菊芋生长发育动态及光合性能指标变化研究

以‘青芋1号’菊芋为材料,通过田间试验对菊芋全生育周期的器官生长发育、干物质积累分配动态以及光合性能指标变化进行了连续观察研究。结果表明,地上部器官生长量与干物质积累量均在第18周达到峰值,之后开始迅速转向块茎生长,块茎膨大速率在第18周和第2I周有2个高峰,块茎干物质积累则经过了块茎形成、块茎形成与膨大并行、块茎迅速膨大3个阶段,峰值出现在第21周;第18周干物质开始从地上部器官向块茎转移,此时总干物质量达到峰值,之前干物质主要暂时贮存在茎内。收获时,块茎干物质量达到15．76t·hm^-2,收获指数在0．65以上;叶面积指数、光合势、净同化率与叶绿素含量在植株快速生长期和地上部干物质开始向块茎转移前一段时期均有高峰出现。     

氮磷互作对菊芋块茎产量和品质的影响

为探明肥料互作对菊芋产量及品质的影响,以“南芋1号”为试验材料,通过正交田间试验,对氮(N)、磷(P)及其交互作用对菊芋块茎产量和品质的影响进行了研究.结果表明:N、P对菊芋块茎产量、干物质含量,总糖、还原糖和菊糖含量具有极显著影响(P＜0.01);N、P交互作用对菊芋块茎产量、干物质和还原糖含量有显著影响(P＜0.05),对块茎总糖和菊糖有极显著影响(P＜0.01);当磷肥为135 kg·hm-2时,与氮肥存在交互效应;当氮肥低于180 kg·hm-2时,为正交互效应,表现出协同促进作用,氮肥高于180 kg·hm-2时,为负交互效应,表现出拮抗作用;当氮肥为180 kg·hm-2、磷肥为135 kg·hm-2时,氮磷正交互效应增强,氮磷表现出协同促进作用,菊芋块茎产量最高,且菊芋块茎的干物质含量、总糖、还原糖和菊糖含量达到最高值,即菊芋块茎能达到最高产量和最优品质.综上,在山东莱州地区菊芋大田种植的基础施肥量宜为纯氮为180 kg·hm-2、P2O5为135 kg·hm-2.     

水杨酸对NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗光合作用及离子吸收的影响

为探明水杨酸(SA)对NaCl胁迫下菊芋耐盐生理的调控作用,研究了100μmol·L-1水杨酸对不同浓度NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗光合响应特征及离子吸收运输的影响.结果表明:施用水杨酸不仅能够有效缓解NaCl胁迫对菊芋光合作用的抑制,促进NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗各种光合色素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率的增加,降低细胞间隙CO2浓度,同时也能明显降低NaCl胁迫下菊芋体内Na+的积累,促进菊芋幼苗对K+和Ca2+的吸收和向上运输,其中在100 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下施用水杨酸处理的菊芋叶片中K+和Ca2+含量分别比未施用水杨酸处理增加了12.9％和14.7％,而Na+含量则降低了30.6％.由此证明,一定浓度外源水杨酸的施用有利于促进NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗光合功能的改善,以及有效维持菊芋幼苗体内矿质营养元素含量平衡,从而增强菊芋对NaCl胁迫的抗性,提高NaCl胁迫下的生产力.     

水杨酸对铜胁迫下菊芋的生理调控及根系FTIR分析

为阐明水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)对菊芋吸收铜的影响机理,以耐铜性差异较大的徐州菊芋(Helianthus tubeuosus)和潍坊菊芋作为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,探究外源SA对铜胁迫下菊芋的光合作用、叶片抗氧化系统及必需矿质营养元素吸收的影响,并对其耐铜机理进行探究。结果表明,300mg/kg铜胁迫抑制了两地菊芋光合电子传递效率和PSⅡ活性,对抗氧化系统产生损伤并造成膜脂过氧化,显著增加了根、茎、叶中铜含量,同时削弱了菊芋对钾、钙、镁和锌的吸收能力。喷施1 mmol/L外源SA可通过调控根系中各官能团的比例,加强其对Cu^(2+)的固定作用,促进矿质营养元素的吸收及渗透调节物质的积累,提高菊芋抗氧化和光合作用能力,有效缓解铜对菊芋生长的抑制作用。本研究初步揭示了SA对铜胁迫下菊芋的生理调控,可为种植菊芋修复土壤铜污染提供科学参考和依据。     

外源水杨酸对镉胁迫下两种菊芋品系幼苗的缓解作用

研究了不同浓度Cd(0、50、100 μmol·L-1)及水杨酸(SA)(0、10、100和1000μmol·L-1)处理下2种菊芋(南芋5号和南芋2号)的生物量变化情况,测定了叶片色素(叶绿素和类胡萝卜素)含量及光合作用参数,并比较了2种菊芋对Cd的吸收转运差异性.结果表明:外源SA处理不同程度地缓解了Cd对菊芋幼苗生长的毒害效应,提高了色素含量,改善了光合作用参数,增大了Cd的生物富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF),与此同时减少了植株不同器官对Cd的累积量,但最佳SA浓度因品种及器官不同而有所区别.研究表明,适当浓度的SA处理可以有效增强2种菊芋对Cd的耐性.     

