竹叶柴胡地上部分的化学成分

竹叶柴胡(Bupleurum marginatumWall.ex DC.)为伞形科(Apiaceae)柴胡属(BupleurumL.)植物,主要分布于四川北部、陕西南部、湖北西部及云南、贵州等省区,全株均可入药,为目前市场上药材柴胡的三大主要来源之一。柴胡具解表和里、疏肝解郁、提升中气之功效,在中药学中具有重要地位,在中国也已有2000多年的应用历史。目前,有关北柴胡(B.chinenseDC.)及南柴胡(B.scorzonerifoliumWilld.)的相关研究较多,而对在西南地区广泛使用的竹叶柴胡的研究却甚少。另外,对柴胡的相关研究多集中于根及根茎,有关柴胡茎叶化学成分和药理作用的研究较少。…     

中国伞形科柴胡属果实表面微形态特征及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜方法对中国20种柴胡属植物(含17种3变种,其中汶川柴胡和北柴胡各有2个居群)的果实表面微形态进行了研究,结果表明:柴胡属植物外果皮表面纹饰特征在所研究的居群间比较稳定;20种柴胡属植物果实微形态在表皮细胞形状是否可见、表面纹饰以及分泌物类型上表现出较高的多态性,可作为柴胡属种间鉴定的重要参考性状.根据果实表面细胞形状是否可见将所研究的柴胡属植物分成了两类:细胞形状可见型和细胞形状不可见型.根据果实表面微形态、外部形态特征和其他参考性状,支持黄花鸭跖柴胡(Bupleurum commelynoideum var.flaviflorum)独立成种.     

黄土高原半干旱区柴胡种植模式

采用大田试验,设计冬小麦收获后复播大豆、大豆套作柴胡(小麦-大豆/柴胡)和冬小麦收获后复播柴胡(小麦-柴胡)及玉米套作柴胡(玉米/柴胡)3种种植模式,探讨黄土高原半干旱区适宜柴胡的"粮药"栽培模式.结果表明:与玉米/柴胡和小麦-柴胡种植模式相比,小麦-大豆/柴胡种植模式经济产量最高,生态效益最好;不同柴胡品种中,万柴胡(原产地温度相对较高)产量最高,左柴胡(原产地温度相对较低)最低,表明柴胡适宜从高温地区引种到低温地区栽培,可提高产量.小麦-大豆/柴胡种植模式为最佳"粮药"栽培模式,其柴胡产量比玉米/柴胡和小麦-柴胡种植模式分别增产11.6%和16.8%.     

中国柴胡属染色体数目和核型研究

采用植物染色体常规压片技术,报道了中国柴胡属(Bupleurum L .)13种5变种24个居群的染色体数目,其中4种5变种为首次报道,同时报道了5种1变种的细胞核型.除天山柴胡两个居群、紫花鸭跖柴胡一个居群和北柴胡一个居群是多倍体外,其它均为二倍体.主要结论如下:(1)秦岭柴胡和细茎有柄柴胡处理为独立的种更为合适;紫花阔叶柴胡作为大叶柴胡变种的处理是合理的;黄花鸭跖柴胡处理为紫花鸭跖柴胡的变种是不合理的.(2)紫花鸭跖柴胡和北柴胡可能都是还没有被完全认识的复合类群,需要进一步研究.(3)x=7可能是柴胡属的原始基数.     

北柴胡(Bupleurum chinese)花序分化进程研究

为了了解造成北柴胡(Bupleurum chinese)种子发芽率低、无胚率高等种子质量问题的原因,本文对北柴胡花序分化进程的各个时期以及不同位置花序分化进程的差异进行了研究.根据观察结果,将北柴胡花序分化进程划分为初生期、小伞原基分化期、小花原基分化期、雌雄蕊原基分化期、生殖结构分化始期和花粉粒完熟期6个时期.同时,发现各级次级花序均比上一级花序在分化进程上落后至少1个时期.不同位置花序分化进程的不同步性是导致北柴胡种子质量问题的一个重要原因.通过人工措施促进早分化的主茎及Ⅰ和Ⅱ级花序发育,抑制晚发育的Ⅲ和Ⅳ级花序发育,可望提高北柴胡的种子质量.     

