Gehalt an Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (BNYVV) in der Hauptwurzel von Zuckerrübenpflanzen verschiedener Sorten und deren Leistung unter Rizomaniabefall im Feld

BNYVV concentration in the tap roots of sugar beet varieties grown in rhizomania-infested fields During plant development, the BNYVV concentration in several commercially available rhizomania-tolerant sugar beet varieties and one susceptible variety was examined as an index of the intensity of infection. The root weight, sugar content and sugar yield of the same varieties in fields naturally infested with rhizomania were also measured. Significant negative correlations were found between the average virus concentration in the tap root and yield parameters in infested fields. These were largely independent of the growth stage of beet plants used for virological investigations. However, the negative correlations between virus concentration and yield were not significant if rhizomania-tolerant varieties only were compared. The possibility that virus concentration might be used as a criterion for selection in addition to yield performance is discussed. This may lead to selection that is targeted more directly at rhizomania resistance and thereby accelerate breeding work.     

Influence of phloem transport, N-fertilization and ion accumulation on sucrose storage in the taproots of fodder beet and sugar beet

To investigate the factors governing the accumulation of sucroseand amino acids in the taproots of sugar beet, their contentswere measured in the leaves, phloem sap and the taproots ofsugar beet, fodder beet and a hybrid between both, grown oneither 3.0 or 0.5 mM nitrate. In the taproots the contents ofmalate, citrate and inorganic ions were also determined. Forthe high sucrose accumulation in sugar beet as compared to theother varieties three factors were found. (a) In sugar beet,less amino acids and more sucrose are taken up into the phloemthan in fodder beet. (b) In sugar beet, the sucrose and aminoacid syntheses are less sensitive to the nitrate concentrationsthat are required for optimal plant growth than in other varieties.In fodder beet, upon raising the nitrate concentration from0.5 mM to 3 mM, the synthesis and storage of sucrose is decreasedand that of amino acids increased. The corresponding valuesin sugar beet (0.5 mM) are similar to those in fodder beet andare not much affected by an increase of nitrate. (c) The sucroseaccumulation is limited by the accumulation of inorganic ionsin the taproots. The sucrose content in the taproots is negativelycorrelated to the total ion content. Whereas sucrose representstwo-third of all solutes in the taproots of sugar beet, it amountsto only one-third of the solutes in fodder beet taproots. Key words: Amino acids, Beta vulgans L, phloem sap, potassium, sucrose storage, sugar beet, taproots, transport     

An analysis of genetic variation in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. using an augmented biparental (ABIP) mating design

An augmented biparental (ABIP) mating design was used to investigate the quantitative variation, particularly the dominance variation, for morphological and chemical characters in sugar beet. Diploid O-type plants were both crossed and selfed and the progeny were grown in a single-plant randomised field trial. A comparison of the two kinds of family provided tests for both dominance variation and directional dominance effects. Estimates of the narrow heritability were also obtained for each character. Germination problems reduced the size of the final analysis but evidence was obtained of dominance variation and positive directional dominance effects for leaf length, root weight and potassium concentration and, to a lesser extent, sugar concentration. Genetic control of sodium and alpha-amino nitrogen concentrations appeared to be mostly additive. Hybrid varieties of sugar beet should exploit these directional dominance effects and the more closely varieties approach true F, hybrids the more they will capitalise on these advantages. It is possible that other factors such as epistasis, contamination, competition and seed effects may cause us to under- or overestimate the importance of dominance.     

Devlopmental Physiology of Sugar-Beet: II. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND NITROGEN SUPPLY ON THE GROWTH, SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF LEAVES AND ROOTS