莱州海涂海水灌溉下菊芋生理生态特性研究

 在山东莱州对菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)进行了海水灌溉浓度及其灌溉次数的田间试验,结果表明：1） 灌溉1次的处理中,全淡水同海淡水比例为1∶9、1∶4、1∶3的3种处理的菊芋块茎产量（鲜重）没有显著差异;菊芋生长中灌溉2次,以海淡水比例为1∶3处理的菊芋块茎产量最高,但各处理间菊芋块茎产量差异没有达到显著水平;无论何种比例海淡水灌溉,在莱州湾,灌溉两次菊芋块茎产量显著高于灌溉1次;2） 灌溉处理后连续5天内,菊芋光合速率与土壤表层盐分动态变化趋势一致：第一、二天,1∶9比例海淡水灌溉菊芋光合速率显著高于其它处理,而1∶4、1∶3比例海淡水处理在前二、三天光合速率同全淡水灌溉处理基本没有差异,第五天时,海淡水比例为1∶3的处理,菊芋光合速率显著低于其它处理;在灌溉后盐分变化达到平稳的较长时间内,土壤水分含量成为影响菊芋光合速率的主导因子,1∶3处理因土壤表层土壤水吸力较低而菊芋光合速率显著高于其它处理;3） 第一次灌溉60 d后,以全淡水灌溉处理菊芋的叶面积指数显著高于其它处理,1∶3处理显著低于其它处理,1∶9、1∶4两处理间没有差异。     

菊芋组织培养快繁技术的建立

以菊芋带芽点的薯盘及带节的幼嫩茎段为外植体,MS为基本培养基,附加不同种类和浓度的生长调节物质,研究菊芋组织培养和快速繁殖的技术环节,最终筛选出最优技术参数组合,建立菊芋再生体系。试验结果表明：茎段外植体是理想的快速繁殖材料,正接（形态学下端向下）是最佳的接种方式。芽诱导最佳培养基为MS＋1.0mg·L-16-BA＋0.2mg·L-1IBA,诱导率为95%;继代增殖最适宜培养基为MS＋2.0mg·L-16-BA;壮苗培养最佳培养基为MS＋0.1mg·L-16-BA;生根适宜培养基为MS＋0.2mg·L-1NAA,生根率达100%;移栽成活率达95%,大田种植成活率达95%以上。     

海水处理对不同产地菊芋幼苗光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

种植抗盐耐海水经济作物是合理开发利用沿海滩涂和海水资源、培育耐盐植物的有效措施之一。该研究以不同产地菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)为试验材料研究了海水处理对菊芋幼苗生长、光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:1)随着海水浓度的增加,各地菊芋幼苗根、地上部的鲜重和干重均降低,但盐城菊芋幼苗地上部和根鲜重及干重降低的幅度小于武威和烟台菊芋幼苗。2)随着海水浓度的增加,各地菊芋叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔导度(G_s)和气孔限制值(L_s)均降低,而细胞间隙CO₂浓度(C_i)增大,且在各处理下盐城菊芋较武威和烟台菊芋叶片P_n和T_r大,而盐城菊芋在15%海水处理下,WUE和C_i较武威及烟台菊芋低,G_s和L_s较武威和烟台菊芋高。3)随着海水浓度的增加,各地菊芋叶片的初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光(F_m)、可变荧光(F_v)、恒态荧光(F_s)、恒态荧光与初始荧光差值(ΔF_o)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(F_v/F_o)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)均降低,且在各处理下盐城菊芋较武威和烟台菊芋叶片F_m、F_v、F_s、F_v/F_o大。随着海水浓度的增加,盐城菊芋叶片电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(q_P)和光化学速率变化幅度不大,武威和烟台菊芋在30%海水处理下显著下降,较盐城菊芋小,各处理下菊芋叶片的PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)变化也不一致,盐城和武威菊芋叶片的Φ_PSⅡ在15%海水处理较0和30%海水处理下大,而烟台菊芋叶片的Φ_PSⅡ在0海水处理下最大。4)随着海水浓度的增加,各地菊芋叶片的叶绿素a(Chla)含量均降低,而叶绿素b(Chlb)含量没显著差异,且在各处理下盐城菊芋较武威和烟台菊芋叶片Chla含量大,武威和盐城菊芋叶片的Chla/Chlb比值均降低,烟台菊芋叶片的Chla/Chlb比值在0和15%海水处理下没差异。可见海水处理对菊芋幼苗生长发育、光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性均有影响,随海水浓度的增加,其效应越明显,但对各来源地菊芋幼苗的影响不一致,盐城菊芋幼苗表现为更耐海水。     

