两栖爬行动物的分子系统发生

介绍了两栖爬行动物分子系统发生研究中选用的分子信息的种类及已发表的蛙类,蟾蜍类,龟类,蜥蜴类和蛇类等的分子系统学研究,这些研究中使用的DNA信息主要为mtDNA序列,也使用了一些核DNA序列。其研究的内容涉及目间,科间等高级阶元的系统发生关系,以及属间,种间以及亚种或种群间的系统发生关系。     

牛蒡的化学成分及药理作用研究进展

牛蒡是具有抗氧化,抗炎,抗肿瘤,补肾壮阳等作用的药食两用滋补佳品,近年来对其种子、根、叶等不同部位所含化学成分及药理作用已有部分研究,其种子的主要化学成分有木脂素类、黄酮类、挥发油类、脂肪酸类、生物碱类、酚羟基化合物等,其根的主要化学成分有蛋白质、低聚糖、牛蒡酸、醛类、多炔类及挥发油等,其叶子的主要学学成分有挥发油、鞣质、粘液质、咖啡酸、绿原酸、异绿原酸等.目前对牛蒡的化学成分研究尚不够深入,其物效机制尚不明确,限制了牛蒡的综合开发利用.因此运用现代分离分析技术对其化学成分进行系统深入的研究,阐明其药理作用机制将是今后研究的重点.     

短尾类线粒体基因组研究概要及比较分析

短尾类隶属节肢动物门、软甲纲和十足目,作为十足目中最高等的一个类群,其多变的形态及复杂的生境导致短尾类下各阶元的分类及其系统演化问题长期存在争议。随着分子生物学及DNA测序技术的不断发展,在全基因组水平进一步探讨其分类及系统发生关系成为可能,尤其是具有结构简单、进化速率快及母系遗传等特征的线粒体基因组研究渐成热点。本综述在整理相关文献基础上简要概述了短尾类线粒体全基因组研究现状,并以Geneious 8.1.6、Editseq等生物信息学软件比较分析Gen Bank数据库已公布36种短尾类线粒体全基因组数据,总结了短尾类不同类群的基因组大小、碱基组成、基因数目与排列、密码子利用等线粒体基因组基本特征。     

鼓槌石斛和流苏石斛化学成分及药理活性研究进展

目的：对鼓槌石斛和流苏石斛的化学成分、生物活性的研究进展进行综述,为深入研究和开发提供科学依据。方法：系统检索国内外研究资料和相关报道,进行整理和分析。结果：按照结构类型,鼓槌石斛和流苏石斛的化学成分可分为联苄及其衍生物类、菲类及其糖苷类、苯丙素及其衍生物类、芴酮类、小分子酚酸类、醌类、甾体类等。生物活性研究表明：其具有改善眼部疾病、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、增强免疫力、胃粘膜保护、抗血栓、肝保护等活性。结论：鼓槌石斛和流苏石斛在药物和保健食品开发方面具有较好的应用前景。     

采用系统聚类分析法对羊草草地放牧演替阶段的划分

系统聚类分析法已被广泛地应用于植物群落分类、演替阶段划分等研究中。本文采用六种聚类分析法将松嫩平原南部羊草草地划分为轻牧、适牧、重牧、过牧和极牧五个放牧演替阶段,其结果与野外实际调查基本一致。     

山绿茶化学成分及药理作用研究

综述山绿茶的化学成分、药理作用和临床应用等研究进展。山绿茶对心血管系统、呼吸系统、免疫系统等具有显著的药理作用;山绿茶富含黄酮类、三萜及其皂苷类、咖啡酰奎宁酸类、半萜苷(酯)类等化学成分,这些化合物可能与上述的药理作用密切相关。为进一步利用山绿茶药材资源,应对其具体药理作用的物质基础作进一步研究。     