Plants were grown at temperatures of 15 and 25 ?C with two ratesof nitrogen supply. The changes in dry weight, leaf area, cellnumber, mean cell volume, soluble carbohydrate, and total nitrogenconcentration of the cotyledons, the first and second pair oftrue leaves, and the storage root were measured. Changes incell number and cell volume of the first pair of true leavesand storage root of plants were also measured at 11, 18, 25,and 32 ?C. Leaf growth before unfolding was chiefly by increase in cellnumber and after unfolding by increase in mean cell volume,while the growth of the storage root was almost entirely byincrease in cell number. The rates of cell division and cellexpansion were fastest at 25 ?C, but the initially high ratesof cell division in the terminal bud and in individual leavesdecreased rapidly and greater rates were maintained at the sub-optimaltemperatures, i.e. 15 and 18 ?C. After an initial period ofslow growth, the first-formed leaves grew faster and becamelarger at 15 than at 25 ?C. Leaves were produced, unfolded,grew faster, and became larger with increase in the externalconcentration of nitrogen, because cells divided and expandedfaster, so that nitrogen increased the number and size of cells. Sugar concentration was greater at 15 than at 25 ?C in leavesbut not in the storage root. Sugar concentration in the petiolesof the first and second pair of true leaves increased to 1.2and 2.0 per cent fresh weight respectively. Decreased nitrogensupply temporarily increased the sugar concentration of cotyledonpetioles and the seedling hypocotyl, but later decreased itin the leaves and storage root. Nitrogen concentration was greaterin the leaves and storage root at 15 than at 25 ?C with thelarger nitrogen supply. Nitrogen concentrations were similarin young leaves of all treatments but as the size of leavesincreased nitrogen concentrations decreased most rapidly at25 ?C with the smaller nitrogen supply. It is suggested that when increased leaf production and storage-rootgrowth occurs at temperatures below the growth optimum (25 ?C),they may be due to an effect of increased carbohydrate supplyon cell division and sugar storage.     

Microplot studies with Xiphinema diversicaudatum under annual and perennial cropping regimes

Annual and perennial crops were grown in monoculture over three- or four-year experiments. Strawberry, raspberry and ryegrass maintained high population densities of Xiphinema diversicaudatum. Hop maintained relatively low population densities as did all annual crops tested, including winter wheat, winter beans, spring barley, potatoes, sugar beet and cabbage. Differences in nematode population density were not due to differences in soil porosity.     

甜菜耐盐性筛选及其幼苗对盐胁迫的响应

为了探讨甜菜耐盐机理、不同耐盐等级甜菜盐耐性机制差异,对40份甜菜品种（系）用300mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫处理,通过芽期相对盐害率和苗期盐害指数确定不同品种耐盐等级,将不同耐盐等级材料进行NaCl浓度梯度（150、300mmol·L-1）处理,测定植株鲜重、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和叶片质膜透性。试验结果如下：40份甜菜材料经过芽期和苗期耐盐性筛选最终确定耐盐等级极强的品种（系）1份（‘KWS0143’）,耐盐等级强的品种（系）6份（‘ACERO’等）,耐盐等级中等的品种（系）14份（‘HI0183’等）,耐盐等级弱的品种（系）5份（‘OVITO’等）;在同一盐胁迫时间下,不同耐盐等级材料的植株鲜重随盐浓度的增加呈下降趋势,品种‘KWS0143’和‘ACERO’变化幅度较小,品种‘OVATIO’下降幅度最大;不同耐盐等级材料随盐浓度增加和胁迫时间延长超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性呈现先上升而后下降的趋势,耐盐性极强的品种酶活性显著高于其他耐盐等级材料;不同耐盐等级材料随盐浓度增加和胁迫时间延长丙二醛（MDA）含量和叶片质膜透性均呈上升趋势,耐盐等级弱的品种（系）明显高于其他各个材料。     

An analysis of the variation in crown size in sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris) grown in England

The processed part of the sugar-beet plant, the beet, consists of secondary storage tissues developed from the root and hypocotyl and the crown which, botanically, is the compressed stem. Crowns contain less sugar than roots and higher concentrations of melassigenic substances (such as amino-nitrogen compounds, sodium, potassium and invert sugars) which impair the crystallisation of white sugar during processing and make beets with high proportions of crown costly to process. Two factors influence the amount of crown material in beet delivered to factories: the original size of the whole crown in intact beet (subsequently referred to as the biological crown), and the fraction removed by the topping mechanisms of beet harvesters when the crop is lifted. The residue left on the delivered beet, for which growers in the UK are not paid, is measured as crown tare at the factory. To understand the causes of variation in crown tare, an analysis was made of the trend and variation in the size of the biological crown of sugar beet varieties introduced in the UK during the last 25 yr using information from past variety trials and new trials done in 1993, 1997 and 1998. Except for a few diploids, the biological crown was generally as large and variable in recently-introduced varieties as in those grown 15–20 yr ago. Its size was strongly influenced by locational and seasonal factors which changed the plant's shoot:root ratio primarily, it is suggested, through differences in amounts of available nitrogen. There was no evidence of changes in beet anatomy in recently-introduced varieties that would result in root material being removed with the crown when samples of delivered, machine-topped beet are contractually de-crowned to estimate crown tares in the factory tarehouse. Variable amounts of crown are removed by harvesting machines. Experiments showed that a greater proportion of beet were over-topped and more root material was removed with the crown when the biological crown was small and when harvester knives were set low to deliver a minimal crown tare. In these situations, significant amounts of root material, for which growers would be paid if delivered to the factory, were left in the field. Data from differential machine-topping trials on commercial sugar beet crops at four locations in 1996 and 1997 were used to relate yield loss through over-topping to crown tare. A crown tare of at least 8% was needed to ensure that no economic yield was left in the field; below this level the losses in delivered yield and grower's income increased exponentially through over-topping. It was estimated from the factory records of individual contracts that deliveries of beet with crown tares below 8% decreased the national adjusted yield of clean beet by 58 400 t in 1997, equivalent to 0.34 t ha^-1 and 0.56% of the total delivered tonnage.     

