Selection of high heterozygosity popcorn varieties in Brazil based on SSR markers

We analyzed genetic structure and diversity among eight populations of popcorn, using SSR loci as genetic markers. Our objectives were to select SSR loci that could be used to estimate genetic diversity within popcorn populations, and to analyze the genetic structure of promising populations with high levels of heterozygosity that could be used in breeding programs. Fifty-seven alleles (3.7 alleles per locus) were detected; the highest effective number of alleles (4.21) and the highest gene diversity (0.763) were found for the Umc2226 locus. A very high level of population differentiation was found (F(ST) = 0.3664), with F(ST) for each locus ranging from 0.1029 (Umc1664) to 0.6010 (Umc2350). This analysis allowed us to identify SSR loci with high levels of heterozygosity and heterozygous varieties, which could be selected for production of inbred lines and for developing new cultivars.     

云南栽培稻种SSR遗传多样性比较

采用64个SSR标记对96份云南水稻（Oryza sativa）地方品种和选育品种的遗传多样性进行比较分析。结果发现64个标记都具有多态性,共检测到741个等位基因,每个多态性位点检测到的等位基因数为2—29个,平均11．57个：Nei基因多样性指数（He）范围在0．345（RM321）-0．932（RM1）之间,平均为0．56。水稻品种的遗传多样性并非按地理位置均匀分布,而是在相似系数为0．17的水平上明显分为2个不同类群,即籼稻类群和粳稻类群,且籼粳亚种间的SSR多样性差异不明显,籼稻平均等位基因数（Ap）和Nei基因多样性指数（Ap=10．6,He=0．46）与粳稻品种（Ap=10．7,He=0．48）十分接近,可能与这些品种间存在一定频率的基因交流有关。糯稻和非糯稻在籼稻群和粳稻群中都有表现,没有特别的分布规律。云南栽培稻选育品种与地方稻亲缘关系较近,其遗传基础可能来源于云南水稻地方品种。本研究结果表明,SSR标记能较好地区分云南栽培稻品种,且云南水稻地方品种遗传多样性丰富,存在大量的优质性状可供育种实践选择。     

Genetic analysis of Indian aromatic and quality rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) germplasm using panels of fluorescently-labeled microsatellite markers

Genetic relationships among Indian aromatic and quality rice (Oryza sativa) germplasm were assessed using 30 fluorescently labeled rice microsatellite markers. The 69 rice genotypes used in this study included 52 Basmati and other scented/quality rice varieties from different parts of India and 17 indica and japonica varieties that served as controls. A total of 235 alleles were detected at the 30 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci, 62 (26.4%) of which were present only in Basmati and other scented/quality rice germplasm accessions. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 22, with an average of 7.8, polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.2 to 0.9, with an average of 0.6, and the size range between the smallest and the largest allele for a given microsatellite locus varied between 3 bp and 68 bp. Of the 30 SSR markers, 20 could distinguish traditional Basmati rice varieties, and a single panel of eight markers could be used to differentiate the premium traditional Basmati, cross-bred Basmati, and non-Basmati rice varieties having different commercial value in the marketplace. When estimates of inferred ancestry or similarity coefficients were used to cluster varieties, the high-quality Indian aromatic and quality rice genotypes could be distinguished from both indica and japonica cultivars, and crossbred varieties could be distinguished from traditional Basmati rices. The results indicate that Indian aromatic and quality germplasm is genetically distinct from other groups within O. sativa and is the product of a long, independent pattern of evolution. The data also suggest that there is scope for exploiting the genetic diversity of aromatic/quality rice germplasm available in India for national Basmati rice breeding programs.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at .     

Molecular characterization of oilseed rape accessions collected from multi continents for exploitation of potential heterotic group through SSR markers

Evaluation of the genetic diversity in conventional and modern rapeseed cultivars is essential for conservation, management and utilization of these genetic resources for high yielding hybrid production. The objective of this research was to evaluate a collection of 86 oilseed rape cultivars with 188 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assess the genetic variability, heterotic group identity and relationships within and between the groups identified among the genotypes. A total of 631 alleles at 188 SSR markers were detected including 53 and 84 unique and private alleles respectively, which indicated great richness and uniqueness of genetic variation in these selected cultivars. The mean number of alleles per locus was 3.3 and the average polymorphic information content was 0.35 for all microsatellite loci. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean clustering and principal component analysis consistently divided all the cultivars into four distinct groups (I, II, III and IV) which largely coincided with their geographical distributions. The Chinese origin cultivars are predominantly assembled in Group II and showed wide genetic base because of its high allelic abundance at SSR loci while most of the exotic cultivars grouped into Group I and were highly distinct owing to the abundant private and unique alleles. The highest genetic distance was found between Group I and IV, which mainly comprised of exotic and newly synthesized yellow seeded (1728-1 and G1087) breeding lines, respectively. Our study provides important insights into further utilization of exotic Brassica napus accessions in Chinese rapeseed breeding and vice versa.     

