悬挂巢箱对次级洞巢鸟类选择天然洞的影响

于2005～2007年3～7月采用在试验样地中添加巢位(悬挂巢箱)与对照样地比较的方法,探讨悬挂巢箱是否影响天然洞的入住率,并为次级洞巢鸟类提供巢位资源,进而增加繁殖种群的数量.结果发现,无论是试验样地还是对照样地,总的入住数量年间差异不显著,种类间差异显著;天然洞之间(无论是否悬挂巢箱)的入住率差异不显著;人工巢箱与...     

潜在洞巢资源差异对次级洞巢鸟及繁殖鸟类群落的影响

为了解次生林中潜在洞巢资源(包括各种啄木鸟的啄洞和人工巢箱)的多寡对次级洞巢鸟集团及繁殖鸟类群落结构的影响, 2007年11月至2008年7月, 我们在吉林省吉林市大岗林场选择洞巢密度不同的样地, 对其次级洞巢鸟及鸟类群落结构进行了比较研究。根据洞巢资源密度我们将9块样地分为3组, 即巢箱区(啄洞密度最低, 悬挂人工巢箱使其潜在洞巢资源总密度大幅提高)、低密度区(啄洞密度较低, 无巢箱)和高密度区(啄洞密度较高, 无巢箱), 调查了3组样地内鸟类的组成和密度、潜在洞巢资源的利用情况等。3组样地中均调查到4种初级洞巢鸟, 其种类组成略有不同; 4种次级洞巢鸟在3组样地广泛分布, 分别为白眉姬鹟(Ficedula zanthopygia)、大山雀(Parus major)、沼泽山雀(P. palustris)和普通鳾(Sitta europaea)。巢箱区和高密度区的次级洞巢鸟总密度显著高于低密度区。巢箱区同高密度区一样, 大山雀和白眉姬鹟的密度显著高于低密度区, 这是由于大山雀和白眉姬鹟是人工巢箱的主要利用鸟种, 而沼泽山雀和普通鳾的密度在三组样地间差异不显著。初级洞巢鸟总密度与啄洞密度、次级洞巢鸟总密度与潜在洞巢资源总密度都呈显著正相关关系。潜在洞巢资源丰富的样地中鸟类群落多样性指数显著高于潜在洞巢资源贫乏样地中的鸟类群落多样性指数, 人为增加洞巢资源可以改变鸟类群落组成并显著提高群落的多样性指数。三组样地中鸟类群落的均匀性、丰富度指数和种间相遇率没有显著差异, 群落相似性指数也相近。高密度区和低密度区鸟类群落集团结构相似。次级洞巢鸟密度的增加短时期内未对群落内其他主要鸟种的密度产生显著影响。研究结果显示, 初级洞巢鸟的密度决定了啄洞的丰富程度, 而洞巢资源的差异会对次级洞巢鸟集团的分布模式产生影响, 进而影响整个繁殖鸟类群落的结构。     

不同纬度洞巢鸟类对人工巢箱的利用及差异

迄今对洞巢鸟类生活史特征的纬度变异（特别是热带洞巢鸟类的繁殖）了解还十分有限。我们于2018年3至8月,分别在海南吊罗山（热带）、河南董寨（亚热带）和河北塞罕坝（温带）的林缘地带,悬挂相同规格的人工巢箱招引洞巢鸟类繁殖,用以比较不同地理区域的洞巢鸟类对人工巢箱的利用情况及其孵化成效和繁殖成功率。野外共悬挂577个木制巢箱,3个研究地的利用率在海南吊罗山为最低（32.6%）,河南董寨最高（92.0%）。3个地点均有大山雀（Parus cinereus）入住（占总巢数的84.3%）,其孵化成效和繁殖成功率在3个地点不存在显著差异（P > 0.05）。但在河北塞罕坝,大山雀的孵化成效（75.7%）和繁殖成功率（65.7%）显著低于同域繁殖的褐头山雀（Poecile montanus）（97.7% 和97.7%）和煤山雀（Periparus ater）（93.5%和90.3%）（P < 0.05）。研究表明,3个地理区域利用巢箱繁殖的洞巢鸟的种类、数量以及对巢箱的利用率均存在差异,但对于广布种大山雀来说,地理位置的差异并不影响其孵化成效和繁殖成功率。     

