Induced proteome of Trichoderma harzianum by Botrytis cinerea

As a notable biocontrol agent, Trichoderma harzianum can antagonize a diverse array of phytopathogenic fungi, including Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum. Elucidating the biocontrol mechanism of T. harzianum in response to the pathogens enables it to be exploited in the control of plant diseases. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was performed to obtain secreted protein patterns of T. harzianum ETS 323, grown in media that contained glucose, a mixture of glucose and deactivated B. cinerea mycelia, deactivated B. cinerea mycelia or deactivated T. harzianum mycelia. Selected protein spots were identified using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Ninety one out of 100 excised protein spots were analyzed and some proteins were sequence identified. Of these, one l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) and two endochitinases were uniquely induced in the media that contained deactivated B. cinerea mycelia as the sole carbon source. Activities of the cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), including β-1,3-glucanases, β-1,6-glucanases, chitinases, proteases and xylanases, were significantly higher in media with deactivated B. cinerea mycelia than in other media. This finding suggests that the cell wall of B. cinerea is indeed the primary target of T. harzianum ETS 323 in the biocontrol mechanism. The possible roles of LAAO and xylanase were also discussed.     

嗜线虫致病杆菌抑制灰葡萄孢的效应

[背景] 灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）是引起葡萄采后病害的主要病原菌之一,严重影响葡萄的贮期和品质,给葡萄产业带来极大损失。利用拮抗微生物抑制采后病原菌生长已逐渐成为防治葡萄采后灰霉病的重要手段。[目的] 利用昆虫病原线虫共生细菌广谱高效的抑菌特性,从现有共生细菌资源中筛选对灰葡萄孢具有高拮抗作用的菌株,为葡萄采后灰霉病的抑制提供新的材料和研究方向。[方法] 通过平板对峙培养法和菌丝生长速率法分离筛选拮抗共生细菌,并对优选的高效拮抗共生细菌进行16S rRNA基因序列进化分析,采用扫描电镜观察其对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长的影响,利用损伤接种法对红地球葡萄防治效果进行验证。[结果] 初步分离筛选共获得9株拮抗菌,复筛与复测得到一株抑菌效果显著的共生细菌（命名为ALL）,经进化分析其为嗜线虫致病杆菌（Xenorhabdus nematophila）,其16S rRNA基因序列的Genbank登录号为MW488402,与菌株Xenorhabdus nematophi la NC116聚于同一分支,相似性达99.79%。扫描电镜观察该菌株导致灰葡萄孢菌丝扭曲变形、表面皱缩、失水塌陷,该菌株发酵（36 h）上清液浓度为1%时对灰葡萄孢菌丝抑制率达44.5%。在葡萄常温防效实验中,与对照组比较,ALL菌株发酵上清液对灰霉菌防治效果较好,3 d后防效为63.50%。[结论] 本研究应用昆虫病原线虫共生细菌生物防治葡萄贮期灰霉病,筛选出一株高效拮抗灰葡萄孢的昆虫病原线虫共生细菌,而且其上清液对灰葡萄孢具有良好的抑制效果,为生物防治贮期葡萄灰霉病提供了新的生物材料和相关研究基础。     

转MhGlu基因烟草灰霉病抗性及光合特性研究

以湖北海棠盆栽及组培苗叶片为材料,经NaCl、PEG-6000及4℃下ABA处理后,通过RT-PCR技术克隆了湖北海棠β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因MhGlu;构建MhGlu基因的植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法将MhGlu基因转入烟草中,并通过PCR和RT-PCR检测,成功获得了4个转基因株系T6、T8、T11和T18;以转基因烟草株系T6及T8和非转基因对照植株为材料,对MhGlu基因的功能进行了进一步分析。结果显示:(1)半定量qRT-PCR显示,NaCl、PEG-6000及4℃下ABA处理均可以诱导湖北海棠盆栽及组培苗叶片MhGlu基因的表达;NaCl和PEG-6000处理48h内MhGlu基因的表达随处理时间延长逐渐增强,4℃下ABA处理的MhGlu基因表达量在4h时开始上调,12h时略降低,48h时又达到最大。(2)半定量RT-PCR检测转基因烟草植株几个病程相关基因PRs的表达量,表明过表达的MhGlu基因诱导并增强了烟草病程相关基因NtPR1、NtPR3和NtPR5的表达。(3)用灰霉病侵染烟草叶片,转基因烟草株系T6、T8均表现出较强的抗灰霉病特性。(4)测定烟草植株光合特性参数,转MhGlu基因烟草株系的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)较对照组均显著提高,且T8的净光合速率和蒸腾速率均显著高于T6,而T8与T6的气孔导度差异不显著。MhGlu基因在烟草中的过量表达能诱导病程相关基因PRs的表达,激活了烟草的光合特性保护机制,提高了转MhGlu基因烟草植株的灰霉病抗性。     

