滇金丝猴下颌的生物力学研究

利用生物力学原理,判别分析和异速生长对我国特有的滇金丝猴下颌研究表明,由于雄性比雌性具有相对更长的下颌,导致了整个下颌结构在两性间的差异。在所分析的8个变量中,4个被选为性别鉴别的重要特征,判别式为:D=-27.65-0.729CONM1+0.596MANDL+1.204MANDSYM-1.778MANCORPW。与猕猴和长鼻猴相比,滇金丝猴具有相对短的下颌骨,较宽的下颌髁和较高的下颌体。这些特征保障了下颌齿,特别是颊齿列更有利于叶类食物的咀嚼,即有利于咀嚼过程中消除下颌的疲劳。     

典型草原三种蝗虫成虫期的食物消耗量及其利用的初步研究

为了进一步明确蝗虫类群在草原生态系统内的功能作用,在内蒙古锡林河流域典型草原益和乌拉山地区,依蝗虫发生季节的次序,先后研究了3种优势蝗虫(毛足棒角蝗、宽须蚁蝗、亚州小车蝗)成虫群体在自然变温条件下取食羊草的食物消耗量和利用能力问题。 本文首先提出了群体饲育时,蝗虫个体平均寿命的计算式: (?)=sum from n=i-1 to (?) i·N_i/N_t 式中,i=个体寿命的天数;N_i=寿命为i的个体数,N_t=蝗虫实验种群的个体总数。 据上式计算得出3种蝗虫个体平均寿命,毛足棒角蝗:雄性为38.2±2.8天、雌性为31.4±2.2天;宽须蚁蝗:雄性为40.9±2.3天、雌性为30.2±1.6天、亚洲小车蝗:雄性为52.6±0.7天、雌性为40.6±2.3天。 3种蝗虫在其成虫历期内,平均个体累积食量玩 (干重,克)为:毛足棒角蝗的雄性为0.607±0.059、雌性为0.643±0.084;宽须蚁蝗的雄性为0.303±0.022、雌性为0.340±0.037;亚洲小车蝗的雄性为1.414±0.180、雌性为2.933±0.186。在不同蝗种间,其平均个体累积食量的差异显著(P<0.01)。 3种蝗虫的雌性个体的近似消化力（A.D.）均显著高于同种的雌性个体（p<0.01）;季节发生早的蝗种之近似消化力相对高于较晚期发生的种类（毛足棒角蝗>宽须蚁蚁蝗>亚洲小车蝗）。对摄入食物的转换效率（E.C.I.,E.C.D.）,则同种内的雌性个体均显著高于雄性（p<0.01）;不同蝗种间,以个体最小、在中期发生的宽须蚁蝗对摄入食物的转换效率为最高。     

太行山猕猴下颌的生物力学研究

采用定点方法,对太行山猕猴下颌骨有关变量作了测量、统计和分析。通过对太行山猕猴下颌生物力学、异速生长的研究表明,雄性下颌相对较长,与此有关的生物力学特点是下颌髁后缘至M1近中侧长、下颌髁后缘至M3下次小尖长和下颌支高等阻力臂减小,而下颌髁长、下颌髁宽、下颌体高Ⅱ、下颌体宽Ⅱ、下颌联合长等变量则增强,使咀嚼力增加。这些特点均与其生态对策密切相关。研究结果还与有关材料进行了比较,表明太行山猕猴与国内其他地区的猕猴存在着明显差异。     

五指山小型猪下颌骨的测量及分析

目的通过对五指山小型猪(WZSP)下颌骨23个主要变量进行测量分析,以确定该小型猪下颌骨主要遗传变量的数值范围。方法临床解剖取出下颌骨,用水煮沸后剔除肌肉和骨膜,然后用10%甲醛浸泡24h,再用万能角度尺、游标卡尺、卷尺对25例五指山小型猪(8～14月龄,17例雄性,8例雌性)的23个主要变量进行测量。并对测量结果进行统计学分析。结果在测得的雄性和雌性五指山猪下颌骨的23项变量中有4项差异有显著性,2项差异有极显著性,其他差异无显著性;下颌骨各变量之间存在一定的相关性,雄性下颌骨变量x7、x16、x22与其他17项变量相关有显著性或相关有极显著性,雌性下颌骨变量x21与其他11项变量相关有显著性或相关有极显著性。雄性五指山猪下颌骨测量变量显著、极显著相关性所占比例达到52.97%,雌性达到17.00%。与琉球野猪的下颌骨相比,雄性五指山小型猪的x15、x16、x21等变量差异无显著性,雌性的x15、x16、x21、x22等变量差异无显著性,而x2差异有显著性,琉球野猪的下颌骨显得更为狭长。与人及恒河猴(Macacamulatta)、猕猴等动物相比,五指山小型猪下颌骨的多项变量要高。结论测得五指山小型猪育成猪的下颌骨23项变量,可为五指山小型猪遗传、牙科等方面研究提供下颌骨形态学特征的资料。     