柴胡提取物对小鼠的体外免疫效应

利用淋巴细胞转化实验 ,肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素 2的诱生和活性检测的方法 ,观察南、北柴胡提取物在体外对正常小鼠的免疫功能影响。结果显示 :1.北柴胡BuOH H2 O水溶物、北柴胡 5 0 %Eton提取后药渣组分、北柴胡 5 0 %Eton提取物以及南柴胡水提物能增强淋巴细胞转化作用 ;2 .不同柴胡提取物对IL 2的产生均有显著增强作用 ;3.北柴胡BuOH H2 O水溶物、北柴胡 5 0 %Eton提取物以及南柴胡水提物能显著增强TNFα的产生。本实验表明 ,南、北柴胡提取物能增强机体的细胞免疫功能 ,但南、北柴胡不同提取物的免疫作用有差异。     

西北产6种药用柴胡营养器官的比较解剖学研究

柴胡是伞形科柴胡属植物,据报道,全世界有150种左右,主要分布在北半球及亚热带地区,初步统计我国有30余种。据我们在西北五省调查,药用种类有21种之多,药用主流种类有柴胡Bupleurum chinesis DC.、狭叶柴胡B. scorzonerifolium Willd.、银州柴胡B. yinchowense Shan et Y. Li、小叶黑柴胡B. smithii Wolff. var. parvi-     

柴胡皂甙p的结构鉴定

从小叶黑柴胡 Bupleurum smithii Wolff var.parvifolium 的根中分离得到 5个化合物 ～ .经化学和波谱方法鉴定 ,化合物 为 3β,1 6β,2 3,2 8-四羟基齐墩果 - 1 1 ,1 3 1 8 -二烯 - 3- O- β- D-吡喃葡萄糖基 1→ 6 - [β- D-吡喃葡萄糖基 1→ 2 ]- β- D-吡喃葡萄糖甙 ,为新化合物 ,命名为柴胡皂甙 p saikosaponin p .化合物 ～ 分别为已知化合物柴胡皂甙元 D 、柴胡皂甙 g 、柴胡次皂甙 H 和柴胡皂甙 b2 .它们均首次从小叶黑柴胡中获得     

不同套种模式北柴胡的化学差异研究

目的:对"谷子/柴胡套种"和"玉米/柴胡套种"两种套种模式下北柴胡的化学成分进行比较,从化学组成角度阐明两种套种模式下北柴胡的化学成分的差异.方法:采用柴胡皂苷含量测定,结合基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法的代谢组学技术以及全球天然产物社会分子网络,对两种不同套种模式的北柴胡进行全面比较.结果:玉米/柴胡套种的北柴胡药材...     

精恶唑禾草灵对不同品种柴胡茎秆力学特性的影响

为应用茎秆生物力学性质指标研究不同剂量除草剂对柴胡安全性的影响,以南柴胡和北柴胡茎秆为试验材料,精恶唑禾草灵为试验除草剂,分别在拔节期和开花期利用非金属材料万能试验机对茎秆基部第2节间的最大荷载、应力、应变、弹性模量、拉伸强度、剪切强度等力学指标进行测定和统计分析.结果表明:北柴胡的茎杆直径、最大荷载、抗拉强度等均高于南柴胡,最大荷载高了约13%,抗拉强度与茎杆直径呈线性相关关系(R=0.9194);南柴胡和北柴胡拔节期的茎杆拉伸强度和剪切强度均高于开花期;柴胡茎经中低剂量(0-1500ml/hm~2)的精恶唑禾草灵处理后,其抗拉强度和剪切强度无明显变化,但高剂量(3000ml/hm~2)的精恶唑禾草灵施用后显著降低了柴胡茎杆的抗拉强度和剪切强度,会直接导致柴胡抗倒伏能力降低,造成柴胡产量和品质下降.该结果可为柴胡田除草剂的安全施用及药材机械化收割技术的研发提供参考依据.     

Preparation of hair for measurement of elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

The preparation of hair for the determination of elements is a critical component of the analysis procedure. Open-beaker, closedvessel microwave, and flowthrough microwave digestion are methods that have been used for sample preparation and are discussed. A new digestion method for use with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been developed. The method uses 0.2 g of hair and 3 mL of concentrated nitric acid in an atmospheric pressurelow-temperature microwave digestion (APLTMD) system. This preparation method is useful in handling a large numbers of samples per day and may be adapted to hair sample weights ranging from 0.08 to 0.3 g. After digestion, samples are analyzed by ICP-MS to determine the concentration of Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, and U. Benefits of the APLTMD include reduced contamination and sample handling, and increased precision, reliability, and sample throughput.     