人工巢箱繁殖鸟类主要巢捕食者及其影响因素

巢捕食是影响鸟类繁殖成功率的一个重要因素,也是鸟类繁殖生态研究中的一项重要内容。确定鸟类的主要巢捕食者及影响巢捕食的因素对于了解鸟类繁殖成功率、种群增长率及种群数量等具有重要意义。2009—2012年,对辽宁仙人洞国家级自然保护区人工巢箱中繁殖的杂色山雀(Parus varius)、沼泽山雀(P.palustris)、大山雀(P.major)和白眉姬鹟(Ficedula zanthopygia)四种鸟类的巢捕食率及影响巢捕食的因素进行了研究。研究共记录到238个繁殖巢(杂色山雀74巢、沼泽山雀21巢、大山雀118巢、白眉姬鹟25巢),其中35巢被捕食,捕食率为14.7%,雏鸟期被捕食占91.4%。巢捕食率在4种鸟类之间无差异(x~2=0.429,df=3,P=0.934)。以锦蛇(Elaphe spp.)为代表的蛇类是该地区小型森林洞巣鸟类繁殖期主要捕食者,占总捕食率的94.3%。对影响巢捕食的22个相关因子进行二元逻辑斯蒂回归分析发现,坡度、地面裸露率、草本盖度对巢捕食具有显著性影响;出雏时间、坡位、距碎石块距离对巢捕食的影响接近显著水平;而巢高、树粗、巢箱年龄、窝卵数、距路距离等对巢捕食无显著影响。因此,处于坡度较陡,坡位较高,草本覆盖率较高,地面裸露率较低,距碎石块距离较近,且出雏时间较晚的巢更容易被捕食。     

次级洞巢鸟对次生林天然树洞的利用

1996年 3～ 7月对吉林省左家自然保护区次生阔叶混交林中的 5种次级洞巢鸟的巢位选择进行了研究 ,所涉及的 5种次级洞巢鸟为大山雀 (Parusmajor)、沼泽山雀 (Paruspalustris)、普通 (Sittaeuropacea)、白眉姬 (Ficedulazanthopygia)、灰椋鸟 (Sturnuscineraceus)。研究表明 :5种次级洞巢鸟在位巢选择中 ,对洞口横径、洞口纵径、洞内径、洞深和洞口方向的选择具有共性。利用的洞口 ,方向在 180°～ 2 2 5°和 315°～ 36 0°分布最少 ;而未利用的洞口 ,方向在这 2个区间的分布恰好相反。利用和未利用的巢洞特征因子差异显著。人为堵塞后又打开的巢洞会迅速被再利用 ,结果说明次生林中天然树洞资源成为次级洞巢鸟巢位选择的限制因子。     

云南澄广花应该作为极小种群植物加强保护

正云南澄广花(Orophea yunnanensis)是一个极度孤立的物种,其近缘种为产于印度的单花澄广花(O.uniflora Hook.f.et Thoms.)(李秉滔,1976)。根据标本记载,由侯宽昭先生于1940年4月1日采自云南省江川县(今澄江县)禄充笔架山,编号74518。自发现近76年以来再没有在笔架山周边地区发现过,是一个典型的狭域物种。我们在进行云南种子植物区划研究中,发现它显示了该区域与热带亚洲区域久远的地质联系。李秉滔先生和其外国同行在Flora of     