The growth and development of the storage root of sugar beet

A study was made of the growth of the storage root of sugar beet as a sugar accumulating organ. The storage root grew by simultaneous cell multiplication and expansion from a series of peripheral secondary meristems laid down during the early stages of development. The weight of water and of non-sugar dry matter per cell increased in proportion to the increase in cell volume. The amount of sugar per cell was proportional to cell volume only during the initial stage of cell expansion up to volumes of about 15 times 10^-8 cm³; thereafter it was less proportional. Thus, average cell size is a major determinant of the sugar concentration of the storage root. The implications of this are discussed.     

Intraspecific variation of Myzus persicae on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

Differences in inherited resistance among seven sugar-beet stocks had similar effects on Myzus persicae clones representing the range of variation in aphid response to resistant and susceptible sugar beet observed in fifty-eight clones collected between 1969 and 1971. Three sugar-beet stocks were consistently resistant. Statistically significant interactions between beet stocks and aphid clones did not indicate the existence of biotypes with specific abilities to overcome resistance. M. persicae clones differed in their vigour of colonizing sugar beet, irrespective of the differences between beet stocks. The readiness of adult aphids to settle determined the size of aphid population produced and included a component related to the response of the aphid clone to sugar beet as a host, and a component related to the resistance ranking of the beet stock. Breeding sugar beet with resistance to aphids will be simplified, as the results indicate that, at present, differences between aphid biotypes need not be considered a problem.     

Bodenbewohnende Schädlinge und Seitenwurzelfäule der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Rotation – Ergebnisse eines Fruchtfolgeversuches

Soil inhabiting pests and rot of feeding roots of sugar beet depending on rotation - Results of a long-term trial Over a period of 17 years a trial was carried out with sugar beet, cereals and oilseed rape in different crop rotations on a field near Göttingen (Lower Saxony). The frequency of sugar beet in the rotation was 17, 25, 33 and 67 %. In absence of beet nematodes, root and sugar yield of the beet decreased after repeated growing of sugar beet in short rotations compared to variants with long rotations. Sugar content and beet quality were only slightly influenced. By applying a bioassay (BW-Test) with young beet plants in the greenhouse it was shown that increasing infections on the tips of rootlets of the beet plants were the cause for decreasing beet yield in close rotations. Mortality of young beet plants and progress of infection in the test indicated roughly the quantity of pathogenic fungi in the soil. In the roots of the bait platits the parasitic fungus Aphanomyces cochlioides predominated. Rate of infection and yield reduction in the field were decisively influenced by weather conditions. Differences in yield between sugar beet grown in a three-year and a four-year rotation, however, were not significant. An occurrence of beet pests depending on crop rotation was stated only for Atomaria linearis and this only in a few years.     

Differential adaptation of two varieties of common bean to abiotic stress: II. Acclimation of photosynthesis

The photosynthetic characteristics of two contrasting varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) have been determined. These varieties, Arroz and Orfeo, differ in their productivity under stress conditions, resistance to drought stress, and have distinctly different stomatal behaviour. When grown under conditions of high irradiance and high temperature, both varieties displayed evidence of photosynthetic acclimation at the chloroplast level-there was an increase in chlorophyll a/b ratio, a decreased content of Lhcb proteins, and an increased xanthophyll cycle pool size. Both varieties also showed reduced chlorophyll content on a leaf area basis and a decrease in leaf area. Both varieties showed an increase in leaf thickness but only Arroz showed the characteristic elongated palisade cells in the high light-grown plants; Orfeo instead had a larger number of smaller, rounded cells. Differences were found in stomatal development: whereas Arroz showed very little change in stomatal density, Orfeo exhibited a large increase, particularly on the upper leaf surface. It is suggested that these differences in leaf cell structure and stomatal density give rise to altered rates of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Whereas, Arroz had the same photosynthetic rate in plants grown at both low and high irradiance, Orfeo showed a higher photosynthetic capacity at high irradiance. It is suggested that the higher yield of Orfeo compared with Arroz under stress conditions can be explained, in part, by these cellular differences.     