凹耳蛙的两性异形

测量和比较采自黄山的凹耳蛙成体标本(雌雄各20个),统计结果表明成年雌雄蛙的体长、头宽、吻长、鼻间距、眼间距、眼径、鼓膜宽、前臂及指长、前臂宽等两性形态学指标存在显著性差异。对与体长显著相关的形态特征,以体长为协变量的协方差分析表明凹耳蛙雌雄两性在头宽、眼间距、眼径、鼓膜宽存在显著差异。凹耳蛙两性异形比达到0.418,雌性平均体长对雄性平均体长的比达到1.716。头宽、眼间距、眼径、鼓膜宽等局部形态特征与体长的线性回归分析表明,雌性斜率大于雄性斜率,说明雌性凹耳蛙上述局部特征随体长的生长速率明显大于雄性。雌性体长的繁殖力选择能够很好地解释凹耳蛙的两性异形。     

养殖条件下克氏原螯虾亲虾的形态性状研究

为了解人工养殖的克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)亲虾的生长和形态性状,为人工放养亲本的选择提供参考依据,测定了342尾体重大于20 g的克氏原螯虾的体重(W)、全长(TL)、头胸甲长(CL)、头胸甲宽(CW)、螯足长(ChL)和螯足宽(ChW),比较了雌性和雄性生长和形态参数的差异性,模拟了各参数间的回归方程,并探讨了各参数间的相关性。结果显示,雌性个体体重、螯足长和螯足宽的均值显著低于雄性,而头胸甲长和头胸甲宽的均值则显著高于雄性,全长和丰满度在雌雄之间差异不显著。雌性和雄性个体的优势全长范围均为90～119. 99 mm,优势体重范围分别为20. 0～39. 9 g和30. 0～44. 9 g。克氏原螯虾全长-体重的关系为W_♀=0. 000 01×TL~(3. 381 3)、W_♂=0. 000 01×TL~(3. 230 9),雌性和雄性均为正异速生长;头胸甲长-体重的关系为W_♀=0. 000 1×CL~(3. 215 5)、W_♂=0. 000 2×CL~(3. 179 8);头胸甲长-全长的关系为TL_♀=2. 928 6+2. 027×CL、TL_♂=-5. 036 9+2. 370 1×CL;头胸甲宽-头胸甲长的关系为CL_♀=5. 479 2+1. 942 3×CW、CL_♂=9. 646 8+1. 765 6×CW;螯足宽-螯足长的关系为ChL_♀=-13. 721+6. 679×ChW、ChL_♂=-4. 828+6. 148 7×CW。相关性分析表明,总体上6个参数之间均有显著的正相关关系,其中与体重相关性较高的为全长和头胸甲长与宽。     

七星瓢虫（鞘翅目：瓢虫科）触角的扫描电镜观察

用扫描电子显微镜对两性七星瓢虫的触角进行了观察 ,结果显示 ,鳞状触角分七节 ,分别为雄性 95 0 0 0±81 16 μm而雌性为 972 0 0± 9 5 7μm长。电镜下可观察到七星瓢虫触角有 8种类型的感觉器 (sensillae) ,即 :chaetica(Ch) ,trichoidea(Tr) ,basiconica(Ba) ,campaniformia(Ca) ,ampucellaceous(Am) ,scolopalia(Sc) ,placodea(Pl)和钩状感觉器。Ch在雄性长为 6 2 5 0± 2 89而在雌性为 72 5 0± 5 0 0 μm。Tr在雄性长为 10 75± 1 5 0 μm而在雌性为 14 98± 2 2 5 μm长。Ba在雄雌两性中分别为 5 7± 0 0 2 μm和 0 75± 0 0 6 μm长。Ca为半球状 ,其直径在两性中均在 3 0 μm。Am的直径在雄雌中分别为 1 2和 1 5 μm。Ca为椭圆内陷盘状。Sc在其顶部较阔而在末端尖锐 ,2 5 μm。在雄性触角上观察到一钩状感觉器 ,长 2 1 0 μm ,它表明七星瓢虫在触角上的性别两型性。在雄雌中其感觉器Ch ,Ca ,Am ,Pl的数量上接近。Tr在雄性触角上数量较大而Ba则在雌性触角上数量较多。     

