畜牧业可持续发展的综合评价

畜牧业可持续发展的评价不仅有助于了解目前畜牧业发展的现状和程度,而且对于预测畜牧业发展的趋势,制定畜牧产业政策及相应的法律法规都具有重要的意义．首先,简述了畜牧业可持续发展的含义．然后,在分析现有的可持续发展评价理论和研究方法的基础上,针对畜牧业发展的特点,提出了以环境经济学为手段,以生态承载能力理论为基础,借助生态资源、环境功能价值的货币化表达。评价畜牧业可持续发展的一整套评价理论和方法．最后,对畜牧业可持续发展的具体评价方法以及评价指标的选取作了简要的阐述．     

内蒙古草地畜牧业可持续发展的生物经济原则研究

草地畜牧业可持续发展的三大生物经济原则为草场不退化原则,最大生物学效率原则和风险,利润权衡原则：（1）草场不退化原则。在冷蒿小禾草退化草原上,暖季期间1．33－2．67羊／hm2的放牧率下可使其发生恢复演替,禾草的比例增大,植物多样性指数和均匀度指数均有所提高,从而达到利用式改良的目的;相反,若继续重牧或过牧,放牧绵羊喜食的植物种类将进一步减少,植物多样性指数也有所降低,最终将趋同于星毛委陵菜退化草原群落,且星毛委陵菜可能是草场沙化荒漠化的最后多年生植物屏障。（2）最大牧草利用效率原则,放牧绵羊的种群生闻,羯头应当年羔育肥出栏,其牧草利用效率不仅提高了4．6倍,且肉用性能可提高2．5倍,同时,应尽量控制羯羊越冬的数量,提高畜群中母羊的处理利润最高（1993年价格）,虽然5．33羊／hm2的公顷增重最大,但风险也大,且利润较低。故在综合考虑以上3个原则的基础上,可以通过提高生物学利用效率,即使降低放牧率也不会太大的影响牧民的利益,同时又减轻了生产风险,保护了生态环境,只有这样,才得以使草地畜牧持续发展。     

Agricultural applications for transgenic livestock

Transgenic animals are produced by introducing 'foreign' DNA into the genetic material of pre-implantation embryos. This DNA is present in all tissues of the resulting individual. This technique is of great importance to many aspects of biomedical science, including gene regulation, the immune system, cancer research, developmental biology, biomedicine, manufacturing and agriculture. The production of transgenic animals is one of several new and developing technologies that will have a profound impact on the genetic improvement of livestock. The rate at which these technologies are incorporated into production schemes will determine the speed at which we will be able to achieve our goal of more efficiently producing livestock that meets consumer and market demand.     

Review: Animal health and sustainable global livestock systems

This paper discusses the sustainability of livestock systems, emphasising bidirectional relations with animal health. We review conventional and contrarian thinking on sustainability and argue that in the most common approaches to understanding sustainability, health aspects have been under-examined. Literature review reveals deep concerns over the sustainability of livestock systems; we recognise that interventions are required to shift to more sustainable trajectories, and explore approaches to prioritising in different systems, focusing on interventions that lead to better health. A previously proposed three-tiered categorisation of ‘hot spots’, ‘cold spots’ and ‘worried well’ animal health trajectories provides a mental model that, by taking into consideration the different animal health status, animal health risks, service response needs and key drivers in each system, can help identify and implement interventions. Combining sustainability concepts with animal health trajectories allows for a richer analysis, and we apply this to three case studies drawn from North Africa and the Middle East; Bangladesh; and the Eastern Cape of South Africa. We conclude that the quest for sustainability of livestock production systems from the perspective of human and animal health is elusive and difficult to reconcile with the massive anticipated growth in demand for livestock products, mainly in low- and middle-income countries, as well as the aspirations of poor livestock keepers for better lives. Nevertheless, improving the health of livestock can contribute to health sustainability both through reducing negative health impacts of livestock and increasing efficiency of production. However, the choice of the most appropriate options must be under-pinned by an understanding of agro-ecology, economy and values. We argue that a new pillar of One Health should be added to the three traditional sustainability pillars of economics, society and environment when addressing livestock systems.     

