低能钒离子注入花生种子的深度分布

采用鼎瑟福背散射（RBS）和X射线能谱分析法（EDAX）对V元素在花生种子中的深度分布进行了测量,并用扫描电镜对注入前后花生种胚的形貌变化进行观察。结果表明,由于样品表面较粗糙以及其特殊结构,RBS方法不适于测量钒在花生肿胚中的深度分布,trim95也不适合于对注入钒离子在花生种子中的深度进行模拟,而EDAX的测量结果表明V离子的穿透深度可达到15μm。另外,注入前后花生种胚的形貌发生了显著变化。     

盐胁迫对花生种子际细菌菌群结构的调控

盐胁迫影响种子萌发和植株形态建成,提高盐胁迫下花生种子萌发速率和成苗健苗率是盐碱地花生高产高效栽培的重要环节之一,花生种子际土壤细菌菌群结构与种子萌发关系密切。为揭示盐胁迫对花生种子际微生物菌群结构的影响,以耐盐花生品种（花育25号,HY25）和盐敏感花生品种（花育20号,HY20）为试验材料,采用盆栽实验和高通量测序技术,研究不同耐盐性品种种子萌发吸胀吸水阶段种子际细菌菌群结构的变化。结果表明,种子际土壤细菌群落以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）及芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）等为优势菌门,盐胁迫处理可以不同程度的提高厚壁菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度。在属水平上,盐胁迫可以增加有益菌芽胞杆菌属（Bacillus）的相对丰度,增强盐胁迫下种子存活能力,提高萌发率。细菌功能预测结果显示,信号转导机制、免疫系统和防御机制等相关功能在盐胁迫处理后明显增强,可能是促进花生萌发并增强花生胁迫应答的重要原因之一。种子际优势菌群的鉴定及机理分析可为通过改良种子际土壤微生物环境,提高花生耐盐性和出苗健苗率提供重要的借鉴意义,同时为开发利用盐碱地提供参考。     

花生种子老化相关蛋白质的初步研究

本文以粤油 116花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)为材料,对不同处理种子的除子叶“种胚”(以下简称“种胚”)的蛋白质进行了研究.实验结果表明,当花生种子活力下降到一定程度时,其“种胚”内出现一种新蛋白质( pI6.2、MW 10 KD),随种子老化程度加深,含量逐渐增多.我们认为该蛋白质与花生种子老化存在着一定的相关关系,可作为该种子老化的标志.     

花生种子老化相关蛋白质的初步研究

本文以粤油 116花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)为材料,对不同处理种子的除子叶“种胚”(以下简称“种胚”)的蛋白质进行了研究.实验结果表明,当花生种子活力下降到一定程度时,其“种胚”内出现一种新蛋白质( pI6.2、MW 10 KD),随种子老化程度加深,含量逐渐增多.我们认为该蛋白质与花生种子老化存在着一定的相关关系,可作为该种子老化的标志.     

花生种子的磁处理对其萌发及幼苗生长的影响

本试验着重研究了用交、直流磁场对花生种子进行处理后,在种子萌发及幼苗生长过程中产生的影响。结果表明,一定强度的交流或直流磁场对种子的萌发及幼苗生长有一定的促进作用。处理过的种子存放一年后,磁场对种子萌发的作用依然存在。     

花生种子的磁处理对其萌发及幼苗生长的影响

本试验着重研究了用交、直流磁场对花生种子进行处理后,在种子萌发及幼苗生长过程中产生的影响。结果表明,一定强度的交流或直流磁场对种子的萌发及幼苗生长有一定的促进作用。处理过的种子存放一年后,磁场对种子萌发的作用依然存在。     

ABA抑制花生侧根发生

本实验研究了ABA对花生侧根发生的影响。结果表明：用10umol·L-1 ABA浸泡处理花生种子1h或在含ABA的培养基上培养,均抑制侧根的发生,侧根发生率降低,数目减少,长度降低,发生的时间推迟1-2d;用ABA合成抑制剂25umol·L-1 NAPR浸泡后的种子,无论在1／2MS还是在含NAA培养基上培养,侧根发生率、侧根的数目和长度均增加。用NAA的极性运输抑制剂10umol·L-1 TIBA浸泡处理种子后,再在含ABA培养基上培养,侧根不发生,说明ABA抑制花生侧根的发生与种子内源ABA和IAA的水平相关。     