青藏高原丽江大黄某些生态学特性的研究

丽江大黄（Ｒｈｅｕｍ ｌｉｋｉａｎｇｅｎｓｅ）主要分布于四川青藏接壤的石灰岩山地,垂直分布范围在海拔３５００￣４４００ｍ,处在高寒灌丛草甸和山地寒温性针叶林带。其种群分布格局在大于１．５ｍ＾２尺度上为集群格局;在小于１．５ｍ＾２的尺度上,为随机分布。丽江大黄江合速率日变化在晴天呈现出典型的单峰曲线,与低海拔平原区植物明显不同。这主要缘于在植物生长季节,高原的光和温的互相补偿作用能使光反应和暗反应协     

钙离子对菊芋海水胁迫的缓解效应研究

以南芋2号为材料,设计1/2Hoagland(H)、1/2H 10mmol·L-1CaCl2、1/2H 30%海水、1/2H 30%海水 10mmol·L-1CaCl2、1/2H 30%海水 5mmol·L-1EGTA5个处理水平,研究了Ca2 对海水胁迫下菊芋鲜重以及菊芋叶片中MDA含量、相对电导率、叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)的影响,以探索Ca2 对缓解植物海水胁迫作用机制。结果表明:正常生长条件下外施10mmol·L-1Ca2 对菊芋的生长没有显著影响;在1/2H 30%海水处理下,菊芋的正常生理代谢明显受到抑制;在1/2H 30%海水 10mmol·L-1CaCl2处理下,与1/2H处理相比菊芋生物产量、叶绿素含量和Pn显著增加,与1/2H 30%海水相比菊芋生物产量、叶绿素含量和Pn显著增加,MDA含量和相对电导率显著降低。由此证明外源Ca2 可有效缓解海水胁迫所致的氧化损伤,抑制脂质过氧化作用,增加叶绿素含量,维持较高的光合速率,促进干物质积累,从而使生物产量增加。     

Some Possibilities for the cultivation and processing of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)

Investigations were carried out on the following; (i) the cultivation of Jerusalem artichoke: the advantages of J. artichoke as compared to other crops, (ii) advanced analytical procedures, such as HPLC, were used for the analyses of inulin synthesis and its hydrolytic breakdown and (III) ethanol production was focused on with respect to lower energy consumption with Kluyveromyces marxianus.     

Bioactive constituents of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke)

In a cytotoxicity-guided study using the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, nine known compounds, ent-17-oxokaur-15(16)-en-19-oic acid (1), ent-17-hydroxykaur-15(16)-en-19-oic acid (2), ent-15β-hydroxykaur-16(17)-en-19-oic acid methyl ester (3), ent-15-nor-14-oxolabda-8(17),12E-dien-18-oic acid (4), 4,15-isoatriplicolide angelate (5), 4,15-isoatriplicolide methylacrylate (6), (+)-pinoresinol (7), (?)-loliolide (8), and vanillin (9) were isolated from the chloroform-soluble subfraction of a methanol extract of the whole plant of Helianthus tuberosus collected in Ohio, USA. This is the first time that diterpenes have been isolated and identified from this economically important plant. The bioactivities of all isolates were evaluated using the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line as well as a soybean isoflavonoid defense activation bioassay. The results showed that two germacrane-type sesquiterpene lactones, 5 and 6, are cytotoxic agents. While compounds 2, 3, 5 and 6 blocked isoflavone accumulation in the soybean, the norisoprenoid (?)-loliolide (8) was somewhat stimulatory of these defense metabolites.     

Tuber-forming Substances in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)

Four tuber-forming substances in Jerusalem artichoke were isolated from the leaves. The structures were established by spectroscopic methods as jasmonic acid (2), methyl β-D-glucopyranosyl tuberonate (3), and two new polyacetylene compounds, methyl β-D-glucopyranosyl helianthenate A (4, C₁₉H₂₄O₈) and B (5, C₁₇H₂₂O₈).     

