性激素对成年小鼠脑微管蛋白合成的影响

以3H-秋水仙碱为探针,测定小鼠脑微管蛋白含量．结果表明雌性激素具有显著的促进成年鼠脑微管蛋白合成的作用．与雌性激素相比,雄性激素促进脑微管蛋白合成的作用较弱．特别值得指出的是雌性激素促进脑微管蛋白合成的作用发生在脑发育的临界期之外,而此时甲状腺激素早已丧失了促进脑微管蛋白合成的作用．因此雌性激素在维护成年脑结构和功能的完整完善方面起着重要作用,而且这种作用可能会获得新的应用．     

性类固醇激素对去势和未去势雄鼠脑微管蛋白合成的影响

雌性激素在某些方面改变着神经功能,在雌性激素敏感的神经元中,雌二醇调节各种PNA的表达,包括rRNA、神经多肽和神经传导物受体。这咎影响可能伴有在基因产物合成方面的相应改变或翻译后修饰。最近的研究已经揭示雌性激素能改变轴突生长以及突触器度。在我们以前的实验中注意到性别对脑微管蛋白合成的影响,也发现雌性激素可刺激雄鼠脑微管蛋白合成。雌性激素可能是成年动物神经突生长的一种调节物。这种假设已经得到深入研究和证实;发现性激素对大脑皮质、海马、中脑和间脑神经元的形态和数量有着重要的影响,并改变神经突生长和突触的连接。实验分为去势（GM）和未去势（IM）两组。第一组（GM）为1月龄鼠,去势后10天分为睾丸酮（GMT）、雌二醇（GME）、雌二醇加孕酮（GMEP）三个治疗实验组和一个对照组（GMC）。第二组（IM）为老年雄鼠,分为睾丸酮（IMT）、雌二醇（IME）、雌二醇加孕酮（IMEP）三个治疗组二组（IM）为老年雄鼠,分为睾丸酮（IMT）、雌二醇（IME）、雌二醇和孕酮（IMEP0三个治疗组和对照组（IMC）。对照组注射芝麻油。处理结束,迅速断头,制备脑匀浆液。取上清液进行^H秋水仙碱标记反应,液闪计数,离微管蛋白的生成量。实验结果如表一：微管蛋白每分钟的放射量在GM组中,GME比GMC增加37％－43％,GMT与GMC增加18％－23％;IM组中,IME比IMC增加34％,IMT比IMC增加13％－15％。睾丸酮和雌二醇均能刺激6月龄鼠脑微管蛋白的合成,但两者作用有明显差异,雌二醇作用强于睾丸酮。而且对雌雄鼠具有相同作用,对成年和老年鼠均能促进脑微管蛋白合成。微管蛋白是神经轴突和树突生长必需的成分。对于脑组织和脑功能的至关重要。雌性激素能促进雌雄鼠脑发育临界期以后脑微管蛋白的合成。因而,在临床上可以用于治疗脑发育缺隐和延缓衰老。甲状腺激素也具有促进微管蛋白合成的作用。甲状腺激素缺乏会引起神经细胞分化和神经突生长的停滞。但是,它的作用仅限于胎儿至新生儿早期。雌性激素可以于脑发育时限之外替代甲状腺。衰老首先开始于神经系统,然而波及其它器官或组织。脑衰老的原因是由于一些神经元死亡,突触未端减少,轴突、树突萎缩。外源雌性激素可以促进脑微管蛋白的合成,因而可以延缓衰老。对于微管蛋白的合成,与雌二醇相比,睾丸酮有较弱的促进作用。这被解释为：睾丸酮是通过它的芳香化作用转变成雌二醇而发挥作用的。因而,睾丸酮能否起作用槿起作用的大小,取决于其芳香化程度的大小。如果受到如雌二醇拮抗剂的抑制,睾丸酮的作用甚至会消失。     

DEAE纤维素法测定微管蛋白

利用 ³H-秋水仙碱与微管蛋白的特异性结合及DEAE纤维素对微管蛋白的离子交换作用,以测定 ³H-秋水仙碱微管蛋白复合物的含量,了解脑神经原的分化状态。此法简便、快速,稳定、经济。     