广西西大明山冠斑犀鸟的繁殖生物学

作者于2014和2015年在广西西南部的西大明山自治区级自然保护区研究冠斑犀鸟(Anthracoceros albirostris)的繁殖生物学特征,以直接观察法或红外相机共观察5巢犀鸟,2014年2巢,2015年3巢。研究显示,西大明山的冠斑犀鸟在每年4月下旬至5月下旬开始营巢繁殖,雌鸟进入巢洞并在雄鸟协助下自封在其内,期间与幼鸟完全依靠雄鸟喂食。雄鸟带回巢的食物中,数量上有超过80%是果实。雌鸟在封巢期间完成换羽,并和幼鸟在7月中旬至8月中旬破巢而出,封巢时间为89 d和93 d(n=2),繁殖成功率为100%(n=4),平均出巢幼鸟为(2.3±0.5)只(2或3只,n=4)。营巢树与人工林/林下作物的平均距离为87 m(0～210 m,n=3),其中,两棵生长在当地人经常使用的山路旁。营巢树种分别为南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)及金叶树(Chrysophyllum lanceolatum),营巢树平均胸径为73.7 cm(72.0～75.0 cm,n=3),巢洞高度为7.8 m和9.0 m(n=2)。其中两棵营巢树在2014年和2015年的繁殖季均被重...     

利用天然树洞繁殖的五种鸟的巢位特征及繁殖成功率

对吉林省左家自然保护区次生阔叶林中的大山雀 ( Parusmajor)、沼泽山雀 ( Paruspalustris)、普通跓( Sitta europacea)、白眉姬? ( Ficedula zanthopygia)和灰椋鸟 ( Sturnus cineraceus) 5种利用天然树洞繁殖的次级洞巢鸟进行了巢位选择和繁殖成功率研究。本研究中共发现 1 41巢。五种鸟对树洞类型的选择存在种间差异 ,普通跓不利用裂洞 ,沼泽山雀不利用啄洞 ,其它 3种鸟对 3种洞均有利用 ,但有一定的倾向性。对 5种鸟 9个巢位变量的比较中 ,只有洞口方向差异不显著 ( p >0 .0 5 ) ,其它 8个变量均差异显著 ( p<0 .0 5 ) ,该结果说明 5种次级洞巢鸟对巢位的选择具有其各自的需求。洞口横径、洞口纵径、洞处树直径、洞内径、巢距地高是巢位选择重要变量 ,它们决定不同种类对树洞的利用。巢损失多数出现在产卵之前和孵化阶段 ,44个繁殖失败的巢中有 35个在这两个阶段损失。大山雀的巢成功率最低 ,灰椋鸟的巢成功率最高。 5种鸟的孵化率都超过 90 %。人为破坏和动物捕食是繁殖失败的主要原因 ,占总数的 61 .4%。洞巢鸟巢位选择中的重要变量影响繁殖成功。普通跓繁殖是否成功受洞口横径和巢高影响 ,沼泽山雀受洞口纵径、树胸径和洞内径影响 ,大山雀受洞口横径、巢高和洞内径影响 ,灰椋鸟受洞内径和洞深影     

黑枕绿啄木鸟营土洞巢繁殖的新发现

黑枕绿啄木鸟(Picus canus)隶属鴷形目(Piciformes)啄木鸟科(Picidae),是典型的森林益鸟。国内有10个亚种,除新疆、西藏外,遍布全国。 黑枕绿啄木鸟的繁殖生态,郑作新(1963),郑光美(1982),刘益康(1984),杜恒勤(1987),张仲信(1990,1991)等,均报道营巢于树洞或侵占斑啄木鸟(Dendrccopos major)树洞巢产卵繁殖。1990年5—6月作者在山东省徂徕山,发现黑枕绿啄木鸟营土洞繁殖,这在国内外尚未见报道。鉴于有其生态学意义,并对探讨其巢洞的形成和保护利用有一定价值,特简报如下。 一、巢地生境 徂徕山属鲁中山区,位于泰沂山脉南侧,东经117°16′至117°20′,北纬36°02′至36°07′,最高峰为中部太平顶,海拔1028m。总面积16000公顷。土壤棕色。林木有刺槐(Robinia pseudoacia)、松类(Pinus)、毛白杨(Populus tomentosn)、板栗(Castanen mollissima)、核桃(Juglans regia)、黄荆(Vitex negundo)、     