日本北海道虻类雌性外生殖器形态(双翅目：虻科)(英文)

【目的】利用日本北海道虻类评估和验证外生殖器在分类学上的意义。【方法】将虻类成虫标本浸渍在生理盐水中并置于双目显微镜下通过针和镊子在培养皿中进行解剖并绘图,观察第9背板、第10背板、尾叶、第8腹板、受精囊、受精囊管及生殖叉器的形态特征。【结果】在日本北海道共记录了虻科(Tabanidae) 3亚科7属38种。我们观察并描述了3亚科其中的6属24种的雌性外生殖器的主要特征。亚科之间存在明显差异;然而在一般情况下属之间很难建立一种方法来确定共同点;种之间只有在斑虻属Chrysops中有相似之处,其他属中则比较多样化。因此,亚科鉴定根据第9背板、第8腹板及受精囊足以进行区分,属及种鉴定需要结合第9背板、第10背板、尾叶、第8腹板、受精囊、受精囊管及生殖叉器各自的特征组合在一起才能区分开来。我们也制作了虻类外生殖器的检索表。【结论】和许多其他昆虫一样,外生殖器是虻科的重要分类特征,对于促进分类学和系统学的发展具有重要意义。本研究首次对分布在日本北海道的虻科雌性外生殖器进行了系统研究。     

外泌体在白血病中的重要调控作用

目前,白血病复发是患者死亡的主要原因之一。肿瘤细胞和微环境的相互作用,以及隐匿在骨髓中的肿瘤干细胞,促进了白血病的复发和向淋巴组织的转移,因此白血病的治疗、转移和复发问题受到广泛关注。外泌体是由绝大多数细胞分泌的双层脂质膜囊泡,可以调控细胞间的交流和信息传递。在白血病细胞、基质细胞和内皮细胞之间的相互联系中都涉及到外泌体,白血病细胞来源的外泌体存在于白血病患者的血浆中,能把其携带的白血病相关抗原及微小RNA呈递给靶细胞,促进白血病肿瘤细胞的增殖,有助于肿瘤细胞实现免疫逃避,保护白血病细胞抵抗化疗药物导致的细胞毒性作用,促进血管生成及肿瘤细胞的迁移。因此,外泌体与白血病的转移、治疗及预后密切相关,可以用来检测和监测白血病的进展。本文综述了外泌体的来源、形成与分泌机制,以及外泌体在白血病发生前、发展中、预后和免疫治疗中所扮演的重要角色。     

Staining protocols for human pancreatic islets

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and beta mass ranges from 500 to 1500 mg. With this known heterogeneity, a standard processing and staining procedure was developed so that pancreatic regions were clearly defined and islets characterized using rigorous histopathology and immunolocalization examinations. Standardized procedures for processing human pancreas recovered from organ donors are described in part 1 of this series. The pancreas is processed into 3 main regions (head, body, tail) followed by transverse sections. Transverse sections from the pancreas head are further divided, as indicated based on size, and numbered alphabetically to denote subsections. This standardization allows for a complete cross sectional analysis of the head region including the uncinate region which contains islets composed primarily of pancreatic polypeptide cells to the tail region. The current report comprises part 2 of this series and describes the procedures used for serial sectioning and histopathological characterization of the pancreatic paraffin sections with an emphasis on islet endocrine cells, replication, and T-cell infiltrates. Pathology of pancreatic sections is intended to characterize both exocrine, ductular, and endocrine components. The exocrine compartment is evaluated for the presence of pancreatitis (active or chronic), atrophy, fibrosis, and fat, as well as the duct system, particularly in relationship to the presence of pancreatic intraductal neoplasia. Islets are evaluated for morphology, size, and density, endocrine cells, inflammation, fibrosis, amyloid, and the presence of replicating or apoptotic cells using H&E and IHC stains. The final component described in part 2 is the provision of the stained slides as digitized whole slide images. The digitized slides are organized by case and pancreas region in an online pathology database creating a virtual biobank. Access to this online collection is currently provided to over 200 clinicians and scientists involved in type 1 diabetes research. The online database provides a means for rapid and complete data sharing and for investigators to select blocks for paraffin or frozen serial sections.     