花生种子萌发吸胀阶段冷害抗性的鉴定及耐冷种质的筛选

为更好地评价花生吸胀冷害抗性,本研究首先分析了常温条件下(25℃)和冷胁迫条件下(2℃)花生种子萌发过程中的吸水状况,结果表明不同基因型的花生吸胀阶段的持续时间基本一致,维持在浸种后0～12 h;冷胁迫能够使吸胀阶段初期的吸水速度显著下降,但对吸胀阶段的持续时间没有显著影响。对种子萌发3个生理阶段(吸胀、萌动、萌发阶段)分别进行冷害胁迫处理,结果表明吸胀阶段遭受的冷害胁迫对花生种子萌发影响较其他阶段严重。进一步的试验表明,吸胀阶段种子2℃冷胁迫12 h,能够更好地区分不同花生种质之间吸胀冷害抗性的差异,从而建立了花生种子吸胀冷害抗性的鉴定体系。利用该鉴定体系对64份花生种质的吸胀冷害抗性进行鉴定,以相对发芽率85%为阈值,筛选出了7份耐冷种质。本研究为花生耐冷育种及吸胀冷害抗性机制解析提供了技术鉴定体系和材料基础。     

盐胁迫下花生种子萌发期代谢组学分析

盐碱地高盐分会降低种子活力、抑制萌发出苗,严重制约盐碱地区花生生产和产业发展。种子萌发过程中物质代谢对种子发芽及植株形态建成至关重要,逐渐成为评价种子活力和品质的重要指标。以不同萌发期花生种子为研究对象,利用生理指标和高效液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）分析方法,研究了盐胁迫下花生种子不同萌发期主要营养物质含量和差异代谢物的变化。种子吸水萌发促进了脂肪、蛋白质、可溶性糖代谢,随萌发时间延长,脂肪和可溶性糖含量逐渐降低,可溶性蛋白质含量呈先降后升的变化趋势。主成分分析和偏最小二乘法判别分析表明盐胁迫与对照组间代谢物差异较大,暗示盐胁迫对花生种子萌发期物质代谢影响较大。利用VIP值分析和KEGG pathway预测分析显示：正常条件下,花生种子吸水膨胀期的差异代谢物较少,未鉴定到富集的KEGG pathway;而胚根伸长期差异代谢物主要富集于12个KEGG pathway,表明萌发后期物质代谢较前期旺盛。盐处理显著提高多种差异代谢物表达水平,其中渗透保护物甜菜碱和脯氨酸差异明显;另外,盐胁迫下吸水膨胀和胚根伸长两时段的差异代谢物显著增多,分别富集到26和31个KEGG pathway。盐胁迫显著促进了能量代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢以及芥子油苷生物合成途径等相关通路,推测其与盐胁迫下花生种子萌发期抗逆有关。甜菜碱和脯氨酸可能是花生种子萌发期适应盐胁迫的关键代谢物,甘油磷脂代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢以及芥子油苷生物合成等途径可能是重要的代谢调控通路。试验结果可为促进盐胁迫下花生种子萌发出苗探索新途径、新方法,以及提高盐碱地花生出苗率提供理论依据和参考价值。     

连作花生土壤中酚酸类物质的检测及其对花生的化感作用

研究了南方红壤区不同连作年限花生土壤中酚酸物质的种类、含量,及其对花生生长的影响。结果表明:连作花生土壤中对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸和香豆酸随着连作年限的增加而增加,连作10a后3种酚酸总量达11.09mg·kg-1干土,显著高于连作3a和6a的土壤;而土壤中香豆素和苯甲酸含量比较低,且变化没有规律。所有酚酸处理组对花生幼苗的株高和根长表现出抑制作用,对花生幼苗地下部的干鲜重均表现出"低促高抑"的特点。香草酸和香豆酸处理组对花生幼苗地上部的干鲜重表现出"低促高抑"的特点,其他处理组均表现出抑制作用。花生幼苗根系活力随着酚酸处理浓度的增加而降低,花生幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶活力(SOD)、过氧化物酶活力(POD)、丙二醛含量(MDA)则随着酚酸浓度的增加而增加。与只用茄腐镰刀菌孢子悬液浸泡花生种子的对照相比,加入酚酸后,花生种子的病原菌的感染率随着酚酸浓度的增加而增加,发芽率则随着酚酸浓度的增加而下降。以上结果说明,酚酸物质可以抑制花生幼苗的生长和提高花生的发病率,可能是因为酚酸物质破坏花生细胞膜的完整性而使病原菌入侵,影响花生生长,产生连作障碍。     

高压静电场(HVEF)对人参生长及土壤化学性质的影响

对人参植株施以一定强度的高压静电场(HVEF),在一个生长季节里,使人参增产12.6%.皂甙含量提高2.31%,人参中无机元素的含量明显提高,土壤中无机元素含量相应下降.这表明人工施加的正高压静电场可促进人参对土壤中无机无素的吸收及人参产量和质量的提高.     