贵州宽阔水自然保护区鸟类地面巢捕食者的调查

巢捕食是导致鸟类繁殖失败的主要原因之一。2012年5—7月,在贵州宽阔水自然保护区,采用红外自动摄像机对鸟类地面巢的捕食者进行了调查。在15个自然巢中监测到7个捕食事件,包括黄鼬(Mustela sibirica)2个(28.6%),红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythrorhyncha)、喜鹊(Pica pica)、果子狸(Paguma larvata)、白腹巨鼠(Rattus edwardsi)和王锦蛇(Rattus edwardsi)各1个(占14.3%)。在22个人工巢中共记录到17个捕食事件,其中果子狸11个(64.7%),白腹巨鼠5个(29.4%),红嘴蓝鹊1个(5.9%)。兽类捕食者占83.3%,是鸟类地面巢的主要捕食者。各种捕食者捕食的时间不同,兽类捕食者主要出现在黄昏到凌晨之间,而鸟类和蛇类捕食者主要出现在白天。     

Predation risk determines breeding territory choice in a Mediterranean cavity-nesting bird community

Non-direct effects of predation can be an important component of the total effect of predation, modulating animal population and community dynamics. The isolated effects of predation risk on the spatial organisation of the breeding bird community, however, remains poorly studied. We investigated whether an experimentally increased predation risk prior to reproduction affected breeding territory selection and subsequent reproductive strategies in three Mediterranean cavity-nesting birds, i.e., the little owl Athene noctua, European roller Coracias garrulus and scops owl Otus scops. We found that territories used the previous year were more likely to be re-occupied when they belonged to the safe treatment rather than to the risky treatment. The first choice of breeders of all three species was for safe territories over risky ones. When all breeding attempts in the season (i.e., final occupation) were considered, breeders also preferred safe to risky sites. In addition, little owls laid larger eggs in risky territories than in safe territories. Our study provides experimental evidence of a rapid preventive response of the three most abundant species in a cavity-nesting bird community to a short-term manipulation of predation risk. This response highlights the key role of the non-direct effects of predation in modulating avian community organisation.     

The effect of nestboxes on breeding populations of birds in broadleaved temperate woodlands

Removal of nestboxes from a semi-mature, broadleaved woodland caused a decrease in the number of breeding pairs of Great Tits, but did not significantly reduce breeding densities of Blue Tits. Breeding densities of warblers were unaffected by changes in the population of Great Tits. In the absence of nestboxes, intraspecific competition for natural nestholes was more intense amongst Great Tits than Blue Tits. Great Tits tended to occupy larger holes on or near the trunk, while Blue Tits used smaller holes on side branches. Nesting success for both species was lower in natural cavities than nestboxes, due to a higher percentage of total nest failures. The reintroduction of nestboxes did not produce an immediate rise in the breeding population of Great Tits; possible reasons for this are discussed.     

The effect of nestboxes on breeding populations of birds in broadleaved temperate woodlands

Removal of nestboxes from a semi-mature, broadleaved woodland caused a decrease in the number of breeding pairs of Great Tits, but did not significantly reduce breeding densities of Blue Tits. Breeding densities of warblers were unaffected by changes in the population of Great Tits. In the absence of nestboxes, intraspecific competition for natural nestholes was more intense amongst Great Tits than Blue Tits. Great Tits tended to occupy larger holes on or near the trunk, while Blue Tits used smaller holes on side branches. Nesting success for both species was lower in natural cavities than nestboxes, due to a higher percentage of total nest failures. The reintroduction of nestboxes did not produce an immediate rise in the breeding population of Great Tits; possible reasons for this are discussed.     