湖南沅江鼎城段河蚬的性别组成与精子形态特征

本研究以湖南沅江鼎城段河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为研究对象,在进一步验证该群体性别组成的基础上,分析壳长组成与性别比例之间关系,探讨该群体雄性、雌性和雌雄同体之间关系;同时以单鞭毛精子为参照,分析比较双鞭毛精子的形态特征,以期为我国河蚬的性别发生及生殖适应策略研究提供基础资料。结果显示：沅江鼎城段河蚬(n = 770)雄性、雌性和雌雄同体最小性成熟壳长分别为2.92 mm、5.66 mm和5.30 mm。697只性成熟河蚬中雄性、雌性和雌雄同体的比例近似1︰1︰6。雌雄同体的平均壳长[(22.55 ± 0.33)mm,n = 517]显著大于雄性[(20.44 ± 1.03)mm,n = 95]和雌性[(19.79 ± 0.99)mm,n = 85](P < 0.05),但雄性与雌性的平均壳长之间差异不显著(P > 0.05)。河蚬可以产生单鞭毛和双鞭毛两种类型的精子,单鞭毛精子头长范围4.93 ~ 21.79 μm,平均值(14.27 ± 0.82)μm(n = 30),双鞭毛精子头长范围10.29 ~ 22.04 μm,平均值(15.62 ± 0.62)μm(n = 26)。单、双鞭毛精子头长差异不显著(P > 0.05)。双鞭毛精子(n = 26)长尾的平均长度[(38.07 ± 1.44)μm]显著大于其短尾[(31.08 ± 1.60)μm]和单鞭毛精子(n = 30)尾部长度[(30.15 ± 1.75)μm](P < 0.01),但其短尾与单鞭毛精子的尾部平均长度之间无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。结果表明：湖南沅江鼎城段河蚬为雄性先熟,且可能存在雄性和(或)雌性向雌雄同体转换现象。河蚬具有单鞭毛型和双鞭毛型2种类型的精子,且双鞭毛精子的2个尾部不等长。同域共存河蚬的单鞭毛与双鞭毛精子在运动及受精能力方面的差异值得深入研究。     

中国水域真海豚头骨特征的初步研究

测定了 8个真海豚 (Delphinussp .)头骨的 3 5个形态学指标 ,并与其它水域真海豚的相应数据比较。结果表明 ,在喙的相对长度和绝对长度、颅基长、喙端至外鼻孔和内鼻孔的长度、上齿列长以及下颌骨长等方面 ,中国水域的真海豚与东北太平洋水域的长喙真海豚 (D .capensis)非常接近。中国水域真海豚的喙长与颧宽之比为 1 68～ 2 0 3 ,平均 1 85± 0 1 0 ;喙长与喙宽之比为 3 5 6～ 4 0 3 ,平均 3 79± 0 1 7,也完全符合长喙真海豚的鉴别特征。因此 ,中国水域的真海豚在分类上应属于长喙真海豚。     

甘肃密点麻蜥三个地理种群的两性异形研究

通过测量和比较采自甘肃省兰州市、张掖市和民勤县3个地区的密点麻蜥Eremias multiocellata成体样本的8个形态学量度指标,分析密点麻蜥雌雄间的两性差异和异速生长。结果表明,密点麻蜥兰州种群和张掖种群体长的两性差异无统计学意义,民勤种群雄性体长显著大于雌性。3个种群的头部大小、附肢长、尾部及最大腹宽在两性间均存在差异,具有两性异形现象。雄性个体头部较大、附肢和尾部较长;而最大腹宽在不同种群中有所不同,兰州种群和张掖种群雄性的最大腹宽显著小于雌性,民勤种群雄性则显著大于雌性。在个体发育过程中,前肢长、后肢长、头长、头宽、头高、尾长及最大腹宽均出现了不同程度的异速生长。     