Defining a land boundary for sustainable livestock consumption

The need for more sustainable production and consumption of animal source food (ASF) is central to the achievement of the sustainable development goals: within this context, wise use of land is a core challenge and concern. A key question in feeding the future world is: how much ASF should we eat? We demonstrate that livestock raised under the circular economy concept could provide a significant, nonnegligible part (9–23 g/per capita) of our daily protein needs (~50–60 g/per capita). This livestock then would not consume human‐edible biomass, such as grains, but mainly convert leftovers from arable land and grass resources into valuable food, implying that production of livestock feed is largely decoupled from arable land. The availability of these biomass streams for livestock then determines the boundaries for livestock production and consumption. Under this concept, the competition for land for feed or food would be minimized and compared to no ASF, including some ASF in the human diet could free up about one quarter of global arable land. Our results also demonstrate that restricted growth in consumption of ASF in Africa and Asia would be feasible under these boundary conditions, while reductions in the rest of the world would be necessary to meet land use sustainability criteria. Managing this expansion and contraction of future consumption of ASF is essential for achieving sustainable nutrition security.     

高寒草地生态经济系统价值流、畜群结构、最优控制管理及可持续发展

高寒草地是中国西部青藏高原地区重要的生态系统,该系统直接和该地区少数民族的民生相联系。由于长期过度放牧,该系统已经开始严重退化,而单纯的保护将会与当地畜牧业发展发生冲突。为了能深入地认识高寒草地牧业生态经济系统存在的经济规律,本砑究以甘南合作藏族自治州畜牧业经济为对象,首先从生态经济学角度以货币为计量标度,定量分析了一个以草地牧业为主的高寒牧区生态经济复合系统中单位面积上能流过程和价值流过程,解释该生态经济系统的耦合关系。然后利用线性规划方法,对该系统中的关键问题,即畜群结构进行优化分析并提出优化方案。最后利用最优控制方法,对放牧及刈割强度进行分析,提出合理的放牧强度模式,使高寒草地的经济效益与生态效益达到最佳平衡。利用这3种方法建立起高寒草地生态经济复合系统的可持续发展监督和管理模式,用价值流分析明确系统的价值走向和倍增效应,用线性规划使畜牧业的种内和品种结构达到最优化并使其经济效益最大,利用最优控制方法使畜牧业生产和草地保护有机结合,形成既保护高寒生态系统又改良并发展当地畜牧业的可持续发展模式。     

有机农业与可持续发展

从国内外有机农业研究与生产发展状况出发,阐述了我国绿色食品研究的目标、生产中坚持的原则;结合国外有机农业和可持续农业的争论,论证了“替代农业”的理论和实践意义．与常规农业高强度农业生产方法相比。有机农业生产方式能够培肥土壤,对环境的影响很小．有机农业为代表的“替代农业”的研究与实践已近一个世纪,我国的绿色食品事业的发展已历时十几年．讨论有机农业“环境友好”和对人体健康为主要宗旨的食品生产方式,以及维持农业系统的可持续性问题,对我国绿色食品产业的发展具有积极的指导作用。     

Speciation centres and sustainable development

Biodiversity can be regarded as the result of the dynamic processes starting with speciation and ending with species extinction. Speciation urges populations of organisms within an already‐existing species to change as a consequence of ecological change. It can occur everywhere as the selective pressures causing it are randomly distributed ( Dobzhansky et al., 1977 , p. 4); hence, a need to promote a development policy that does not endanger these natural processes. This conservation concept addresses a global ecological policy and is different from the more classical concept of conservation based on the promotion of natural parks to preserve rare species and their direct habitats. The latter concept has the disadvantage to lead to the protection of limited surfaces, which cannot harbour most of speciation centres and leaves the rest of the world unprotected. Examples will illustrate the dangers faced by continental and insular speciation centres.     

The ecolabel and sustainable development

Abstract  The goal of the different national and supranational ecolabelling programs is to encourage consumers to choose products which are the least damaging to the environment. It is clear that the involvement of product and service users is essential to the establishment of sustainable consumption patterns. For this reason, ecolabelling must necessarily limit any risks of uncertainty. To this end, labels must take into account all the impacts of a product’s life cycle and use a reliable and verifiable evaluation method. In general, the organizations in charge of ecolabelling programs claim that a multi-criteria approach is used to define the exact labelling criteria appropriate for the product categories in question. These organizations generally maintain that their approach is based on the completion of exhaustive and complete life cycle analyses, which take into account all of the impacts caused by a product throughout its life cycle. And yet, the real situation is often far less clear-cut, and these simplified approaches, which tend to reconcile economic realism and methodological coherence, constitute the usual procedure for criteria definition. Thus, the procedures involved in criteria development often rely on a ‘semi-qualitative’ approach to the life cycle which uses both qualitative and quantitative data in order to identify the product’s significant stages on the environment. Presently, the ecolabel is a ‘non-verifiable expert property’ for the consumer. The ecolabel’s lack of objectivity in its criteria and its lack of transparency, resulting from non standardized methods whose accuracy cannot be measured, can only damage this sustainable development tool’s credibility. In effect, the primary hindrance to ecolabel development lies precisely within this difficulty of finding a compromise between economic feasibility and the scientific and methodological rigor which are indispensable to the label’s credibility and veracity.     