Microtuber formation in micropropagated Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)

Clonal micropropagation of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) was initiated from axillary meristems of lateral shoots of field-grown plants on medium with MS salts, 2% sucrose, 1 mg l-1 thiamine-HCl, 1 mg l-1 IAA and 0.6% agar. Plantlets were cut into nodal sections and used for subsequent subcultures and for microtuber induction. Microtubers were induced from axillary meristems on medium with half-strength MS salts, 8% sucrose and 0.5 mg l-1 BA in darkness at 18 °C. They had near to 30% of dry matter. Microtubers resumed growth in light room at 23 °C after 4–6 months of cold storage. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Plasmalemma fluidity in parenchyma cells from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers during the break of dormancy

Plasmalemma-enriched fractions were isolated from Jerusalem artichoke tubers along the time course of dormancy break produced by cold treatment. A decrease of membrane fluidity was noted from the 3^rd to the 8^th week of this treatment, as well as a decrease of plasmalemma NADH dehydrogenase activity from the 5^th to the 8^th week. The plasmalemma lipid extracts studied revealed two major phospholipidic components: phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Their respective quantities decreased until the 12^th week, where the phosphatidylcholine level is lower than the phosphatidylethanolamine one. The observed changes are discused in relation to dormant and non-dormant states of tubers and the breaking of dormancy.     

UDP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Tubers of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase of Jerusalem artichoke tubers was purified 90-fold over the crude extract. The purified enzyme preparation absolutely required magnesium ions for activity. Cobalt ions were 60% as effective as magnesium ions; other divalent cations including manganese showed little or no effect. This enzyme had a pH optimum of 8.5 and a temperature optimum of 40°C. ATP and UDP inhibited the activity of this enzyme in both forward and backward directions. Km values for UDP-glucose, inorganic pyrophosphate, glucose-1-phosphate and UTP were determined to be 4.45 × 10^?4 M, 2.33 × 10^?4 M, 9.38 × 10^?4 M and 2.98 × 10^?4 M, respectively. These results are discussed in comparison with those of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylases isolated from other plants.     

Purification and characterization of the reconstitutively active adenine nucleotide carrier from mitochondria of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers

The adenine nucleotide carrier from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus L.) tubers mitochondria was solubilized with Triton X-100 and purified by sequential chromatography on hydroxapatite and Matrex Gel Blue B in the presence of cardiolipin and asolectin. SDS gel electrophoresis of the purified fraction showed a single polypeptide band with an apparent molecular mass of 33 kDa. When reconstituted in liposomes, the adenine nucleotide carrier catalyzed a pyridoxal 5-phosphate-sensitive ATP/ATP exchange. It was purified 75-fold with a recovery of 15% and a protein yield of 0.18% with respect to the mitochondrial extract. Among the various substrates and inhibitors tested, the reconstituted protein transported only ATP, ADP, and GTP and was inhibited by bongkrekate, phenylisothiocyanate, pyridoxal 5-phosphate, mersalyl and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (but not N-ethylmaleimide). Atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside (at concentrations normally inhibitory in animal and plant mitochondria) were without effect in Jerusalem artichoke tubers mitochondria. V _max of the reconstituted ATP/ATP exchange was determined to be 0.53 mol/min per mg protein at 25°C. The half-saturation constant K _m and the corresponding inhibition constant K _i were 20.4 M for ATP and 45 M for ADP. The activation energy of the ATP/ATP exchange was 28 KJ/mol between 5 and 30°C. The N-terminal amino acid partial sequence of the purified protein showed a partial homology with the ANT protein purified from mitochondria of maize shoots.     

Partial Purification and Immunocytocharacterization of the Plasma Membrane ATPase of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Tubers in Relation to Dormancy

Plasmalemma ATPase from Jerusalem artichoke tubers was studiedin relation to the dormancy of tubers. After partial purification,one peptide of 110 kDa appeared on SDS PAGE electrophoresisfrom dormant and non-dormant materials. ATPase specific activitywas twice higher on dormant material in the crude and solubilizedfractions, but was the same in both materials after partialpurification. Immunolabeling of this enzyme was made using aspecific antibody raised against the C terminal portion of theH⁺-ATPase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Immunolabeling was morepronounced in dormant material, in vitro and in situ. Severalworks had shown that the C terminal part of the enzyme couldbe involved in its regulation. The results presented are discussedin relation to the hypothesis according to which an internaleffector could modulated the plasmalemma ATPase activity, duringdormancy breaking. (Received October 25, 1993; Accepted September 6, 1994)