Size and shape of the mandibular condyle in primates

The relationships between the size of the articular surface of the mandibular condyle and masticatory muscle size, tooth size, diet, and biomechanical variables associated with mastication were studied by taking 12 measurements on skulls of 253 adult female anthropoid primates, including three to ten specimens from each of 32 species. In regressions of condylar length, width, or area against body weight, logarithmic transformations substantially improve the fit of the equations compared with untransformed data. There is a strong relationship between condylar measurements and body weight, with all correlations being .94 or higher. The slopes of the allometric regressions of length, width, and area of the condylar head indicate slight positive allometry with body size. Folivorous primates have smaller condyles than frugivorous primates, and colobines have smaller condyles than cebids, cercopithecines, or hominoids. When colobines are eliminated, the differences between frugivores and folivores are not significant. However, the two species with the relatively largest condyles are Pongo pygmaeus and Cercocebus torquatus, suggesting that there may be a relationship between unusually large condylar dimensions and the ability to crack hard nuts between the teeth. Cranial features having strong positive correlations with condylar dimensions include facial prognathism, maxillary incisor size, maxillary postcanine area, mandibular ramus breadth, and temporal fossa area. These data are interpreted as indicating that relatively large condyles are associated with relatively large masticatory muscles, relatively inefficient mandibular biomechanics, and a large dentition. These relationships support the growing evidence that the temporomandibular joint is a stress-bearing joint in normal function.     

A biomechanical analysis of mandibular scaling in old world monkeys

Scaling of mandibular dimensions in male Old World monkeys was investigated. Mandibular condyle length, width, and area were regressed separately against body mass and mandibular length for a total of 14 species of Cercopithecoids. Scaling of mandibular depth and width against both body mass and mandibular length were also investigated. When results of regression analysis using the two different independent variables (body mass and mandibular length) were compared, there were significant pattern differences in scaling of cercopithecines versus colobines. Compared to body mass, male cercopithecines had relatively large mandibles (length, width, and depth) and also relatively large condyles (length, width, and area). However, compared to mandibular length, cercopithecines had relatively transversely thin and shallow mandibles and relatively narrow condyles. It is shown that a “biomechanical” interpretation of mandibular scaling patterns against body mass in Old World monkeys demonstrates only that cercopithecines have prognathic faces, an already well-known and well-documented condition. When the biomechanical effects of prognathic faces are controlled for (by scaling against mandibular length), it is shown that cercopithecines possess special adaptations in condyle length while colobines possess special adaptations in condyle width and mandibular depth and width. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of selecting a relevant reference variable in scaling studies where biomechanical interpretations are attempted.     

High serum levels of IGF-I contribute to promotion of endochondral ossification in mandibular condyle and cause its specific elongation in acromegaly-like rats.

Mandibular protrusion accompanies acromegaly or acrogigantism. To clarify the detailed mechanisms, we used an acromegaly-like rat model recently developed by exogenous administration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Human recombinant IGF-I (640 microg/day) continuously was infused subcutaneously to 10-week-old male rats (n=12) for four weeks. Control, sham-operated animals (n=12) were injected with saline alone. Twelve rats (six from each group) were killed immediately after ending administration at age 14 weeks. Another 12 rats (six from each group) were housed for an additional four weeks after treatment ended. Mandibular condylar length increased significantly in the IGF-I rats compared with the control rats, but no significant intergroup difference was found in the lengths of the coronoid and angular processes. Cartilaginous layer width, bone matrix volume, and the number of osteoblasts in the mandibular condyle increased significantly in the IGF-I group. These histopathological changes in the condyle disappeared after IGF-I administration was discontinued; however, the morphological change in condylar length remained. These findings suggest that mandibular protrusion in patients with acromegaly or acrogigantism may be evoked by superfluous elongation of the mandibular condyle and that such elongation can be induced by endochondral ossification caused by high IGF-I serum levels.     

Amino acids in the plasma of fasting Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata andM. f. yakui)

The plasma levels of 26 amino acids and related compounds were determined in five male and five female adult members of each of the two subspecies of Japanese monkeys,Macaca fuscata fuscata andM. f. yakui. Activities of L-asparaginase and histaminase in plasma were also measured.Numerous differences in amino acid levels between the sexes in the subspeciesfuscata were noted, with the female consistently exhibiting lower values. Few differences were observed between the sexes of the subspeciesyakui or between the two subspecies of Japanese monkeys. These monkeys were similar to other previously studied nonhuman primates in exhibiting measurable levels of 3-methylhistidine in plasma. There were numerous quantitative differences among Japanese monkeys and stump-tailed macaques, rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees, and man, with the Japanese monkeys usually exhibiting higher plasma levels.L-asparaginase activity was not detectable in these Japanese monkeys. Histaminase activity was similar to that previously measured in pig-tailed macaques and chimpanzees, lower than that in rhesus monkeys and stump-tailed macaques, and higher than that in man.     