灰葡萄孢菌过氧化物酶体及细胞核的荧光蛋白标记

[目的]对灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)的细胞核和过氧化物酶体进行荧光蛋白标记,为研究其生长发育和侵染过程中细胞结构和细胞器动态提供基础.[方法]以绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)和红色荧光蛋白(DsRED、mCherry)为报告基因,利用根癌农杆菌介导转化(Agrobacterium tumefaciens m...     

Purification and characterization of two isozymes of polygalacturonase from Botrytis cinerea. Effect of calcium ions on polygalacturonase activity

The phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea produces a set of polygalacturonases (PGs) which are involved in the enzymatic degradation of pectin during plant tissue infection. Two polygalacturonases secreted by B. cinerea in seven-day-old liquid culture were purified to apparent homogeneity by chromatography. PG I was an exopolygalacturonase of molecular weight 65 kDa and pI 8.0 and PG II was an endopolygalacturonase of 52 kDa and pI 7.8. Enzymatic activity of PG I and PG II was partially inhibited by 1 mM CaCl₂, probably by calcium chelation of polygalacturonic acid, the substrate of the enzyme.     

Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea in apple fruit by Cryptococcus laurentii and indole-3-acetic acid

This study evaluated the effect of a yeast antagonist Cryptococcus laurentii and a plant regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on inhibition of Botrytis cinerea infection in harvested apple fruit. The results showed that the combined treatment with C. laurentii and IAA at 20 μg/ml was a more effective approach to reduce the gray mold rot in apple wounds than the C. laurentii alone. After 4 days of incubation, gray mold incidence in the combined treatment with C. laurentii and IAA was about 18%, which was a 50% reduction in incidence compared to the treatment with C. laurentii alone. Although IAA had no direct antifungal activity against B. cinerea infection when the time interval between IAA treatment and pathogen inoculation was within 2 h, application of IAA strongly reduced gray mold infection when IAA was applied 24 h prior to inoculation with B. cinerea in apple fruit wounds. Moreover, combination of IAA and C. laurentii stimulated the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase with above 1.5-fold higher than that treatment with C. laurentii alone at 48 h. Therefore, combination of C. laurentii with IAA, which integrated the dual biological activity from the antagonistic yeast and plant regulator, might be developed to be a useful approach to control gray mold in harvested apple fruit.     

Olfactory and gustatory behaviour by larvae of shape Lobesia botrana in response to shape Botrytis cinerea

In vineyards, larvae of Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Botrytis cinerea (Persoon: Fries) often occur together. This study was carried out to establish whether first instar larvae are attracted by the fungus. Olfactory and gustatory responses of larvae to the fungus were investigated on grape berry clusters (Vitis vinifera) and in two types of olfactometer. In clusters infected partly by B. cinerea, 82% of first instar larvae settled where berries had been infected. In the olfactometers, first instar larvae detected and discriminated between two tested foods. They significantly preferred synthetic media or grape berries (cv., 'Alphonse Lavallée' or 'Cabernet Sauvignon') infected with B. cinerea to non-infected controls. The olfactory response led to 62.2% to 72.6% of the first instar larvae attracted by the fungus and the association of olfactory with gustatory responses resulted in similar rates (64.1% to 81.6%). So, the larvae were most attracted by synthetic media or grape berries infected by the fungus as compared to the controls. Olfaction appears to be the main sense involved in this attraction process.     