湖北省不同花生轮作种植体系碳氮足迹

明确作物生产过程的主要碳氮排放环节,可为不同花生轮作种植体系实现高产高效与低碳氮排放的协同效益提供有效参考。本研究对湖北省黄冈市油菜-花生轮作、小麦-花生轮作、花生单作3种种植模式生产过程的农资投入和田间管理措施等进行实地调查,核算该3种种植模式的碳足迹和氮足迹。结果表明: 油菜-花生轮作较小麦-花生轮作单位面积碳排放降低7.8%、单位净现值碳排放降低36.9%、单位面积氮排放降低12.5%、单位净现值氮排放降低41.9%;油菜-花生轮作较花生单作单位净现值碳排放和氮排放分别降低19.6%和30.8%;油菜-花生轮作净收益是小麦-花生轮作的1.4倍、花生单作的2.4倍。表明油菜-花生轮作可实现高产高效与低碳氮排放的协同效益,有利于油料作物的绿色高质高效生产。     

钙、硼对花生生长、产量和品质的影响

在土壤代换性钙和有效硼含量分别为0.84me/100g和0.163mg/kg的条件下,研究了施钙、施硼及钙、硼配施对花生生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用钙肥能提高花生的产量和品质;施用硼肥能改善品质,但在产量上却产生负效应;钙、硼配施也能提高产量,但主效应仍然是钙。施用钙硼肥料不但使花生成熟期植株中钙、硼含量提高,而且种植花生后土壤中的钙、硼残留量也明显增加。     

Survival of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) on fungicide-treated peanut seed in relationship to plant growth and yield

Survival and viability of Bradyrhizobium inoculant on fungicide-treated peanut seed and the resulting effects on nitrogen fixation, plant growth and seed yield were determined. Vitavax and Benomyl had the most and least lethal actions against Bradyrhizobium strains grown on YEM medium containing a fungicide, respectively, while Thiram and Captan effects were intermediate. Survival of Bradyrhizobium USDA 3384 and USDA 3456, as single strain peat inoculants, on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. var. Florunner) seeds treated with Benomyl or Vitavax at the rate of 3g/kg seed was also examined. Both fungicides inhibited the growth and affected the survival of strain USDA 3384 on peanut seed. Vitavax killed the inoculant in 9 h. In contrast, USDA 3456 resisted both fungicides, and survived for up to 72h. Nodule formation on greenhouse-grown plants inoculated with USDA 3384 was inhibited by all fungicides. Shoot dry weight and plant nitrogen content significantly decreased as compared to controls. Fungicides, except Vitavax, had a slight effect on nodulation and plant growth when USDA 3456 was used as inoculant. The agronomic importance of fungicide-inoculant interaction was examined in field experiments conducted in Egypt in soil free of peanut-nodulating Bradyrhizobium, where seeds were treated with a combination of two fungicides and a single strain peat inoculant of either USDA 3384 or USDA 3456. All fungicides decreased nodulation, nitrogen fixation, plant growth and seed yield, especially with USDA 3384 as inoculant. Fungicides inhibited viability and survival of Bradyrhizobium on peanut seeds which decreased nodule formation leading to reduced peanut seed yield.     

酸性土施用钙肥对花生产量和品质及相关代谢酶活性的影响

以花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种‘花育22号’为研究材料, 2013年在威海文登市、2014年在日照三庄镇的丘陵砂壤土上进行试验, 研究增施钙肥对酸性土花生的产量、品质的影响, 以及相关碳、氮代谢酶活性差异, 探讨酸性土花生钙肥最佳用量。试验设3个钙肥处理, 分别为每667 m²施CaO 0 kg (T₀)、14 kg (T₁)、28 kg (T₂)。结果表明: 酸性土增施钙肥显著增加了花生的荚果产量, 两个试验点T₁处理平均增产26.92%, T₂处理平均增产21.65%。增产原因是增施钙肥显著增加了花生单株结果数, 提高了双仁果率, 从而增加了单株荚果产量, 同时增加了籽仁的饱满度而显著提高了出仁率。钙肥处理均显著提高了花生籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量, 提高了赖氨酸、总氨基酸含量和油酸/亚油酸(O/L)比值。酸性土增施钙肥显著提高了花生叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性, 其中T₁处理的GS活性显著高于T₂处理。钙肥处理显著提高了花生生育前期的叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性, 而生育后期的活性低于不施钙肥处理。不同钙肥施用量相比, 每667 m²施14 kg CaO的经济效益最好, 其产量最高, 品质最优。     