中国石松类和蕨类植物多样性研究进展

石松类和蕨类植物是维管植物的第二大类群, 其起源可追溯到4亿年前。在被子植物出现之前, 石松类和蕨类植物在古地球生态系统中占主导地位, 其重要性一直延续到现在。自20世纪40年代开始, 中国石松类和蕨类植物研究就令世界瞩目, 尤其是2017年第19届国际植物学大会在中国深圳召开后的5年时间里, 中国石松类和蕨类植物研究更是面向世界、走向国际, 研究更为广泛的科学问题, 在物种多样性、保护、系统演化和生态适应性等方面取得了一系列重要研究进展。2017-2022年, 多个中国研究团队利用多组学数据构建了世界石松类和蕨类植物科级水平的生命之树并提出了关键性状孢子囊环带演化的新模式; 解决了石松类和蕨类植物中目级、科级、属级和种级众多关键的系统分类学等问题, 发表了106个新分类群; 开展了大量的植物区系调查和研究, 出版了6部中国石松类和蕨类植物多样性专著和1部世界性专著; 对65种国家重点保护的石松类和蕨类植物进行了迁地保护, 同时实现了桫椤科、水蕨属(Ceratopteris)、观音座莲属(Angiopteris)和鹿角蕨(Platycerium wallichii)等重点保护类群的孢子繁殖; 在系统发育框架下, 研究了石松类和蕨类植物的生态修复功能和生态适应性演化。通过对2017-2022年研究成果的总结和思考, 本文对未来石松类和蕨类植物的发展提出以下建议: (1)提高中国寡型科属以及世界性大科大属的关注力度; (2)加强西藏、四川等薄弱地区石松类和蕨类植物的调查研究, 并结合新技术, 如DNA条形码等以提高区系调查中物种鉴别的效率和准确性; (3)运用多学科交叉的研究方法厘清各科、属、种间系统关系的同时, 还应加强系统和生态适应性演化之间的协同研究; (4)关注石松类和蕨类植物系统位置作为陆生维管植物演化起点的共性科学问题; (5)加强石松类和蕨类植物系统分类学与生态学、植物化学、保护生物学等学科间交叉合作研究。     

协同系统发生的研究方法

协同系统发生研究生态上相关群体的系统发生间的关系,其研究方法主要分为两类：基于事件法和整体拟合法.基于事件法包括布鲁克斯简约分析、组分分析、协调树分析等,此类方法考虑进化情境,逻辑性强,但分析结果过多,较难选择;整体拟合法考虑了系统发生的误差,提供较好的关系一致性,但缺乏联系进化情境.本文详细比较了两类方法下各种分析软件的优劣,提出了整合两类方法的可能性,以便更好地理解协同系统发生.     

外观青青翠竹

<正>竹类植物具有禾本科植物的共同特征,然而它在营养器官的外部形态,花和果实等生殖器官的结构以及生长发育规律等方面的特殊性,使其独自形成一特殊类群。竹类植物在形态上可分为秆、地下茎、枝、叶和箨、花和花序、果实和种子等。地下部分竹子的地下部分叫地下茎。地下茎是竹类孕笋成竹、扩大自身数量和生长范围的主要结构。来自于同一地下茎系统的一个竹丛     

丝核菌的菌丝融合群及其遗传多样性研究的新进展

在介绍丝核菌（Rhizoctonia）按其菌丝细胞核相划分为单、双、多核丝核菌三大类,再行菌丝融合分类的基础上,较系统地评述了以生化和分子生物学等手段研究其遗传多样性和系统演化关系的最新进展。     

Application of nanotechnology for the encapsulation of botanical insecticides for sustainable agriculture: Prospects and promises

This review article discusses the use of nanotechnology in combination with botanical insecticides in order to develop systems for pest control in agriculture. The main types of botanical insecticides are described, together with different carrier systems and their potential uses. The botanical insecticides include those based on active principles isolated from plant extracts, as well as essential oils derived from certain plants. The advantages offered by the systems are highlighted, together with the main technological challenges that must be resolved prior to future implementation of the systems for agricultural pest control. The use of botanical insecticides associated with nanotechnology offers considerable potential for increasing agricultural productivity, while at the same time reducing impacts on the environment and human health.     