Enantiomeric oxidation of organic sulfides by the filamentous fungi Botrytis cinerea, Eutypa lata and Trichoderma viride

The biotransformations of a series of substituted sulfides were carried out with the filamentous fungi Botrytis cinerea, Eutypa lata and Trichoderma viride. Several products underwent microbial oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide with medium to high enantiomeric purity. With regard to sulfoxide enantioselectivity, the (R)-enantiomer was favoured in biotransformations by T. viride and E. lata while the (S)-enantiomer was favoured in those by B. cinerea. A minor amount of sulfone product was also obtained.     

油菜素内酯与美极梅奇酵母复配对葡萄灰霉病的抑制作用

【背景】生防酵母具有繁殖速度快、抗逆性强和不产生抗生素等特点,但其对病害的防控效果易受环境影响,油菜素内酯(brassinosteroid,BR)能调控植物生长发育与逆境响应平衡,可有效抑制葡萄果实灰霉病的发生。【目的】本研究旨在明确BR与生防酵母复配对葡萄果实灰霉病的抑制效果及作用机制,为新型生防制剂的研制和应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用美极梅奇酵母P01C004 (Y)、酵母和BR (YBR)、酵母和BR抑制剂(YBZ)处理“红地球”葡萄果实,处理6 h后人工接种灰霉菌孢子悬液。灰霉菌接种7 d后评价BR与生防酵母复配对灰霉菌的防治效果,并检测其抗氧化酶活性和13种酚类物质含量,利用qRT-PCR检测不同处理对葡萄BR、白藜芦醇和抗病相关基因表达水平的影响。【结果】7 d时,与Y处理相比,YBR对葡萄果实灰霉病防治效率提高了23.64%,显著提高了“红地球”葡萄果实中PPO酶活。YBR显著提高了2 d时果实中绿原酸、原儿茶酸、咖啡酸、表儿茶素和芹菜素等酚类物质含量,激活了果实内多种酚类物质的快速合成。YBR在48 h时激活了果实BR信号转导途径,显著上调VvBZR1和VvPR1基因的表达水平,更好地维持植物免疫反应,提高果实对病原菌的防御力。【结论】BR与美极梅奇酵母复配能触发果实多种抗病防御机制,提高葡萄果实灰霉病的防治效率,在采后病害防控方面表现出良好的应用前景。     

Biotransformation of the fungistatic sesquiterpenoids patchoulol, ginsenol, cedrol and globulol by Botrytis cinerea

The antifungal activity of natural sesquiterpenoids patchoulol, ginsenol, cedrol and globulol against the fungus Botrytis cinerea has been determined. The diminishing of the effect after 3–6 days suggests that a mechanism of detoxification is present. Biotransformation of these fungistatic compounds has been investigated as a method of studying this mechanism.     

利迪链霉菌K2对灰霉病菌的抑菌效果及抑菌物质鉴定

灰霉病是多种经济作物生产过程以及果蔬储藏运输中常见的病害,链霉菌能产生丰富的次级代谢产物,对灰霉病菌具有较好的抑制效果。【目的】筛选出更高效、功能更多的链霉菌,为针对灰霉病的生防菌剂的研发提供优良菌种。【方法】采用管碟法对菌株K2进行液体培养基的筛选及培养液活性的测定;双皿对峙等2种方法进行产挥发性物质对灰霉病菌的抑菌活性测定;通过16S rRNA基因序列分析进行菌株K2鉴定;高效液相色谱及液相色谱-质谱2种方法对培养液活性成分进行定性验证;顶空固相微萃取-气质联用对菌株K2产生的挥发性物质成分进行检测及鉴定。【结果】菌株K2在液体培养基A中产生的次级代谢物对苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、核盘菌、杨树溃疡病菌和烟草赤星病菌等多种植物病原真菌均具有较强的抑制作用;K2产生的挥发性物质对灰霉病菌的抑制率达100%,且抑制效果与挥发性物质的量有关;菌株K2与利迪链霉菌(Streptomyces lydicus)亲缘关系非常接近,相似性为99%;培养液活性成分中含有谷氏菌素、丰加霉素和纳他霉素;在挥发性物质成分中发现了烯类、醇类、酯类及烷烃类等30种挥发性物质,其中含量较多的物质分别是2-met...