the same time the expression of embryonic and tumour-specific antigens is enhanced.
The results indicate that tumour-specific surface antigens are very consistent markers for the malignant state of a cell, even if the cell is phenotypically normalized by treatment with dbcAMP and theophylline. Furthermore, the antigenic pattern of the cell plasma membrane may well be influenced quantitatively by the intracellular cyclic AMP level.     

Correlation of Electrical and Permeability Properties of Ion-Selective Membranes

The linear phenomenological equations giving particle and practical fluxes of a single electrolyte across an ion-selective membrane are stated and interrelated. It is shown that the experimental measurements commonly made in biological and synthetic membrane studies may be used, with minor modification, to obtain the phenomenological transport coefficients and their concentration dependences. It is demonstrated that the electrical properties of a homogeneous membrane may be obtained as functions of the bathing solution concentration by combining fluxes measured under open and short circuit. Attention is paid to the use of radiotracers when measuring ionic fluxes. To obtain all the phenomenological coefficients at least one measurement must be made under a pressure gradient. The experimental difficulties in such measurements are discussed and the merits and demerits of various experiments considered. The problems of measuring potentials and concentrations at the low pressure face of a supported membrane make several mathematically simple approaches experimentally unattractive. The best methods appear to be either the measurement of a succession of “apparent osmotic pressures” under concentration differences sufficiently small that the membrane does not require support or the study of “reverse osmosis”. Sets of equations are given which enable the phenomenological coefficients to be evaluated from convenient experiments. With a stable homogeneous membrane nine coefficients may be obtained thus enabling either the applicability of the reciprocal relations or the applicability of linear theory under the conditions of the experiments to be tested. For a discontinuous system the six independent coefficients may be obtained from experiments in a single membrane cell.