我国植物源农药研究进展

概述了我国植物源农药的主要种类:杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂及病毒抑制剂的研究现状,并简要介绍了植物源农药的作用特点、研究途径及研究中存在的问题,并对其发展前景做了简单的展望。     

Effects of sub-lethal concentrations of synthetic insecticides and Callitris glaucophylla extracts on the development of Aedes aegypti.

Synthetic and botanical insecticides can have a profound effect on the developmental period, growth, adult emergence, fecundity, fertility, and egg hatch, resulting in effective control at sub-lethal concentrations. This paper investigated sub-lethal concentrations of fenitrothion, lambda-cyhalothrin, and Callitris glaucophylla Joy Thomps. & L.P. Johnson (Cupressaceae) extract to characterize their effects on the development of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito larvae. The LC25, LC50, and LC75 (four replicates) were used for each synthetic insecticide and the LC25 and LC75 (four replicates) were used for C. glaucophylla. Observations of larval mortality, duration of larval stage, pupal mortality, duration of pupal stage, adult emergence, sex ratio, and malformations were recorded over 14 days. A dose-response effect was observed for all insecticides. Although C. glaucophylla extract doses were higher than synthetic insecticide doses, the LC75 treatment outperformed synthetics by completely prohibiting adult emergence. Consequently, this botanical is recommended for field application either in combination with synthetic or natural insecticides or alone.     

植物性杀虫剂防治白蚁研究进展

白蚁是建筑物和树木的重要害虫,利用化学方法对其种群进行控制仍是当前减少白蚁危害的主要措施。但使用化学杀虫剂对生态环境和人类健康带来的问题促使人类去寻找一些环境友好型生物农药来代替化学制品,而植物性杀虫剂由于其优点而越来越受到重视。本文综述了目前在白蚁防治中有杀虫潜能的植物种类、主要分布科目及作用效果,探讨了植物性杀虫剂防治白蚁存在的问题,同时对植物性杀虫剂应用于白蚁防治进行了展望。     

Plant essential oils: a substitute for conventional insecticides against Tribolium species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)-achievements and challenges

Abstract

The literature on efficacy of plant essential oils and their constituents for the management of Tribolium spp. (T. castaneum and T. confusum), instigating infestation of a variety of stored grains and their products is reviewed here. Both species caused significant losses in the diverse food grains and their products through infestation. Essential oils of higher plants showed potential activity in the management of these infestation driven losses. Researchers have found that essential oils and their chemical constituents have significant toxicity against both the species of Tribolium via different modes of action like repellent, insecticidal, ovicidal, larvicidal, pupicidal, ovipositional and feeding deterrent actions. Concerning repellency and in vivo bioassays, few studies have been done with the essential oils against T. confusum, thus, more investigations are required to find the repellent agents against this insect. There are some essential oil-based botanical insecticides which have been proved effective for the protection of food grains from both beetles during storage. These botanical insecticides also exhibited behaviour altering properties against both beetles, thus, reducing the problem of pest resistance which is a problem with conventional insecticides. Therefore, essential oils-based botanical insecticides may be preferred option than conventional insecticides for protecting stored grains and their products against Tribolium infestation.     

两种室内生物测定方法评价杀虫剂对绿盲蝽的相对毒力

随着Bt棉在我国的广泛种植, 绿盲蝽Lygocoris lucorum Meyer-Dür的危害日益加重。化学防治作为棉田盲蝽综合治理的重要策略, 仍是其主要的防治手段。本研究主要用闪烁管药膜法和点滴法两种测定方法评价了传统杀虫剂、新型杀虫剂等30种杀虫剂对绿盲蝽成虫的急性触杀毒力, 其中多种杀虫剂是首次使用两种生测方法同时进行毒力测定。结果表明：有机氯类、有机磷类、氨基甲酸酯类和拟除虫菊酯类等传统杀虫剂对绿盲蝽成虫具有较高的触杀活性。8种对绿盲蝽成虫具有较高毒力的药剂, 其中5种为传统杀虫剂, 分别为马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、联苯菊酯、灭多威和硫丹。新型吡咯类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽表现出较高毒力, 以氟虫腈的毒力最高, 两种生测方法测定的LC₅₀分别为0.13 μg·mL^-1 和 0.15 μg·mL^-1。而昆虫生长调节剂、抗生素类及植物源杀虫剂对绿盲蝽成虫没有明显的触杀活性。     