Assessing burrowing, nest construction, and hoarding in mice

Deterioration in the ability to perform "Activities of daily living" (ADL) is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical behavioural screening of possible treatments for AD currently largely focuses on cognitive testing, which frequently demands expensive equipment and lots of experimenter time. However, human episodic memory (the most severely affected aspect of memory in AD) is different to rodent memory, which seems to be largely non-episodic. Therefore the present ways of screening for new AD treatments for AD in rodents are intrinsically unlikely to succeed. A new approach to preclinical screening would be to characterise the ADL of mice. Fortuitously, several such assays have recently been developed at Oxford, and here the three most sensitive and well-characterised are presented. Burrowing was first developed in Oxford. It evolved from a need to develop a mouse hoarding paradigm. Most published rodent hoarding paradigms required a distant food source to be linked to the home cage by a connecting passage. This would involve modifying the home cage as well as making a mouse-proof connecting passage and food source. So it was considered whether it would be possible to put the food source inside the cage. It was found that if a container was placed on the floor it was emptied by the next morning., The food pellets were, however, simply deposited in a heap at the container entrance, rather than placed in a discrete place away from the container, as might be expected if the mice were truly hoarding them. Close inspection showed that the mice were performing digging ("burrowing") movements, not carrying the pellets in their mouths to a selected place as they would if truly hoarding them. Food pellets are not an essential substrate for burrowing; mice will empty tubes filled with sand, gravel, even soiled bedding from their own cage. Moreover, they will empty a full tube even if an empty one is placed next to it. Several nesting protocols exist in the literature. The present Oxford one simplifies the procedure and has a well-defined scoring system for nest quality. A hoarding paradigm was later developed in which the mice, rather than hoarding back to the real home cage, were adapted to living in the "home base" of a hoarding apparatus. This home base was connected to a tube made of wire mesh, the distal end of which contained the food source. This arrangement proved to yield good hoarding behaviour, as long as the mice were adapted to living in the "home base" during the day and only allowed to enter the hoarding tube at night.     

A phylogenetic analysis of 100+ genera and 50+ families of euasterids based on morphological and molecular data with notes on possible higher level morphological synapomorphies

 A data matrix of 143 morphological and chemical characters for 142 genera of euasterids according to the APG system was compiled and complemented with rbcL and ndhF sequences for most of the genera. The data were subjected to parsimony analysis and support was assessed by bootstrapping. Strict consensus trees from analyses of morphology alone and morphology + rbcL + ndhF are presented. The morphological data recover several groups supported by molecular data but at the level of orders and above relationships are only superficially in agreement with molecular studies. The analyses provide support for monophyly of Gentianales, Aquifoliales, Apiales, Asterales, and Dipsacales. All data indicate that Adoxaceae are closely related to Dipsacales and hence they should be included in that order. The trees were used to assess some possible morphological synapomorphies for euasterids I and II and for the orders of the APG system. Euasterids I are generally characterised by opposite leaves, entire leaf margins, hypogynous flowers, “early sympetaly” with a ring-shaped corolla primordium, fusion of stamen filaments with the corolla tube, and capsular fruits. Euasterids II often have alternate leaves, serrate-dentate leaf margins, epigynous flowers, “late sympetaly” with distinct petal primordia, free stamen filaments, and indehiscent fruits. It is unclear which of these characters represent synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies for the two groups, respectively, and there are numerous expections to be interpreted as reversals and parallelisms. Received August 28, 2000 Accepted August 7, 2001     

Automated High-throughput Behavioral Analyses in Zebrafish Larvae

We have created a novel high-throughput imaging system for the analysis of behavior in 7-day-old zebrafish larvae in multi-lane plates. This system measures spontaneous behaviors and the response to an aversive stimulus, which is shown to the larvae via a PowerPoint presentation. The recorded images are analyzed with an ImageJ macro, which automatically splits the color channels, subtracts the background, and applies a threshold to identify individual larvae placement in the lanes. We can then import the coordinates into an Excel sheet to quantify swim speed, preference for edge or side of the lane, resting behavior, thigmotaxis, distance between larvae, and avoidance behavior. Subtle changes in behavior are easily detected using our system, making it useful for behavioral analyses after exposure to environmental toxicants or pharmaceuticals.     