Mg2+和SeO2-3对鸡胚软骨细胞受模拟微重力不良影响的拮抗

在回转模拟微重力条件下,研究了鸡胚负重软骨细胞骨架的微管系统和碱性磷酸酶活性两项指标的变化,以及1 mg/L亚硒酸钠和5 mmol/L Mg²⁺对这些指标的影响.流式细胞仪对微管含量的测定显示回转后微管蛋白含量的减少,说明微管系统受到不良影响.碱性磷酸酶活性比对照组明显降低,表明模拟微重力能降低软骨细胞的钙化能力.如果在回转前加入SeO^2-₃和Mg²⁺,发现SeO^2-₃可以在一定程度上拮抗模拟微重力引起的微管蛋白及碱性磷酸酶活性改变,而Mg²⁺基本上可以完全拮抗模拟微重力对这两项指标的不良影响.     

性激素对成年小鼠脑微管蛋白合成的影响

以＾３Ｈ－秋水仙碱为探针,测定小鼠脑微管蛋白含量,结果表明雌性激素具有显的促进成年离微管蛋白合成的作用,与雌性激素相比,雄性激素促进脑微管蛋白合成的作用较弱,特别值得指出的是雌性激素促进脑微管蛋白合成的作用发生在发育的临界期之外,而此时甲状腺激素早已丧失了促进脑微管收白合成的作用,因此雌性激素在维护成年脑结构和功能的完整完善方面起着重要作用,而且这种作用可能会获得新的应用。     

性类固醇激素对去势和未去势雄鼠脑微管蛋白合成的影响

雌性激素在某些方面改变着神经功能。在雌性激素敏感的神经元中,雌二醇调节各种ＲＮＡ的表达,包括ｒＲＮＡ、神经多肽和神经传导物受体。这种影响可能伴有在基因产物合成方面的相应改变或翻译后修饰。最近的研究已经揭示雌性激素能改变轴突生长以及突触密度。在我们以前的实验中注意到性别对脑微管蛋白合成的影响,也发现雌性激素可刺激雄鼠脑微管蛋白合成。雌性激素可能是成年动物神经突生长的一种调节物。这种假设已经得到深入研究和证实;发现性激素对大脑皮质、海马、中脑和间脑神经元的形态和数量有着重要的影响,并改变神经突生长和突触的连接。实验分为去势（ＧＭ）和未去势（ＩＭ）两组。第一组（ＧＭ）为１月龄雄鼠,去势后１０天分为睾丸酮（ＧＭＴ）、雌二醇（ＧＭＥ）、雌二醇加孕酮（ＧＭＥＰ）三个治疗实验组和一个对照组（ＧＭＣ）。第二组（ＩＭ）为老年雄鼠,分为睾丸酮（ＩＭＴ）、雌二醇（ＩＭＥ）、雌二醇加孕酮（ＩＭＥＰ）三个治疗组和对照组（ＩＭＣ）。对照组注射芝麻油。处理结束,迅速断头,制备脑匀浆液。取上清液进行３Ｈ秋水仙碱标记反应,液闪计数,测定脑微管蛋白的生成量。实验结果如表一：微管蛋白每分钟的放射量在ＧＭ组中,ＧＭＥ比ＧＭＣ增加３７％～４３％,Ｇ     

鼠脑驱动蛋白ATP水解机制的晶体学分析

鼠脑驱动蛋白是一类利用ATP水解释放的能量在微管系统上高连续性运动的常规驱动蛋白。了解ATP水解的化学能如何转化为机械动能是驱动蛋白研究中的重大课题。为此,鼠脑驱动蛋白单体(rK354)的晶体通过浸泡的方式引入ATP的结构类似物AMPPNP。rK354-AMPPNP复合物和rK354-ADP复合物结构的比较,揭示了开关区域Ⅱ的Glu237起连接ATP的γ-磷酸和驱动蛋白微管结合区的枢纽作用。     

鼠脑微透析液痕量氨基酸的激光诱导荧光检测

使用自制微透析探针和活动体位生化取样装置以及自行组装的毛细管电泳-增强型电荷耦合器件-激光诱导荧光系统,对鼠脑透析液中的痕量氨基酸以异硫氢酸荧光黄(FITC)进行柱前衍生后进行了分离和检测. 鼠脑海马CA₃区微透析液中游离氨基酸的浓度为10^-8～10^-6 mol/L, 并将其用于学习与记忆的研究, 为无损伤研究活体脑内神经递质和其他痕量生化物质的动态变化提供了一种新方法.     