SSR markers reveal the population structure of Sri Lankan yellow dwarf coconuts (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cocos nucifera</Emphasis> L.)

World coconut germplasm has been classified broadly as tall and dwarf coconuts based on palm stature. Dwarf coconuts are predominantly self-breeding purelines hypothesised to have derived from tall coconuts. Dwarfs are categorized as yellow, green, red and brown on the colour of epicarp and are important as parents in hybridization of coconuts for desirable traits. Sri Lankan yellow dwarfs (SLYD) were observed to have uncommon phenotypes which were not previously reported for dwarf coconuts in the world, and this study was conducted to elucidate the population structure of SLYD. One hundred and two randomly selected SLYD individuals were categorized into three morphological groups and their genotypes were derived at 30 SSR loci. Genotypic data were analysed in PowerMarker 3.2.5 and Structure 2.3.4 software to derive the genetic diversity and the population structure. Unexpectedly high numbrs of alleles, genotypes, gene diversity and heterozygosity values were recorded for SLYD. Four populations were identified within SLYD under admixture model and their morphological variations were determined. Cross pollination between the dwarf and tall coconut varieties followed by the fixing of alleles by subsequent self-pollination was hypothesised to be the cause for the emergence of new genetic groups within dwarf populations. The study demonstrated the formation of new genotypes upon limited cross pollination of even naturally self-pollinating tree crops. The information will be useful for developing strategies for germplasm conservation, practical coconut breeding and determining the domestication and evolution of dwarf coconuts.     

Automated sizing of fluorescent-labeled simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assay genetic variation in soybean

 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) allele sizing provides a useful tool for genotype identification, pedigree analysis, and for estimating genetic distance between organisms. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars are identified for Plant Variety Protection (PVP) purposes by standard pigmentation and morphological traits. However, many commercial soybeans arise from a limited number of elite lines and are often indistinguishable based on these traits. A system based on SSR markers would provide unique DNA profiles of cultivars. Fluorescent labeling of alleles combined with automated sizing with internal size standards in each gel lane was used as an alternative to standard [³²P] labeling to assess genetic variability in soybean. Allelic frequencies at 20 SSR loci were determined in 35 soybean genotypes that account for greater than 95% of the alleles in North American soybean cultivars based upon pedigree analysis. An average of 10.1 alleles per locus (range: 5–17), with a mean gene diversity of 0.80 (range: 0.50 to 0.87) were observed at the 20 SSR loci. The 20 loci successfully distinguished modern soybean cultivars that are identical for morphological and pigmentation traits, as well as 7 soybean genotypes reported to be indistinguishable using 17 RFLP probes. Pedigrees of 7 cultivars were studied to estimate stability of SSRs in soybean across generations. Of the 7 pedigrees 6 had one locus in the progeny with an allele(s) that was not present in either parent. These new alleles are most likely the result of mutation. The mutation rate of SSR alleles in soybean was similar to that reported in humans. To avoid difficulty associated with mutation, DNA fingerprint data should be determined from the bulk of 30-50 plants of a cultivar. Received: 24 March 1997 / Accepted: 4 April 1997     