Spread of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in infected seedlings and plants of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

Summary Infection of sugar beet roots by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) was investigated with transmission electron microscopy, immunogold labelling and enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). Here we show that infection of sugar beet roots is very fast, occurring during germination. Seedlings grown directly in infected soil showed higher BNYVV infection than plants transplanted into infected soil after seven days of initial growth in sterilized soil. The earlier the initial infection, the faster was its spread. The study showed that a few differentiated cells of the cortex and of the xylem parenchyma were the preferred sites of viral multiplication. The spread of viral infection was slow through differentiated tissues. Intact virions were frequently found in undifferentiated and mature vessel elements and xylem parenchyma, whereas they were rare in sieve elements. Virus particle number in the differentiating tracheary elements was high, suggesting that infection of the vessel elements preceded their differentiation. This would explain increased infection after early inoculation. Even the xylem tissue of the primary root was highly infected, the seedlings lacked virus particles in their hypocotyls and leaves.     

Adenylate patterns of autumn-sown sugar beet differ from spring-sown sugar beet. Implications for root quality

Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L) is generally cultivated using two different planting and harvest patterns. In northern zones, spring sugar beet is sown in spring and harvested in autumn, whereas in subtropical latitudes, autumn sugar beet is sown in autumn and harvested in summer. The industrial quality of the root is frequently higher in spring-sown sugar beet crops. In order to explore physiological changes associated with this fact, this study has been focused on the seasonal changes of adenosine 5'-triphosphate and adenosine 5'-diphosphate levels in the storage roots of sugar beet plants, as an index of its metabolic status. The results obtained correspond to a different metabolic status of spring and autumn sugar beet at the moment of harvest. The adenylate patterns of autumn beets suggested a functional and active respiratory system. On the contrary, the patterns shown by spring beets corresponded to those we would expect to see in plants becoming dormant. The proline and glucose contents, which decrease the industrial quality of the root, and the respiratory rate measured in autumn-sown sugar beets, were nearly twice those of spring-sown sugar beets. The combination of an active respiratory system, which allows the carbohydrate catabolism and the synthesis of stress molecules, with the environmental factors at the time of the harvest, could be the underlying physiological mechanism causing some of the differences between spring- and autumn-sown sugar beet crops.     

Potassium uptake efficiency and dynamics in the rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) evaluated with a mechanistic model

Plant species differ in nutrient uptake efficiency. With a pot experiment, we evaluated potassium (K) uptake efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) grown on a low-K soil. Sugar beet and wheat maintained higher shoot K concentrations, indicating higher K uptake efficiency. Wheat acquired more K because of a greater root length to shoot dry weight ratio. Sugar beet accumulated more shoot K as a result of a 3- to 4-fold higher K influx as compared to wheat and maize, respectively. Nutrient uptake model NST 3.0 closely predicted K influx when 250 mg K kg^?1 were added to the soil, but under-predicted K influx under low K supply. Sensitivity analysis showed that increasing soil solution K concentration (C_Li) by a factor of 1.6–3.5 or buffer power (b) 10- to 50-fold resulted in 100% prediction of K influx. When both maximum influx (I_max) and b were increased by a factor of 2.5 in maize and wheat and 25 in sugar beet, the model could predict measured K influx 100%. In general, the parameter changes affected mostly calculated K influx of root hairs, demonstrating their possible important role in plant K efficiency.     

Influence of soil heterogeneity on water regime and yields of lucerne,sugar beet and wheat

Lucerne plants in the first crop year as well as plants of spring wheat from different sites of the respective experimental plots showed differences in sap exudation from detopped roots or from stumps of the main shoots, reflecting differences in properties of the soil profile. The differences in sap exudation were observed at a time when the plants did not show any visible differences in water availability. Differences in the water potential deficit of the leaf blades of lucerne plants in the second crop year and of sugar beet plants, related to differences in soil profile properties, were observed in another series of experiments. Sugar beet plants showed a higher physiological lability than lucerne plants. The sites characterized by unfavourable plant-water-relations usually gave lower yields. The coefficients of variability for the yields of lucerne fresh matter from irrigated plots were three times lower than those for yields from plots without irrigation, influenced by soil heterogeneity.     