携带HCV核心蛋白原核表达质粒与真核表达质粒的减毒伤寒沙门菌诱导小鼠免疫应答之比较

丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）核心蛋白是丙肝疫苗的重要候选抗原,然而,该蛋白因具有免疫调控作用而影响免疫应答的诱导。构建了HCV核心蛋白的两种表达质粒,一种是体内激活型原核表达质粒pZW-C,另一种是真核表达质粒pCI-C。将该两种质粒转化减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌SL7207,得到重组菌SL7207/pZW-C和SL7207/pCI-C,分别将重组菌口服接种小鼠,检测小鼠的免疫应答,结果发现：① SL7207/pCI-C免疫鼠的CD3⁺CD4⁺ T细胞持续降低,而SL7207/pZW-C免疫鼠的CD3⁺CD4⁺ T细胞无明显改变;② SL7207/pCI-C免疫只诱导低水平抗HCV核心蛋白抗体,加强免疫对抗体阳转率及抗体水平无明显影响,而SL7207/pZW-C免疫组所有小鼠均产生较高水平的抗核心蛋白抗体。③ SL7207/pCI-C免疫鼠脾细胞的体外增殖活性、细胞毒性T细胞活性以及加强免疫对细胞免疫应答的增强作用均明显不及SL7207/pZW-C免疫鼠。结果提示：携带真核表达质粒pCI-C的沙门菌因在小鼠细胞内表达天然形式（结构以及磷酸化修饰）的HCV核心蛋白,可能通过对T细胞的免疫抑制作用而弱化免疫应答。而以携带原核表达质粒pZW-C的沙门菌免疫可避免这一问题,并具有接种方便,成本低廉等优点,从而可望作为基于HCV核心蛋白为靶抗原的HCV疫苗的候选免疫方式。     

口服维生素D对实验性脑疟小鼠树突状细胞的影响

维生素D（VD）为固醇类衍生物,除发挥抗佝偻病作用,还具有一定的免疫调节功能。主要研究VD对实验性脑疟小鼠树突状细胞的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,在伯氏疟原虫（P.bANKA）感染前给予VD,可降低C57BL/6小鼠发生脑型疟疾的风险,存活时间明显延长。VD预处理后,脾脏中髓样树突状细胞（CD11c⁺CD11b⁺）和浆样树突状细胞（CD11c⁺B220⁺）百分率明显降低,CD11c⁺MHCII⁺细胞、CD11c⁺TLR4⁺细胞和CD11c⁺TLR9⁺细胞的百分含量也显著减少。由此提示,预防性口服VD可抑制感染小鼠树突状细胞的数量和功能,对脑型疟疾的发生具有一定预防作用,为新型抗疟药物的研发提供参考。     

Effects of the Development of Thyroid and Sex Glands on the Synthesis of Brain Tubulin in Chick and Mouse Embryos

Using the specific affinity of tubulin for colchicine and the strong absorption of tubulin to DEAEion exchangers at neutral pH and moderate ionic strength,the amounts of tubulin in the brain fromboth mice and chicks during different developing stages were measured by ~3H-colchicine assay(expressed as colchicine binding activity).The results show that the rate oftubulin synthesis reacheda peak value during the critical period of brain development.This is exactly the period during whichthe organization and function of thyroid are being perfected.Besides,during breeding period,thedifference of tubulin contents between male and female is significant(P<0.001).The synthesis oftubulin is strictly sex dependent(this phenomenon appeared only during sex maturation stage).It issuggested that sexual hormones might exert their effect on tubulin synthesis.     

QUANTITATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BRAIN TUBULIN (COLCHICINE-BINDING ACTIVITY) IN DEVELOPING HYPOTHYROID RATS

The influence of early hypothyroidism on the concentration and biochemical properties of soluble and particulate tubulin from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum was investigated during development in the rat. Cellular soluble tubulin concentration (pmol colchicine bound/μg DNA) was approx 16% lower in both brain areas of hypothyroid animals compared to controls at 25 days of age. No effect of thyroid hormone deficiency was observed when tubulin concentration was expressed in terms of tissue protein or weight. The particulate tubulin concentration was approx 20% lower in the cerebral cortex of 25-day-old hypothyroid rats although the distribution of tubulin between soluble and particulate fractions was similar to controls. The incorporation of [¹⁴C]leucine into cerebral cortical tubulin in vitro (c.p.m. in tubulin/c.p.m. in total protein) was not significantly altered by the hormonal deficiency. Thus there was no apparent evidence of a selective defect in tubulin synthesis. Tubulin from hypothyroid rats behaved similarly to control samples with respect to the effects of pharmacological agents and temperature, lability of binding, chromatographic profile and electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels.     

Regulation of tubulin by triiodothyronine in hypothyroid rat brain

The effect of T₃ (triiodothyronine) on the induction of tubulin in hypothyroid developing rat brain has been examined using organ cultures of brains from late fetal, neonatal and postnatalrats. The neonatal brain displayed maximum sensitivity to T₃. Hypothyroidism resulted in a 26% decline in the level of tubulin in the neonatal brain as opposed to a 5–15% decline in the fetal or postnatal brain. Exposure of the hypothyroi d neonatal brain to T₃ for 2 h in culture led to a 61% rise in the level of tubulin in contrast to a 41% increase seen in the case of normal brain. Total protein synthesis was not significantly affected . The preferential decline of tubulin in the neonatal hypothyroid brain, its enhanced sensitivity to T₃ compared to normal brain, and the coincidence of the period of sensitivity to that of brain maturation indicate that the regulation of the level of tubulin by T₃ in the developing brain is a natural ontogenic phenomenon.     

DEVELOPMENT OF LIPOGENESIS IN RAT BRAIN CORTEX: THE DIFFERENTIAL INCORPORATION OF GLUCOSE AND ACETATE INTO BRAIN LIPIDS IN VITRO

—The oxidation to CO₂ and the incorporation of [U-¹⁴C]glucose and [U-¹⁴C]acetate into lipids by cortex slices from rat brain during the postnatal period were investigated. The oxidation of [U-¹⁴C]glucose was low in 2-day-old rat brain, and increased by about two-fold during the 2nd and 3rd postnatal weeks. The oxidation of [U-¹⁴C]acetate was increased markedly in the second postnatal week, but decreased to rates observed in 2-day-old rat brain at the time of weaning. Both labeled substrates were readily incorporated into non-saponifiable lipids and fatty acids by brain slices from 2-day-old rat. Their rates of incorporation and the days on which maximum rates occurred were different, however, maximum incorporation of [U-¹⁴C]glucose and [U-¹⁴]acetate into lipid fractions being observed on about the 7th and 12th postanatal days, respectively. The metabolic compartmentation in the utilization of these substrates for lipogenesis is suggested. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, cytosolic NADP-malate dehydrogenase, cytosolic NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, ATP-citrate lyase and acetyl CoA carboxylase were measured in rat brain during the postnatal period. All enzymes followed somewhat different courses of development; the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase was, however, the lowest among other key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway, and its developmental pattern paralleled closely the fatty acid synthesis from [U-¹⁴C]glucose. It is suggested that acetyl CoA carboxylase is a rate-limiting step in the synthesis de novo of fatty acids in developing rat brain.     

Tubulin synthesis during ciliogenesis in the mouse oviduct.