Effects of calcium fertilizer on yield,quality and related enzyme activities of peanut in acidic soil

AimsPeanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the calcium (Ca)-like crops. In acidic soil, low soil exchangeable Ca²⁺ content, which usually is caused by eluviation, can affect peanut pod development, even causes pod unfilled. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of calcium fertilizer on yield, quality and related enzyme activities of peanut in acidic soil.Methods ‘Huayu22’ was used as materials, and field experiments were conducted in Wendeng, Weihai (2013) and Sanzhuang, Rizhao (2014), respectively. Three treatments were carried out, i.e. No Ca-application (T₀), 14 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO (T₁) and 28 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO (T₂). Top 3rd leaves of main stems were harvested to determine the activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzyme every 15 days from anthesis to mature period. Additionally, the pod traits and yield were investigated at harvest time. Uniform dry pods were used to determine the quality of kernel.Important findings Application of calcium fertilizer significantly increased the pod yield of peanut in acid soil. Yield of T₁ treatment increased by 26.92% and T₂ increased by 21.65% on average at two sites. It might be related to higher pod numbers per plant, higher double kernel rate, and higher plumpness of kernel under T₁ and T₂ treatment than under T₀ treatment. Simultaneously, application of calcium fertilizer also significantly increased the protein and fat content of peanut in acidic soil. The protein content increased 2.02% and the fat content increased 3.01% on average in T₁ treatment, respectively. The protein content increased 1.56% and the fat content increased 2.58% in T₂ treatment, respectively. Additionally, Calcium fertilizer not only improved the lysine and total amino acid content but also improved oleic/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio of peanut in acidic soil. These might be due to higher activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in the leaves of peanut in acidic soil under T₁ and T₂ treatments than under T₀ treatment. What’s more, the activity of GS of peanut treated with T₁ was higher than that treated with T₂. Application of Calcium fertilizer also improved the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) of peanut at early growing period, but the activities at late growth stage were lower than T₀ treatment. Our results demonstrate that the economic performance of 14 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO was the best one among these three treatments applied.     

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) response to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. in soils of Argentina

Soil bacteria (rhizobia) of the genus Bradyrhizobium form symbiotic relationships with peanut root cells and fix atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to nitrogenous compounds. Inoculation of peanut with rhizobia can enhance the plant’s ability to fix nitrogen from the air and thereby reduce the requirement for nitrogen fertiliser. We evaluated three Bradyrhizobium sp. strains for effect on root nodulation and on pod yield of peanut in Argentina soils, using laboratory and field experiments. Of these, strain C‐145 was the most effective in laboratory studies. In‐furrow inoculation with this strain produced increased nodule number, relative to seed inoculation. However, pod yield was not increased significantly by either type of inoculation. In view of the inconsistent response of peanut to inoculation, we examined the effect of indigenous strains of bradyrhizobia. The high degree of nodulation and nitrogen fixation produced by indigenous rhizobia were sufficient for maximal yield under the field and inoculation conditions used in this study. The data are important for future investigation of alternative inoculant strains and conditions for improving peanut production.     

高压静电场分离水稻、油菜及芝麻种子对萌发期生物效应的影响

落入高压静电场内的水稻、芝麻及油菜种子,在场的作用下,即产生沿电场方向的位移,在同一跌落高度下,重量基本相同的种子,其分离距离产生很大的差异,且分离距离与种子的发芽率及发芽势的改善程度存在着较为明显的相关关系,研究中证实,种子活力强度得到提高,其α淀粉酶活性、蛋白酶活性、脂肪酶活性及电导率得到明显的改善。     

小麦行距配置对套种花生生理特性和产量的影响

以大花生品种早熟型‘山花108’和晚熟型‘780-15’为试验材料,设置小麦3种行距配置(25 cm、30 cm、大小行40 cm+20 cm)和2种花生种植方式(麦套、夏直播),探讨不同种植模式对夏花生产量构成、光合特性、抗氧化活性和干物质积累与分配的调控作用.结果表明: 适当扩大小麦行距、相同平均行距下选用大小行种植,可提高套种花生荚果产量和籽仁产量,增大叶面积指数和干物质积累量,增强光合能力,同时提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性,降低丙二醛含量.麦套花生产量高于夏直播花生并且以大小行处理产量最高.与小麦行距30 cm相比,大小行处理山花108和780-15两品种花生荚果产量和籽仁产量分别提高6.3%、13.3%和7.7%、16.5%.表明大小行种植有助于扩大光合面积,提高净光合速率,增加干物质积累量,同时缓解花生植株个体与群体间的矛盾,延缓衰老,从而提高麦套花生产量.