云南栽培稻种SSR 遗传多样性比较

采用64个SSR标记对96份云南水稻(Oryz a sativa)地方品种和选育品种的遗传多样性进行比较分析。结果发现64个标记都具有多态性, 共检测到741个等位基因, 每个多态性位点检测到的等位基因数为2-29个, 平均11.57个; Nei基因多样性指数(He)范围在0.345(RM321)-0.932(RM1)之间, 平均为0.56。水稻品种的遗传多样性并非按地理位置均匀分布, 而是在相 似系数为0.17的水平上明显分为2个不同类群, 即籼稻类群和粳稻类群, 且籼粳亚种间的SSR多样性差异不明显, 籼稻平均等位基因数(Ap)和Nei基因多样性指数(Ap=10.6, He=0.46)与粳稻品种(Ap=10.7, He=0.48)十分接近, 可能与这些品种间存在一定频率的基因交流有关。糯稻和非糯稻在籼稻群和粳稻群中都有表现, 没有特别的分布规律。云南栽培稻选育品种与地方稻亲缘关系较近, 其遗传基础可能来源于云南水稻地方品种。本研究结果表明, SSR标记能较好地区分云南栽培稻品种, 且云南水稻地方品种遗传多样性丰富, 存在大量的优质性状可供育种实践选择。     

Microsatellite markers reveal high genetic diversity in date palm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoenix dactylifera</Emphasis> L.) germplasm from Sudan

Genetic diversity in date palm germplasm from Sudan representing 37 female and 23 male accessions was investigated using 16 loci of microsatellite (SSR) primers. Eight female accessions from Morocco were included as reference material. The tested SSR markers showed a high level of polymorphism. A total of 343 alleles were detected at the 16 loci. The number of alleles per marker ranged from 14 to 44 with an average of 21.4 per locus. A high level of expected heterozygosity was observed among Sudan cultivars (0.841), Morocco cultivars (0.820) and male accessions (0.799). The results indicate that the genetic groups of the Sudan cultivars and/or males do not follow a clear geographic pattern. However, the morocco group showed significant differentiation in relation to the Sudan groups, as measured by F (ST) values and genetic distances. The effect of the methods of pollination and cultivar selection on the genetic structure was clearly detected by the weak clustering association that was observed for the majority of accessions originating from Sudan and Morocco as well. This suggests the need for further investigation on the genetic diversity of Sudanese date palm germplasm. A deeper insight will be revealed by a detailed analysis of populations originating from different geographic locations.     

Genetic diversity among alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cultivars coming from a breeding program, using SSR markers

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is an autotetraploid, allogamous and heterozygous species whose cultivars are synthetic populations. The breeders apply selection pressure for some agronomic traits within a breeding pool to increase the frequency of favorable individuals. The objective of this study was to investigate the differentiation level among seven cultivars originating from one breeding program, and between these cultivars and the breeding pool, with eight SSR markers. These highly polymorphic and codominant markers, together with recent population genetic statistics extended to autotetraploids, offer tools to analyse genetic diversity in alfalfa. The number of alleles per locus varied between 3 and 24. All loci were at a panmictic equilibrium in the cultivars, except one, probably because of null alleles. With seven SSR loci, each cultivar was at panmictic equilibrium. The mean gene diversity was high, ranging from 0.665 to 0.717 in the cultivars. The parameter F _ST indicated a low but significant diversity among cultivars. Among 21 pairs of cultivars, 15 were significantly different. The breeding pool also had a high diversity, and was significantly different from each cultivar except the most recent one. Considering the characteristics of the breeding program and the mode of cultivar elaboration, we found that they were unable to generate a large variety differentiation. Estimation of population genetics parameters at SSR loci can be applied for assessing the differences between cultivars or populations, either for variety distinction or the management of genetic resources.     

Polymorphism of microsatellite loci in cultivars and species of pear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus</Emphasis> L.)

Using five SSR markers, polymorphism of microsatellite loci was examined in 46 cultivars and five species of pear (Pyrus ussuriensis, P. bretscgneideri, P. pyraster, and P. elaegnifolia). Most of the accessions examined showed the presence of unique allele sets. The degree of relationship between Russian and Western European pear cultivar was established. It was demonstrated that P. ussuriensis and its first generation progeny were genetically distant from typical cultivars of P. communis, as well as from the P. communis × P. ussuriensis hybrids of later generations. SSR estimates of the cultivar relatedness were shown to correlate with the corresponding pedigree-based estimates. A number of SSR alleles specific to P. ussuriensis were identified. Based on the analysis of microsatellite loci, the allelic composition was determined for each cultivar examined. These data can serve as a molecular certificate of the cultivar.     

