椭圆偏振术在生物医学研究中的应用

椭圆偏振术是一种新兴的用于研究生物分子固相表面吸附以及吸附分子间相互作用的表面分析技术。其最大优点在于测量过程不破坏被测体系;而且灵敏度高,可反映接近原子尺寸的变化;又能原位、实时跟踪检测表面膜的变化情况。就椭偏术在生物医学研究的若干重要应用进行综述。     

实验猕猴在生物医学研究中的福利管理

猕猴作为一种重要的非人灵长类实验动物,在生物医学研究中发挥着重要的作用。该文从动物福利概念、我国实验动物福利制度现状、猕猴在饲养管理过程中的福利保障以及在生物医学研究过程中的福利管理等方面进行了阐述,旨在为提高实验猕猴在生物医学研究中的福利管理水平提供参考和思路。     

纳米线在生物医学工程中的应用

纳米线由于其直径大小接近生物大分子,并且纳米线可以作为电子电路物理组成中的一部分,所以在一定范围通过纳米线将生物细胞分子和电子电路进行对接变得可行。该文主要介绍了生物组件通过纳米线实现对生物分子的传感,通过纳米线对细胞的信号检测,以及在生物分子的输送中的应用等的最新发展。     

灭菌生物指示剂的研究及在灭菌监测中的应用

本文论述有关生物指示剂的历史概况，在灭菌监测中，与物理、化学指示方法比较，生物指示剂的作用与地位。在生物制品、医院、食品行业等领域，生物指示剂的应用越来越受到人们的重视，并产生了良好的效果。本文论述了灭菌监测及生物指示剂的应用，与医院的感染的关系。美国药典（ＵＳＰ）和中国卫生部与也专门规定了生物指示剂的标准，应用及有关规定。在应用时，菌株的选择和具体方法尤为受人关注，本文列出有关应用中须注意的问题     

微图形化技术及其在生物医学研究中的应用

结合生物物理学与生物化学的微细加工技术已可以获得与生物大分子相近的特征尺寸,推动了微图形化技术在药物筛选与新药开发、组织工程、疾病诊断等领域的应用．综述了微图形化技术在生物医学领域的发展,讨论了光刻、软光刻、模板辅助构图、扫描探针加工、喷墨构图、激光诱导图形化等方法,分析了各种方法的优势、局限性与适用范围,指出分辨力与精度、图形化规模、实验加工条件等是选择不同图形化方法的主要依据．而基于生物物理学和生物化学等对纳米尺度的处理过程进行定量分析、进一步提高其生物兼容性及材料适应性、发展适合图形化芯片的体内微环境模拟技术等是微图形化技术进一步发展的方向．     

核磁共振技术在生物物理学领域中的应用

核磁共振波谱法(NMR)是利用核磁共振波谱对纯化合物进行结构测定,并定性或定量分析其微结构的一种研究手段.随着脉冲傅立叶变换技术和超导磁体的发展和普及.15N和31P等核磁共振谱(以15N和31P原子为测定对象得出的图谱),以及诸如二维核磁共振谱等新技术和新方法不断涌现并完善,核磁共振波谱法在生物学领域的应用也越来越广泛.在调研大量国外文献基础上,介绍NMR方法在生命科学研究方面的应用研究成果.     

Rab19在胃癌中的表达及其与预后的相关性

[目的]Rab19属于Ras-GTPase基因家族成员,探讨Rab19表达在胃癌诊断和预后中的价值。[方法]从肿瘤基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库中下载胃癌数据集表达谱及临床病理特征资料。评估Rab19 mRNA在GC中的表达水平。通过Kaplan-Meier和Cox分析,确定Rab19在胃癌中的预后价值。使用TCGA数据集进行基因集富集分析(GSEA)以预测胃癌中Rab19作用的分子机制。[结果]Rab19在胃癌中过表达(P <0.0001),且Rab19的表达与肿瘤分级和瘤体大小都有显著相关(P <0.05)。生存分析结果显示Rab19高表达与胃癌患者生存时间长相关(P <0.05)。Rab19表达可作为胃癌患者的独立预后因子(P <0.005)。此外,过氧化物酶体、状腺癌、泛酸和Co A生物合成、鞘脂代谢、细胞凋亡、硒氨基酸代谢、Notch信号传导途径和子宫内膜癌相关的基因集与Rab19的高表达表型存在差异。[结论]Rab19在胃癌细胞中明显上调,有望成为胃癌的诊断和预后中的有效生物标志物。     

CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋调节性T细胞的体外扩增及其在移植物抗宿主病中的应用

同种异基因造血干细胞移植是急、慢性白血病及其他恶性血液病重要的治疗方法,但急慢性移植物抗宿主病（graft—versus-host disease,GVHD）作为异基因造血干细胞移植的主要并发症严重影响移植患者的存活率,阻碍移植的临床推广。很多研究发现,高表达Foxp3的CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞（regulatory T cells,Treg）不仅能控制急慢性GVHD的发生,而且不影响移植物抗白血病效应（graft-versusleukemia,GVL）,在急慢性GVHD发生发展及治疗方面有重要的作用。但Treg细胞在体内的数量很少,不能满足临床应用需求。目前应用外源的IL-2联合TCR、CD28信号通路共同刺激以及运用树突状细胞（dendritic cell,DC）刺激均能达到体外有效扩增Treg细胞的目的。这些扩增的Treg细胞在控制造血干细胞移植过程中急慢性GVHD的发生及防治自身免疫性疾病和移植排斥等方面具有明显作用,在疾病控制和临床应用中具有广阔前景。     

量子点在生物医学中的应用

半导体量子点是无机纳米结晶,构成于硒化镉核心和硫化锌外壳.这种荧光标记物的发射光强是常用有机荧光染料的20倍,稳定性是其100倍.量子点的发射波长取决于核心粒子的大小,而每一种单色量子点的发射波长窄而对称.这些光学特性使量子点在医学诊断、药物的高速筛选以及基因和蛋白质的高通量分析方面具有广泛的应用前景.基于量子点的稳定性和生物相容性,有可能通过标记不同颜色的量子点到不同的分子,观察它们在活细胞内的运动.     

The use of ruminant models in biomedical perinatal research

Animal models are of critical importance in biomedical research. Although rodents and lagomorphs are the most commonly used species, larger species are required, especially when surgical approaches or new medical devices have to be evaluated. In particular, in the field of perinatal medicine, they are critical for the evaluation of new pharmacologic treatments and the development of new invasive procedures in fetuses. In some areas, such as developmental genetics, reproductive biotechnologies and metabolic programming, the contribution of ruminants is essential. The current report focuses on some of the most outstanding examples of great biomedical advances carried out with ruminant models in the field of perinatal research. Experiments recently carried in our research unit using ruminants are also briefly described.     

Graduate education and the role of the physical anthropologist in biomedical teaching and research

There is a place for the physical anthropologist in biomedical teaching and research because of the special and unique skills possessed by this individual. However, eventual success in the health sciences environment requires the student to obtain the knowledge and background for functionally oriented teaching and research. Students interested in a biomedical teaching and research career must prepare themselves methodologically and theoretically. This requires: (1) teaching qualifications, (2) an increased emphasis on methodology and technology, (3) an increased emphasis on research and experimental design, (4) appropriate interdisciplinary courses which provide the background for both teaching and research, (5) increased interaction with graduate faculty active in research, and (6) the latitude to adapt the graduate program to meet these specific needs. Students who finish their graduate training with a marketable skill, and who can apply their unique talents to a specialized area, will have broad appeal in the job market and will considerably strengthen their career opportunities.     

Species of the genus Papio (Cercopithecidae) as subjects of biomedical research: I. Biological basis of experiments on baboons

The paper reviews the use of various baboon species in biomedical research throughout the world.     

Alternative consent models for biobanks: the new Spanish law on biomedical research

This article provides an overview of recent contributions to the debate on the ethical use of previously collected biobank samples, as well as a country report about how this issue has been regulated in Spain by means of the new Biomedical Research Act, enacted in the summer of 2007. By contrasting the Spanish legal situation with the wider discourse of international bioethics, we identify and discuss a general trend moving from the traditional requirements of informed consent towards new models more favourable to research in a post-genomic context.     