We reported earlier that tubulin levels increase in the developing mouse oviduct during that period after birth when ciliogenesis is at a maximum (Staprans, I., and Dirksen, E. R. (1974) J. Cell Biol., 62, 164). To determine the degree to which de novo synthesis and tubulin pools contribute to this increase, [³H]leucine-incorporation experiments were performed in vivo and in culture. Soluble, particulate and axonemal fractions, obtained from homogenized oviducts of 3-, 5-, 8- and 12-day-old suckling mice, were electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels and the specific activity of the tubulin band determined. The present work shows that more than 90% of the tubulin in 3-day-old and 75% in 5-day-old mouse oviducts is synthesized de novo. From both the in vivo and in culture experiments we conclude that although tubulin pools are present in mouse oviduct, they are continuously being replenished by newly synthesized protein as there is a rapid outflow from the soluble and particulate to the axonemal fraction into structures such as basal bodies and cilia. This burst of de novo tubulin synthesis corresponds to evidence from electron microscopic autoradiography, where label is present to a greater extent over centriole precursors and basal bodies than over other cell organelles. [³H]leucine incorporation into tubulin was inhibited by cycloheximide, demonstrating that we are dealing with synthesis, while colchicine below 10^?3, M concentration had no effect on tubulin assembly into axonemes.     

An Apparent Paradox in the Occurrence, and the In Vivo Turnover, of C-Terminal Tyrosine in Membrane-Bound Tubulin of Brain

: Tubulin tyrosine ligase catalyzes the reversible addition of tyrosine to the C-terminus of tubulin α chains. By using ligase and carboxypeptidase A in conjunction, we have previously shown that brain cytoplasmic tubulin exists in three forms: 15–40% already has C-terminal tyrosine, another 10-30% can accept additional tyrosine, and about one-half is an uncharacterized species which is not a ligase substrate. A membrane-bound fraction of brain tubulin, purified by vinblastine precipitation from a detergent extract, has been found to differ by the complete absence of preexisting tyrosine. The membrane fraction from which tubulin was extracted also contained masked forms of both ligase and a distinct detyrosylating enzyme, which can be released by detergent extraction. The turnover of α-chain C-terminal tyrosine in vivo was studied by incubating brain mince with labeled tyrosine, or injecting it intracerebrally, under conditions where protein synthesis was inhibited. Tyrosine appeared to turn over to about the same extent in membrane-bound, as in soluble, tubulin. This apparently paradoxical result was not due to ATPase in the membrane fraction, which might have allowed ligase-catalyzed exchange between free and fixed tyrosine. Authentic [¹⁴C]tyrosylated tubulin added to the brain membrane fraction was not detyrosylated or subject to endoprotease digestion during subsequent procedures to isolate tubulin. The unexpected finding that tubulin tyrosylated at the C-terminal in vivo appears to be in the “non-substrate” fraction points toward a possible resolution of the paradox.     

Site and timing of synthesis of tubulin and other proteins during oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Protein synthetic patterns during oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster were examined; in particular the site, time, and rate of tubulin synthesis and accumulation during oogenesis were determined. Ovarian proteins were labeled with [³⁵S]methionine in vivo or in organ culure in vitro, and the proteins synthesized in egg chambers of specific developmental stages displayed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A dissection technique was devised to examine proteins synthesized in each of the three cell types present in stage 10B egg chambers. The majority of proteins which were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, including tubulin and actin, were synthesized throughout oogenesis and, at least to some extent, in each of the stage 10B cell types. Protein synthesis specific to developmental stage and/or cell type was also observed; for example, two nonchorion proteins were synthesized only in follicle cells and primarily at stage 10. A sensitive and specific radioimmune assay was developed in order to quantitate tubulin accumulation. Synthesis of several α-tubulin subunits and one β-tubulin subunit was observed. The tubulin content per egg chamber increased from 3 ng in stage 9 to 17 ng in stage 14, a period of about 13 hr. An accumulation rate of 1 ng/hr suggests that tubulin mRNA can account for about 4% of the total, nonmitochondrial, poly(A)⁺ RNA of the egg. Analysis of separated cell types at stage 10B revealed that both the follicle and nurse cells synthesize and accumulate appreciable amounts of tubulin. The stage 10B oocyte contains relatively little tubulin but actively synthesizes it. These two complementary analyses demonstrate that the tubulin present in the egg is synthesized within the oocyte-nurse cell syncytium, first in the nurse cells and later in the oocyte.     