Identification of unique alleles and assessment of genetic diversity of rabi sorghum accessions using simple sequence repeat markers

Genetic diversity among 42 sorghum accessions representing landraces (19), advanced breeding lines (16), local cultivars (2) and release varieties (5) with 30 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers revealed 7.6 mean number of alleles per locus showing 93.3% polymorphism and an average polymorphism information content of 0.78 which range from 0.22 (Xtxp12) and 0.91(Xtxp321). The average heterozygosity and effective number of alleles per locus were 0.8 and 6.65 respectively. Cluster analysis based on microsatellite allelic diversity clearly demarcated the accessions into ten clusters. A total of 24 unique alleles were obtained from seven SSR loci in 23 accessions in a size range of 110–380 bp; these unique alleles may serve as diagnostic tools for particular region of the genome of respective genotypes. Selected SSR markers from different linkage groups provided an accurate way of determining genetic diversity at the molecular level.     

SSR allelic variation in almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.)

Sixteen SSR markers including eight EST-SSR and eight genomic SSRs were used for genetic diversity analysis of 23 Chinese and 15 international almond cultivars. EST- and genomic SSR markers previously reported in species of Prunus, mainly peach, proved to be useful for almond genetic analysis. DNA sequences of 117 alleles of six of the 16 SSR loci were analysed to reveal sequence variation among the 38 almond accessions. For the four SSR loci with AG/CT repeats, no insertions or deletions were observed in the flanking regions of the 98 alleles sequenced. Allelic size variation of these loci resulted exclusively from differences in the structures of repeat motifs, which involved interruptions or occurrences of new motif repeats in addition to varying number of AG/CT repeats. Some alleles had a high number of uninterrupted repeat motifs, indicating that SSR mutational patterns differ among alleles at a given SSR locus within the almond species. Allelic homoplasy was observed in the SSR loci because of base substitutions, interruptions or compound repeat motifs. Substitutions in the repeat regions were found at two SSR loci, suggesting that point mutations operate on SSRs and hinder the further SSR expansion by introducing repeat interruptions to stabilize SSR loci. Furthermore, it was shown that some potential point mutations in the flanking regions are linked with new SSR repeat motif variation in almond and peach. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Polymorphism of microsatellite loci in cultivars and species of pear (Pyrus L.)

Using five SSR markers, polymorphism ofmicrosatellite loci was examined in 46 cultivars and five species of pear (Pyrus ussuriensis, P. bretscgneideri, P. pyraster, and P. elaegnifolia). Most of the accessions examined demonstrated the presence of unique allele sets. The degree of relationship between Russian and Western European pear cultivar was established. It was demonstrated that P. ussuriensis and its first generation progeny were genetically distant from typical cultivars of P. communis, as well as from the P. communis x P. ussuriensis hybrids of later generations. SSR estimates of the cultivar relatedness were shown to correlate with the corresponding pedigree-based estimates. A number of SSR alleles specific to P. ussuriensis were identified. Based on the analysis of microsatellite loci, the allelic composition was determined for each cultivar examined. These data can serve as a molecular certificate of the cultivar.     

Allelic reduction and genetic shift in the Canadian hard red spring wheat germplasm released from 1845 to 2004

Analysis of genetic diversity changes in existing gene pools of cultivated crops is important for understanding the impact of plant breeding on crop genetic diversity and developing effective indicators for genetic diversity of cultivated plants. The objective of this study was to assess genetic diversity changes in 75 Canadian hard red wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars released from 1845 to 2004 using 31 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers. A total of 267 SSR alleles were detected, and their allelic frequencies ranged from 0.01 to 0.97, with an average of 0.14. Significant allelic reduction was observed at only four SSR loci for the cultivars released from 1970 onwards. However, 51 alleles (about 19%) present in pre-1910 cultivars were undetected in cultivars released after 1990 and were spread over 27 SSR loci. The proportion of SSR variation accounted for by six breeding periods was 12.5%, by four ancestral families, 16.5%, and by eight breeding programs, 8.4%. The average genetic diversity measured by three different band-sharing methods did not change significantly among cultivars released from different breeding periods, breeding programs, and ancestral families. However, genetic shift was obvious in the cultivars released over the six breeding periods, reflecting well the various breeding efforts over years. These results clearly show the allelic reduction and genetic shift in the Canadian hard red spring wheat germplasm released over time. Consequently, more effort needs to be made to broaden the wheat breeding base and conserve wheat germplasm.     