印楝素的杀虫活性及其对烟粉虱的驱避作用

印楝素(azadirachtin)被认为是最有发展前景的植物源杀虫剂。文章主要介绍印楝素对昆虫的接触驱避、产卵驱避、拒食、毒杀、降低生殖力、生长调节等作用及其作用机理。同时也论述印楝素对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)寄主选择、产卵、孵化、若虫发育的影响。     

川楝素与青虫菌等农药混用对菜青虫增效作用的试验

川楝素分别与苏芸金杆菌(B.t. Var.galleriae)、青虫菌6号、雷公藤根粉乙醇抽提物以及化学农药乐斯本混用,对保护作物避免菜青虫(Pieris rapae L.)幼虫的取食为害有明显的增效作用,而且对幼虫的化蛹及蛹重都有明显的仰制作用,具有理论和实际意义.     

Comparative bioactivity of selected extracts from Meliaceae and some commercial botanical insecticides against two noctuid caterpillars, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoplusia ni</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudaletia unipuncta</Emphasis>

Plant-derived extracts and phytochemicals have long been a subject of research in an effort to develop alternatives to conventional insecticides but with reduced health and environmental impacts. In this review we compare the bioactivities of some plant extracts with those of commercially available botanical insecticides against two important agricultural pests, the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni and the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta. Test materials included extracts of Azadirachta indica (neem), A. excelsa (sentang), Melia volkensii, M. azedarach (Chinaberry) and Trichilia americana, (all belonging to the family Meliaceae) along with commercial botanical insecticides ryania, pyrethrum, rotenone and essential oils of rosemary and clove leaf. Most of the extracts and botanicals tested proved to be strong growth inhibitors, contact toxins and significant feeding deterrents to both lepidopteran species. However, there were interspecific differences with T. ni generally more susceptible to the botanicals than the armyworm, P. unipuncta. All botanicals were more inhibitory to growth and toxic (through feeding) to T. ni than to P. unipuncta, except for M. azedarach which was more toxic to P. unipuncta than to T. ni. Athough, pyrethrum was the most toxic botanical to both noctuids, A. indica, A. excelsa, and M. volkensii were more toxic than ryania, rotenone, clove oil and rosemary oil for T. ni. As feeding deterrents, pyrethrum was the most potent against T. ni, whereas A. indica was the most potent against the armyworm. Based upon growth inhibition, chronic toxicity, and antifeedant activity, some of these plant extracts have levels of activity that compare favorably to botanical products currently in commercial use and have potential for development as commercial insecticides.     

Behavioural responses of diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to extracts derived from Melia azedarach and Azadirachta indica

The impact of three different doses of botanical insecticide derived from the syringa tree, Melia azedarach and the neem tree, Azadirachta indica was tested on the behaviour of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus). Both botanical insecticides had a significant impact on larval behaviour. At higher doses the extracts showed feeding deterrent activity, with larvae preferring the untreated sides of cabbage leaves and consuming less of the treated half of cabbage leaves. The botanical insecticides had less of an effect on the oviposition behaviour of P. xylostella moths. In laboratory and glasshouse trials, significantly fewer eggs were oviposited on the plants that had been treated with syringa extracts. Therefore, the syringa extracts appear to have a repellent effect. In contrast, when exposed to the neem extracts the moths did not discriminate between control plants and treated plants. Behavioural observation indicated that, despite the lower number of eggs oviposited on cabbage treated with syringa extracts, the moths chose cabbage treated with the highest dose of syringa more often than they chose control cabbage plants. Similar observations were found in cabbage plants treated with neem, moths chose the medium dose more often than they chose the control. Oviposition and feeding deterrent properties are important factors in pest control, and results from this study indicate that botanical insecticides have the potential to be incorporated into control programmes for P. xylostella in South Africa.