Revised h index for biomedical research

Proposed by Hirsch as a quantitative measure of the total output of a researcher, the h index does not work well in the field of life sciences, where an author’s position on a paper typically depends on the author’s contribution. We revise the h index by weighing first and last authorship papers four times heavier than middle authorship papers. The revised index (r) signifies a shift in how we evaluate the research output in biology and medicine: it places more value on conducting and directing original, independent investigations as compared with contributing to projects conducted and directed by others.     

Revised h index for biomedical research

Proposed by Hirsch as a quantitative measure of the total output of a researcher, the h index does not work well in the field of life sciences, where an author’s position on a paper typically depends on the author’s contribution. We revise the h index by weighing first and last authorship papers four times heavier than middle authorship papers. The revised index (r) signifies a shift in how we evaluate the research output in biology and medicine: it places more value on conducting and directing original, independent investigations as compared with contributing to projects conducted and directed by others.     

Detection and measurement of fluoroacetate in plant extracts by 19FNMR

Examination of extracts from seeds and foliage of several species known to contain fluoroacetate, using¹³F NMR spectroscopy, has shown the presence of the characteristic FCH₂-signal in most of them and enabled quantitative determination of their fluoroacetate content. No other fluorine-containing plant metabolites were detected; fluoroacetate was not detected in the extracts of several non-toxic species. The limit of detection is estimated to beca 4 μg/g.     

Quality management for biomedical research in Germany

Summary Biomedical research is characterized by a tremendous expansion of knowledge in recent years. Alongside, biomedical research is in the focus of public inerest. Hence, highest quality standards are required to meet the expectations of the scientific community and of the public. A panel of instruments of quality management helps to strenghthen productivity of biomedical research, i.e. 1. improved institutionalization of research; 2. productivity-oriented distribution of ressources; 3. evaluations and 4. quality standards for the performance of research. Quality management is a matter of a vivid discussion in Germany and professors and junior faculty members alike are generally open-minded towards quality management activities to improve output-oriented research. Contents of this paper have been given as lecture at the symposium “Quality management in phoniatries and pedaudiology” on the occasion of the 75^th birthday of Prof. G. Kittel at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany (organization: Prof. U. Eysholdt and Asst. Prof. F. Rosanowski).     

本体:生物医学大数据与精准医学研究的基础

在最近兴起的生物医学大数据和精准医学研究中,本体正发挥着不可替代的作用。但一大部分人对本体的定义、类型与应用比较混淆。这篇综述对这些问题进行了回答。具体而言,本体使用人和计算机都可以理解的术语及关系集来表述各种实体/概念以及它们之间关系。根据本体的作用,本体可分为三类:具有多关系模型的增强版控制术语集,反映某知识域的本体知识系统,和对元数据在语义上的约束与标准化的元数据本体。基于这些作用,本体被广泛地应用于生物医学数据的标准化、整合、检索与分析,已经知识的挖掘。当代本体学的研究发展迅速,我国刚刚起步,机遇与挑战并存。广泛地开展国内与国际有关本体的合作研究,将促进国内生物医学本体领域研究水平的整体提升,提高生物与临床科研大数据整合与精准医学研究的能力。     

Polymer-based stimuli-responsive nanosystems for biomedical applications

The application of organic polymers and inorganic/organic hybrid systems in numerous fields of biotechnology has seen a considerable growth in recent years. Typically, organic polymers with diverse structures, compositional variations and differing molecular weights have been utilized to assemble polymeric nanosystems such as polymeric micelles, polymersomes, and nanohydrogels with unique features and structural properties. The architecture of these polymeric nanosystems involves the use of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymeric blocks, making them suitable as vehicles for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Recently, “smart” or “intelligent” polymers have attracted significant attention in the biomedical field wherein careful introduction of specific polymeric modalities changes a banal polymeric nanosystem to an advanced stimuli-responsive nanosystem capable of performing extraordinary functions in response to an internal or external trigger such as pH, temperature, redox, enzymes, light, magnetic, or ultrasound. Further, incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles such as gold, silica, or iron oxide with surface-bound stimuli-responsive polymers offers additional advantages and multifunctionality in the field of nanomedicine. This review covers the physical properties and applications of both organic and organic/inorganic hybrid nanosystems with specific recent breakthroughs in drug delivery, imaging, tissue engineering, and separations and provides a brief discussion on the future direction.