Genetic diversity analysis of barley landraces and cultivars in the Shanghai region of China

We analyzed the genetic diversity of 115 barley germplasms, including 112 landraces and three new barley cultivars grown in the Shanghai region, using a set of 11 SSR markers. Sixty-six alleles were observed at the 11 SSR loci, ranged from three to ten, with a mean of six alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.568 to 0.853, with a mean of 0.732, indicating considerable genetic variation in barley in the Shanghai area. Clustering analysis indicated that these barley accessions could be divided into two categories (A and B). Ninety-seven six-rowed barley cultivars were classified in the A category; sixteen two-rowed and two six-rowed barley cultivars were classified in the B category. This demonstrated genetic differences between two-rowed and six-rowed barley varieties. In addition, we found that the three new barley cultivars are closely related.     

Genetic diversity in three groups of barley germplasm assessed by simple sequence repeats.

Genetic diversity can be measured by several criteria, including phenotype, pedigree, allelic diversity at marker loci, and allelic diversity at loci controlling phenotypes of interest. Abundance, high level of polymorphism, and ease of genotyping make simple sequence repeats (SSRs) an excellent molecular marker system for genetics diversity analyses. In this study, we used a set of mapped SSRs to survey three representative groups of barley germplasm: a sample of crop progenitor (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) accessions, a group of mapping population parents, and a group of varieties and elite breeding lines. The objectives were to determine (i) how informative SSRs are in these three sets of barley germplasm resources and (ii) the utility of SSRs in classifying barley germplasm. A total of 687 alleles were identified at 42 SSR loci in 147 genotypes. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 31, with an average of 16.3. Crop progenitors averaged 10.3 alleles per SSR locus, mapping population parents 8.3 alleles per SSR locus, and elite breeding lines 5.8 alleles per SSR locus. There were many exclusive (unique) alleles. The polymorphism information content values for the SSRs ranged from 0.08 to 0.94. The cluster analysis indicates a high level of diversity within the crop progenitors accessions and within the mapping population parents. It also shows a lower level of diversity within the elite breeding germplasm. Our results demonstrate that this set of SSRs was highly informative and was useful in generating a meaningful classification of the germplasm that we sampled. Our long-term goal is to determine the utility of molecular marker diversity as a tool for gene discovery and efficient use of germplasm.     

用SSR和AFLP技术分析花生抗青枯病种质遗传多样性的比较

由Ralstonia solanacearum E.F.Smith引起的青枯病是若干亚洲和非洲国家花生生产的重要限制因子,利用抗病品种是防治这一病害最好的措施。虽然一大批抗青枯病花生种质资源材料已被鉴定出来,但对其遗传多样性没有足够的研究,限制了在育种中的有效利用。本研究以31份对青枯病具有不同抗性的栽培种花生种质为材料,通过简单序列重复(SSR)和扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)技术分析了它们的遗传多样性。通过78对SSR引物和126对AFLP引物的鉴定,筛选出能显示抗青枯病种质多态性的SSR引物29对和AFLP引物32对。所选用的29对多态性SSR引物共扩增91条多态性带,平均每对引物扩增3.14条多态性带;32对多态性AFLP引物共扩增72条多态性带,平均扩增2.25条多态性带。在所筛选引物中,4对SSR引物(14H06,7G02,3A8,16C6)和1对AFLP引物(P1M62)检测花生多态性的效果优于其他引物。SSR分析获得的31个花生种质的遗传距离为0.12-0.94,平均为0.53,而AFLP分析获得的遗传距离为0.06～0.57,平均为0.25,基于SSR分析的遗传距离大于基于AFLP分析的遗传距离,疏枝亚种组的遗传分化相对大于密枝亚种组。基于两种分析方法所获得的聚类结果基本一致,但SSR数据聚类结果与栽培种花生的形态分类系统更为吻合。根据分析结果,对构建青枯病抗性遗传图谱群体的核心亲本和抗性育种策略提出了建议。     

Microsatellite variation of cassava (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Manihot esculenta</Emphasis> Crantz) in home gardens of Chibchan Amerindians from Costa Rica