鄱阳湖湿地大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性对群落次级生产力及稳定性的影响

理解生物多样性对生态系统功能及稳定性的影响对于制定有效的保护管理策略有重要意义。然而,目前生物多样性与群落生产力、稳定性的关系仍存在争议。在鄱阳湖湿地布设30个采样点,于2019年秋季开展大型底栖无脊椎动物群落野外调查。基于底栖动物群落数据,采用广义加性模型分析物种、谱系、功能多样性对鄱阳湖湿地底栖动物群落次级生产力与稳定性的影响。结果表明:底栖动物群落的次级生产力与反映物种多样性的指数(Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数)、分类多样性指数、平均分类差异指数、功能丰富度指数等呈显著的负相关,其中Pielou均匀度指数与次级生产力的相关度最高(r²=0.33)。功能多样性对群落次级生产力的空间分异有最高的解释度(r²=0.75)。P/B值(次级生产力与生物量之比代表群落稳定性)与物种、谱系、功能多样性指数均呈正相关,其中功能丰富度与P/B值的相关度最高(r²=0.22)。反映物种多样性的三个指数总体上对P/B值的空间分异解释度最高(r²=0.37)。谱系多样性与次级生产力、P/B值的相关性相对较弱。生物多样性指数总体分别解释了次级生产力和群落稳定性中81.9%、54.8%的变异。上述研究结果表明,生物多样性与群落生产力、稳定性的关系可能因具体的生物群落而异。研究结果对于鄱阳湖湿地的底栖生物多样性保护有参考价值。     

The effect of human population size on the breeding bird diversity of urban regions

Most studies of the effects of urbanization on avian diversity are carried out in a single urban area. However, urban areas vary in characteristics, such as human population size and biophysical context, that likely influence within-urban area ecological structure and functioning. In this paper, we describe the first direct test of the effect of urban area human population size on bird diversity. We applied simultaneous autoregressive modeling and multi-model inference to North American Breeding Bird Survey and US Census data from 48 urban areas in the conterminous United States to determine the effect of urban area human population size on total breeding bird species richness and abundance in surrounding urban regions, controlling for variation in elevation, air temperature, precipitation, urban area age, human population density, and original habitat type. We hypothesized that increasing urban area human population size is a driver of increasing regional habitat loss and fragmentation and disturbance and therefore would have a negative effect on breeding bird species richness and abundance in regions. We found strong evidence for a negative effect of urban area human population size on species richness and show that urban area human population size is positively correlated with impervious surface cover and air pollutant emissions in urban regions, lending provisional support to our hypothesis. Our results imply that we prioritize urban regions surrounding urban areas with large human population sizes for conservation activities that will benefit birds, such as preserving green spaces. In future, greater emphasis should be placed on the acquisition of high-quality ecological data in multiple urban areas in order to increase our understanding of the structure and functioning of complex urban systems, a frontier in urban ecology.     

The role of body size in nest-site selection by secondary cavity-nesting birds in a subtropical Chaco forest

Most bird species that nest in tree cavities globally occur in diverse assemblages in little-studied tropical and subtropical forests which have high rates of habitat loss. Conservation of these communities will require an understanding of how species traits, such as body size, influence nest-site selection. We examined patterns of nest-site selection of secondary cavity-nesting birds at the nest patch, tree and cavity scale, and investigated how these patterns are influenced by body size. Using conditional logistic regression, we compared characteristics of 155 nest tree cavities paired with 155 unused tree cavities in quebracho Schinopsis balansae forests in Chaco National Park, Argentina (2016–2018). The odds of a cavity being used for nesting increased with its depth and height above ground, decreased with entrance size, and were greater for dead trees than live. Small-bodied (13–90 g) species used floor diameters in proportion to availability, but medium- (150–200 g) and large-bodied (400–700 g) species selected cavities with larger floors. Model selection indicated that characteristics at the nest patch scale (canopy cover, tree density) had little effect on nest-site selection when cavity-scale variables were included. Cavity floor diameter, entrance size, cavity height and tree diameter (but not cavity depth) increased with body mass, and larger bird species more often used live trees. Two tree species proved to be key for the community: large and medium-sized birds used almost exclusively large live Schinopsis balansae, whereas small birds used live and dead Prosopis spp. in a proportion greater than its availability. Small birds could be differentiated according to species-specific cavity characteristics, but medium and large species overlapped considerably with one another. Although body mass explained much of the overall variation in tree and cavity characteristics between small and medium/large species, several small-bodied species consistently used cavities outside of the expected characteristics for their body size, suggesting that other natural history traits may play important roles in nest-site selection by small-bodied birds. To retain the full suite of secondary cavity-nesters in species-rich tropical and subtropical forests, it is necessary to conserve a diversity of trees and cavities that meet the full range of nesting requirements of these trait-diverse communities.     