Copulatory behavior in relation to anatomical characteristics of three macaques

Anatomy of copulatory organs and patterns of copulatory behavior were studied in three species of Macaca. The copulatory behavior of the rhesus monkey (M. mulatta) and crab-eating macaque (M. fascicularis) were similar. Mounting time was longer in stump-tailed macaque (M. arctoides) (48 seconds) than in the rhesus monkey or crab-eating macaque (8.5 seconds). Species differences were correlated with anatomical differences in the female and male reproductive organs. In the stump-tailed macaque the male has a relatively long penis, and the female has an elaborate vestibular colliculus in the vestibule. Both rhesus and crab-eating macaques have a short penis, and the female has no vestibular colliculus. Under scanning electron microscope, cone-like projections (3–4 mm) were observed on the surface of the glans and corpus penis of M. arctoides. In M. fascicularis shorter projections (0.05–0.1 mm) were observed on the glans penis but not the corpus penis.     

A review of sexual initiating behavior by male and female cynomolgus monkeys and some species comparisons

The sexual initiating behavior of male and female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) observed during standard laboratory tests is reviewed and compared with that of rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) observed under identical conditions. Species differences in sexual behavior are related here to differences in habitat, sexual dimorphism, and the dominance gradient between the sexes. Compared with rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys appear to be more arboreal, less sexually dimorphic, and have a smaller dominance gradient between the sexes. They exhibit a facultative single-mount copulatory pattern rather than the serial mount pattern of the rhesus monkey. Female cynomolgus monkeys are less dominated than rhesus females by their male partners. Direct aggression between mates is more frequent and redirected aggression occurs less often than in rhesus monkeys. These behavioral differences affect the interpretation of changes in initiation rates that occur (1) during the menstrual cycle, (2) when females are ovariectomized and given hormone replacement treatments, and (3) when males are castrated and treated with androgens. We conclude that estradiol in the female and testosterone in the male increase the sexual motivation of both the treated and the untreated partner. Valid interpretations of changes in initiation rates depend on accurate and exclusive definitions of behavior and on a consideration of the behavioral context in which they are made.     

Masses, centers-of-gravity, and moments-of-inertia of the body segments of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Segmental parameters (mass, center-of-gravity, and moment-of-inertia) are necessary for biomechanical analyses of a species' locomotor behavior. Seven male and eight female adult rhesus monkey cadavers were dismembered in order to determine segmental parameters. Mean values for the segment masses and moments-of-inertia are presented for males and females, separately and together. Statistical tests revealed significant differences between the sexes for these parameters. Regression equations for predicting segment masses and moments-on-inertia were developed for the sexes separately and pooled. For most segments the male and female equations did not differ significantly in slope or y-intercept. The center-of-gravity for each segment is presented as a mean percentage of the distance between the proximal and distal joint centers. The regression equations and center-of-gravity locations presented here permit biomechanical investigations of rhesus monkey locomotion without the necessity of subsequent sacrifice. The segmental parameter values determined for the rhesus monkey are compared with available data for other primate and mammalian species and the biomechanical and adaptive implications of such comparisons are discussed.     

四足型灵长类踝关节的生物力学研究

对猕猴属５种踝关节和跟骨生物力学和多变量分析的结构表明,踝关节的运动主要与距骨关节面的形态有关。楔形指数和跟骨指数是区别种间差异的重要指标。结合生态学观察的结果推测,短尾猴和藏酋猴的运动方式最为接近,表现出适应地栖四足型运动的特征,而豚尾猴和熊猴有关对的树栖运动方式,猕猴的运动介于两者之间,既有一定的地栖性运动,也有较大的树栖性运动。     

太行山猕猴髋骨异速增长和性别判定研究

目的是了解太行山猕猴髋骨性差特征及异速增长模式。太行山猕猴髋骨标本66例(雄21例,雌45例)。选择髋骨4个比值变量。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0。组间均值比较采用单因素方差分析。性别判别分析采用逐步判别法。结果表明:成年太行山猕猴大部分髋骨变量性差显著(P0.05)。根据髋骨变量的异速增长分析可以得到3种模式。回归模型检验有统计学意义(P<0.01)。用少量髋骨变量可以有效地识别性别,性别正确判别率是87.0%。结论:髋骨变量的性差与异速增长模式主要与雌性髋骨变量青春期异速增长有关,髋骨的形态特征是猕猴运动功能与生殖功能交互作用的结果。