ACID AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASES IN A BRAIN TUBULIN PREPARATION

The hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenylphosphate has been studied in vitro in a tubulin preparation from bovine brain. The activity at pH 6.8 was 16.4 ± 2.2 nmol/mg protein, h. At least two phosphatases were responsible for this activity. They were found to have pH-optima at 5.1 and 10.4. respectively, and their apparent K_M values were 1.23 ± 0.10 mm and 0.17 ± 0.03 mm . respectively. Mg²⁺ was found to stimulate activity at both pHs while Zn²⁺ inhibited at pH 5.1 and stimulated activity at pH 10.4. All of the alkaline and part of the acid phosphatase activity were found to be closely associated with microtubules/tubulin. Tubulin purified by phosphocellulose chromatography contained phosphatase activity, and it is suggested that such activity is an intrinsic property of tubulin itself. Phosphatase activity was also found in association with the microtubule-associated proteins that co-purify with tubulin. Two proteins of high molecular weight constituted the major part of the associated material. The results indicate an association of phosphatase activity with the larger of these two proteins.     

Abundance of Tubulin Mrna On Poly Somes Following Deciliation and During the Synchronous Cell Cycle of Tetrahymena

The protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, was used as a model system for studying polysomal mRNA during the cell cycle and during cilia regeneration. Our previous work has shown a substantial induction of tubulin synthesis following deciliation and during G₂ of the synchronous cell cycle. In the present study, the abundance of tubulin mRNA on polysomes was examined in order to determine whether more tubulin mRNA was being translated during the periods of peak tubulin synthesis. Polysomes isolated at sequential times following deciliation and during the synchronous cell cycle were translated in a cell-free translation system derived from wheat germ. the abundance of tubulin mRNA on polysomes was inferred from the amount of tubulin translated in vitro. Following deciliation and prior to the peak period of tubulin synthesis, the abundance of tubulin mRNA (at 140 min post-deciliation) increases to 25 times the initial value observed (at 20 min post-deciliation). Since the increase in tubulin mRNA abundance precedes the peak in tubulin synthesis, induction of tubulin synthesis appears to be mRNA-dependent. A similar analysis of tubulin mRNA abundance on polysomes during the synchronous cell cycle revealed a peak of tubulin mRNA prior to each peak of tubulin synthesis. These studies suggest that the periodic fluctuations in the synthesis of tubulin are dependent upon fluctuating levels of tubulin mRNA on polysomes.     

Induction of microtubule protein synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi during flagellar regeneration

Flagellar regeneration in gametes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi is initiated within 15–20 min after flagellar amputation and proceeds at a rapid but decelerating rate until by 90 min flagellar outgrowth is 80–85% complete. Sufficient flagellar protein reserves exist in the cytoplasm to allow regeneration of flagella $\text{1}\text{3}\text{–}\text{1}\text{2}$ normal length. Nevertheless, in vivo labeling with ¹⁴C-amino acids shows that microtubule protein and other flagellar proteins are synthesized de novo during flagellar regeneration. To determine whether tubulin is synthesized continuously by gametic cells or whether its synthesis is induced as a consequence of deflagellation, we have isolated polyribosomes from deflagellated and control cells, and analyzed the proteins produced by these polyribosomes during in vitro translation. Two proteins of 53,000 and 56,000 molecular weight which co-migrate with flagellar and chick brain tubulin on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and which selectively co-assemble with chick brain tubulin during in vitro microtubule assembly are synthesized by polyribosomes (or polyadenylated mRNA) from deflagellated cells. No microtubule proteins can be detected in the translation products synthesized by polyribosomes (or mRNA) from control cells, clearly indicating that deflagellation results in the induction of tubulin synthesis.Kinetics of tubulin synthesis demonstrate that induction takes place immediately after deflagellation; polyribosomes bearing tubulin mRNA can be detected in the cytoplasm in as little as 15 min after removal of flagella. Maximal rates of tubulin synthesis occur between 45 and 90 min after deflagellation when approximately 14% of the protein being synthesized by the cell is tubulin. This estimate of tubulin synthesis based on in vitro translation data agrees well with in vivo measurements of flagellar tubulin synthesis. While high levels of tubulin production extend well beyond the period of rapid flagellar assembly, synthesis begins to decline after 90 min, and by 180 min after deflagellation only low levels of tubulin mRNA are detectable in polyribosomes.