Use of high resolution digital thermography to detect Heterodera schachtii infestation in sugar beets

Thermography is a non-destructive method used to monitor pest and disease infestations, as it is related to changes in plant water status. Surface temperature differences of the crop canopy may be an indicator of nematode infestation as the parasitation of the root system reduces evaporation of leaves. To test the potential of high resolution digital thermography to detect Heterodera schachtii infestation, experiments using increasing nematode densities and different sugar beet varieties were conducted. From June to August 2003 the crop canopy temperature was measured with a thermal infrared camera from a helicopter. A significant correlation between canopy temperature and nematode density was observed with the susceptible cultivar Monza whereas the resistant cultivar Paulina did not show any correlation. Mean temperature comparison showed significant differences between the lowest infestation level (500 eggs and larvae/100 ml soil) and the highest infestation level (>1500 eggs and larvae/100 ml soil). At the beginning of the season canopy temperature differences between healthy and nematode infested sugar beets were higher (approximately 1 degree C) compared to later assessment dates when the water supply in the soil was limited. Since low and high nematode infestation could be clearly distinguished with the susceptible cultivar by airborne thermal images, thermography might be a useful tool for monitoring sugar beet fields.     

两种品质类型花生品质形成与子叶细胞超微结构的关系

在大田条件下研究了两种品质类型花生(Arachis hypogaea)品质形成的动态差异及其子叶细胞超微结构的差异。结果表明, 高蛋白品种‘XB023’的蛋白质含量在籽仁发育前期较高油品种‘鲁花9号’低, 后期显著高于‘鲁花9号’, 且成熟期籽仁8种必需氨基酸组分含量均高于‘鲁花9号’, 其中谷氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸含量差异极显著; ‘XB023’脂肪含量在籽仁发育期一直低于‘鲁花9号’。‘XB023’各时期的籽仁可溶性糖含量和油酸/亚油酸(O/L)值均显著低于‘鲁花9号’。两品种在果针入土10天时子叶细胞即形成淀粉粒、脂体和蛋白体, 随后脂体、蛋白体的数量不断增加, 淀粉粒先增大后逐渐缩小解体。‘XB023’的脂体达到最大的时间早于‘鲁花9号’, 而‘鲁花9号’的脂体快速积累的时间比‘XB023’长。两品种蛋白体大小都在果针入土40天时达到最大值, ‘XB023’的蛋白体在籽仁发育后期数量增加较快。高蛋白品种较高的蛋白质含量由其子叶细胞中较大蛋白体的大小和较多的蛋白体数量决定, 而高油品种较高的脂肪含量是由其较多的脂体数量决定。     

Comparison of the growth and development of beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on two different diets

Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most economically important sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pest worldwide. In this study, a comparison was made between two different diets: one was based on Merkx diet (Holidic diet) and the other was based on sugar beet leaf (Oligidic diet). Results showed that the whole development time from larvae to adult between two diets (Merkx and leaf) was not significantly different. For example, developmental time from first instar larvae to adult in Merkx diet was 11.33?days, whilst developmental time of larvae to adult when larvae fed with sugar beet leaf was 10.33?days. However, analysis of variance showed that in some cases like development time of the first instar, third instar and fifth instar larvae and pupae was significantly different between two treatments (p?<?0.05). Larval weight showed differences when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves. For example, significant differences were shown between first, third and fourth instar larvae weight when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves (p?<?0.05). However, significant differences were not observed between weight of second and fifth instar as well as pupae weight when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves (p?>?0.05).     

The effects of temperature on leaf growth of sugar beet varieties

Leaf growth of nine varieties of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was studied at constant temperatures of 7, 11, 15 and 20·C, using generalised logistic curves fitted to the data to estimate the parameters of growth. The rate of leaf appearance increased linearly with temperature and was the same in all varieties. There were differences between varieties in the weighted mean rates of expansion of leaf area per plant (ā), the temperature coefficient of ā and the leaf area duration (D); these differences were caused more by differences in rates of expansion and final sizes of individual leaves than by differences in rates of leaf production. The growth of the first six leaves produced by each plant was examined in detail. The greater size of successive leaves of plants and genotypic differences between comparable leaves were more attributable to differences in the rate than differences in the duration of leaf expansion. Increasing temperatures increased leaf size because they accelerated the rate of expansion more than they shortened the duration of the expansion phase. It is inferred that all effects arose through differences in the initial sizes of leaves before they unrolled from the shoot apex. Dry matter production was proportional to D but was partitioned more to the storage root at the colder temperatures. This may have been related to the differential effects of temperature on cell division and expansion and the relative contribution of these two processes to the final sizes of the leaves and storage root.