We used 13 microsatellite marker loci to determine the genetic diversity of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) grown in home gardens in two Chibchan Amerindian reserves in Costa Rica. We compared the levels of genetic diversity in the reserves with that of commercial varieties typically cultivated in Costa Rica. We found high levels of genetic diversity among cassava plants. Overall, 12 of the 13 loci examined were polymorphic in each Amerindian reserve (P = 92.3). Moreover, we found 36 alleles in the Coto Brus Reserve and 33 in the Talamanca Reserve. In the commercial varieties only nine loci were polymorphic (P = 69.2), and we only found 23 alleles. Heterozygosity was high for all groups of cassava (Coto Brus, Talamanca, and commercial varieties), but it was higher among the commercial varieties. The levels of heterozygosity and allele diversity indicate that there is significant genetic diversity in the home gardens that we examined. Another indication of the high diversity found in these gardens is the number of distinct multilocus genotypes, 28 at Coto Brus and 19 at Talamanca. There was also more than one distinct multilocus genotype found within the commercial varieties, as three were found in Valencia and four in Manyi. Our data also revealed low levels of genetic differentiation between the three groups of cassava (F_st = 0.03), and Nei’s genetic distances ranged from 0.0167 to 0.0343. In addition, F estimates (F_is and F_it) indicate excess heterozygotes, both at the subpopulation and the population level. A hierarchical analysis of the genetic variation revealed that variation between sampling locations within each of the three groups of cassava was larger than that between groups (Theta S = 0.0775 and Theta P = 0.0204, respectively). The variety Manyi was the group genetically most distant from all others. We discuss the consequences of these findings for in situ conservation of genetic resources.     

我国陆地棉基础种质遗传多样性的SSR分子标记分析

利用398对BNL、JESPR、TMB等SSR引物,对不同亲本来源、不同选育时期、不同种植生态区的43份陆地棉基础种质进行了遗传多样性的SSR分子标记分析。扩增产物用8％的非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶检测,银染观察并照相。遗传多样性带型分析按位点多态信息量（PIC）,Shannon-weaver多样性指数（H^＋）等方法,利用NTSYSpc2．1软件计算品种间的遗传相似系数（Jaccard系数）,并用类平均法（UPGMA）进行聚类。结果表明所选择多态性引物分布在棉花基因组的第3、4、5、8、9、10、16、18、20、23号等染色体上,36对多态性引物在基础种质中扩增等位基因130个,其中多态性等位基因占80％,每个引物扩增等位基因2～8个,平均3．6个,PIC为0．278～0．865,平均0．62,基因型多样性（H^＋）为0．451～2．039,平均1．102,基础种质问SSR遗传相似系数平均为0．610,变幅为0．409～0．865,这说明所选基础种质基因组水平的多样性较丰富,变化范围大、代表性强。按品种不同选育时期来讲,第一、二、三期基础种质的SSR分子标记平均遗传相似系数分别是0．587、0．630、0．630,说明现代基础种质比早期基础种质在基因组水平的差异呈下降的趋势,可能是由于育种者偏重于使用优质高产性状的亲本品种,致使我国棉花的育种基础逐渐变窄。不同棉区基础种质SSR标记性状差异大,北部特早熟棉区基础种质间的SSR标记的多样性大于黄河、长江棉区,主要原因是长江、黄河棉区的育种过分强调高产、优质品种选育,品种间的差异变小;基础种质中的国内品种SSR相似系数（0．624）比引进品种（0.85）高,说明国内品种在遗传多样性上目前还没有超越国外品种。总之,我国棉花现代基础种质比早期基础种质的遗传多样性呈下降的趋势,黄河、长江主产棉区基础种质的遗传多样性还没有超过国外基础种质,品种间的遗传背景较为狭窄,还必须采用多种途径丰富我国棉花种质资源的遗传多样性。     

Genetic diversity in basmati rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) germplasm as revealed by microsatellite (SSR) markers

Genetic diversity among rice genotypes, including 15 indica basmati advance lines and 5 basmati improved varieties were investigated by 28 SSR markers including one indel marker. The SSRs covered all the 12 chromosomes that distributed across the rice genomes. The mean number of alleles per locus was 3.60, showing average number of polymorphism information content was 0.48. A total of 101 alleles were also identified from the microsatellite marker loci. A number of SSR markers were also identified that could be utilized to differentiate between rice genotypes. Pair wise Nei’s genetic distance between rice genotypes ranged from 0.07 to 0.95. The dendrogram based on cluster analysis by using SSR polymorphism that grouped the 20 genotypes of rice in to five clusters based on their genetic similarity. The result could be useful for the identification and selection of the diverse genotypes for the future cross breeding program and development of new rice varieties.