A Microplate Assay to Assess Chemical Effects on RBL-2H3 Mast Cell Degranulation: Effects of Triclosan without Use of an Organic Solvent

Mast cells play important roles in allergic disease and immune defense against parasites. Once activated (e.g. by an allergen), they degranulate, a process that results in the exocytosis of allergic mediators. Modulation of mast cell degranulation by drugs and toxicants may have positive or adverse effects on human health. Mast cell function has been dissected in detail with the use of rat basophilic leukemia mast cells (RBL-2H3), a widely accepted model of human mucosal mast cells^3-5. Mast cell granule component and the allergic mediator β-hexosaminidase, which is released linearly in tandem with histamine from mast cells⁶, can easily and reliably be measured through reaction with a fluorogenic substrate, yielding measurable fluorescence intensity in a microplate assay that is amenable to high-throughput studies¹. Originally published by Naal et al.¹, we have adapted this degranulation assay for the screening of drugs and toxicants and demonstrate its use here.Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is present in many consumer products and has been found to be a therapeutic aid in human allergic skin disease^7-11, although the mechanism for this effect is unknown. Here we demonstrate an assay for the effect of triclosan on mast cell degranulation. We recently showed that triclosan strongly affects mast cell function². In an effort to avoid use of an organic solvent, triclosan is dissolved directly into aqueous buffer with heat and stirring, and resultant concentration is confirmed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (using ε₂₈₀ = 4,200 L/M/cm)¹². This protocol has the potential to be used with a variety of chemicals to determine their effects on mast cell degranulation, and more broadly, their allergic potential.     

Genetic Manipulation in Δku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

Targeted genetic manipulation using homologous recombination is the method of choice for functional genomic analysis to obtain a detailed view of gene function and phenotype(s). The development of mutant strains with targeted gene deletions, targeted mutations, complemented gene function, and/or tagged genes provides powerful strategies to address gene function, particularly if these genetic manipulations can be efficiently targeted to the gene locus of interest using integration mediated by double cross over homologous recombination.Due to very high rates of nonhomologous recombination, functional genomic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii has been previously limited by the absence of efficient methods for targeting gene deletions and gene replacements to specific genetic loci. Recently, we abolished the major pathway of nonhomologous recombination in type I and type II strains of T. gondii by deleting the gene encoding the KU80 protein^1,2. The Δku80 strains behave normally during tachyzoite (acute) and bradyzoite (chronic) stages in vitro and in vivo and exhibit essentially a 100% frequency of homologous recombination. The Δku80 strains make functional genomic studies feasible on the single gene as well as on the genome scale^1-4.Here, we report methods for using type I and type II Δku80Δhxgprt strains to advance gene targeting approaches in T. gondii. We outline efficient methods for generating gene deletions, gene replacements, and tagged genes by targeted insertion or deletion of the hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HXGPRT) selectable marker. The described gene targeting protocol can be used in a variety of ways in Δku80 strains to advance functional analysis of the parasite genome and to develop single strains that carry multiple targeted genetic manipulations. The application of this genetic method and subsequent phenotypic assays will reveal fundamental and unique aspects of the biology of T. gondii and related significant human pathogens that cause malaria (Plasmodium sp.) and cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium).     

中国辽秃蝗属的分类研究及二新种记述（直翅目， 蝗总科， 斑腿蝗科， 秃蝗亚科）（英文）

记述了我国辽秃蝗属Liaopodisma 3个种, 包括2新种： 台中辽秃蝗Liaopodisma taichungensis sp. nov.和台湾辽秃蝗Liaopodisma taiwanensis sp. nov.。台中辽秃蝗L. taichungensis sp. nov.同千山辽秃蝗L. qianshanensis Zheng, 1990近似, 不同之处为黑色眼后带不明显, 前胸背板中隆线几乎不见, 雄性前翅长为宽的1.8倍, 雄性中胸腹板中隔向后渐宽大, 雄性后足胫节外侧具10刺。台湾辽秃蝗L. taiwanensis sp. nov.的后足股节下侧红色, 前翅中部不加宽且前、 后缘几乎平行, 可与本属其余2已知种区别。并附辽秃蝗属种检索表。