江西武夷山-黄岗山西北坡森林繁殖鸟类多样性调查

研究区属于江西武夷山国家级自然保护区范围,为中国亚热带东部最高的山地,森林原生性保存较为完好。2004—2012年,在研究区海拔300—2160 m范围,布设了穿越所有代表性生境的1条主样线和6条辅助样线,共记录有森林繁殖鸟188种,占中国东部丘陵平原亚区繁殖鸟种数的71.76%。在这些繁殖鸟中,物种数在10种及以上的优势科有鸫科(Turdidae)13种、鹟科(Muscicapidae)10种、画眉科(Timaliidae)21种、莺科(Sylviidae)22种,占研究区森林繁殖鸟种数的35.1%、雀形目(PASSERIFORMES)的51.2%。将研究区按海拔高度、植被类型和人类干扰程度分为4类生境进行分析,结果显示:物种数以次生林恢复区最多(138种)原生性森林区(127种)农林营作干扰区(119种)中山灌丛草甸区(51种),其中中山灌丛草甸区由于生境条件因素各项指标数值均最小,其余3类生境分区,无论是总鸟种数、雀形目鸟种数,还是优势科鸟种数,均支持中间膨胀效应(Mid-domain effect)。G-F指数由低海拔向高海拔依次降低,即:农林营作干扰区(DG-F=0.775)次生林恢复区(DG-F=0.772)原生性森林区(DG-F=0.760)中山灌丛草甸区(DG-F=0.603);雀形目鸟种G-F指数分析,原生性森林区(DG-F=0.650)则略大于次生林恢复区(DG-F=0.633),提示顶级植物群落更大的森林内部空间和多样的内部层次结构,对雀形目鸟种多样性具有积极意义。分析显示次生林恢复区与原生性森林区相似性系数最高,表明经过30a左右自然演替恢复的次生林,对于森林繁殖鸟来说其生态功能已接近顶级群落,而农林营作干扰区和中山灌丛草甸区相似性系数最低。同时,研究区鸡形目(GALLIFORMES)鸟类生态位分异表现最为典型。     

Secondary succession and breeding bird community structure: Patterns of resource utilization

Summary Structure of breeding bird communities was compared among four habitat types representative of stages present in most old-field successions in the eastern deciduous forest formation of North America. The successional catagories, defined by vegetational structure, were designated herbaceous (type A habitats) herb, shrub and sapling (type B), young forest (type C), and older forest (type D). Density of breeding birds was lowest in A habitats, rose sharply in B habitats and reached a maximum in D habitats. Species richness and number of feeding guild showed similar patterns. Mean number of species per guilds was highest in D habitats. Generalist feeding guilds were predominant in type A and B habitats, primarily due to the importance of the graminivore-insectivore guild. Specialist guilds increased in importance with succession due to addition of several insectivorous guilds in later successional stages. Patterns of occurrence of individual feeding guilds are analyzed and discussed with respect to changes in vegetational structure. Variance in community structure was generally highest in A habitats and lowest in D habitats; this is discussed in relation to the evolution of saturated, coadapted communities.