Systematics,conservation and sustainable development

The contribution of systematics to conservation and sustainable use of species is discussed. An adequate inventory of species is required for both areas and recent field work shows that the inventory is far from complete. This supports the first mission of Agenda 2000 which is to discover described and inventory global species diversity. The importance of making these data available in data base format is stressed. Sound systematics is a necessity for conservation legislation where control depends on the ability to identify organisms correctly. The establishment of reserves is also dependent upon data from systematics about centres of diversity and endemism and examples of this are given. Molecular systematics has made new tools available to conservation such as genetic fingerprinting which is useful both to breeding programmes of rare species and for identification for legal proceedings.Systematics is also one of the foundations for programmes of sustainable development especially in the search for new crops, non-timber forest plants from extraction forests and the identification of wild relatives of crop species. Examples of the role of systematics in a fuelwood programme in Zimbabwe, a sustainable development programme in northeast Brazil and in the search for a chemical component with medicinal properties for curing AIDS are given. The more predictive a classification we can develop using modern cladistic and molecular techniques the more useful systematics will be for both conservation and sustainable development. The goal of Agenda 2000 to organize the information derived from the programme in an efficiently retrievable form that best meets the needs of science and society is a laudable target that is crucial for conservation and the sustainable use of the plant resources of the world.     

Biotechnology and sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa

Whether development is defined by the long-standing economic parameter of per capita gross national product (GNP) or by the newly introduced Human Development Index (HDI), which is not based exclusively on per capita GNP, the countries of sub-Saharan Africa rank at or near the bottom of the developing world. Agriculture and agro-based processing are the mainstays of the economies of the majority of these countries. Because of this, and also because many of the diseases endemic in these countries are communicable, the application of modern biotechnology (including genetic engineering, tissue culture and monoclonal antibody technology) and related biotechnologies could play an important part in creating sustainable development in the region. There is, therefore, an urgent need to train more of the region's indigenous citizens, and to equip more laboratories, in modern biotechnology. It is suggested that, in order to accelerate the harnessing of the fruits of biotechnology, more countries in the region should affiliate with the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB). It is further suggested that a regional equivalent of the ICGEB be built and the services of non-governmental biotechnology organizations used.The author is with Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria. Address correspondence to P. M. B. 1457, Enugu, Nigeria     

Simulation and analysis for sustainable product development

Purpose

Simulation plays a critical role in the design of products, materials, and manufacturing processes. However, there are gaps in the simulation tools used by industry to provide reliable results from which effective decisions can be made about environmental impacts at different stages of product life cycle. A holistic and systems approach to predicting impacts via sustainable manufacturing planning and simulation (SMPS) is presented in an effort to incorporate sustainability aspects across a product life cycle.

Methods

Increasingly, simulation is replacing physical tests to ensure product reliability and quality, thereby facilitating steady reductions in design and manufacturing cycles. For SMPS, we propose to extend an earlier framework developed in the Systems Integration for Manufacturing Applications (SIMA) program at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. SMPS framework has four phases, viz. design product, engineer manufacturing, engineer production system, and produce products. Each phase has its inputs, outputs, phase level activities, and sustainability-related data, metrics and tools.

Results and discussion

An automotive manufacturing scenario that highlights the potential of utilizing SMPS framework to facilitate decision making across different phases of product life cycle is presented. Various research opportunities are discussed for the SMPS framework and corresponding information models.

Conclusions

The SMPS framework built on the SIMA model has potential in aiding sustainable product development.     

西双版纳生物多样性保护和可持续发展研究:本论文集的说明

西双版纳是保存有大面积热带森林的地区,倍受海内外的关注.从本世纪30～40年代到90年代的研究表明西双版纳处于热带亚热带过渡地带的特殊性,其生态环境和生物成分不仅在生物演化中意义显要而且也是发展地方经济的重要资源.西双版纳为多民族聚居区,居住着傣族、爱尼族约20个民族或未定族群.各民族有其特殊的土地和自然资源利用传统.随着人口增加和经济发展,特别是橡胶种植的扩大,严重地损坏了西双版纳的热带森林及其生态环境,也使优秀传统文化在丧失.保护生态环境和优秀传统文化成了西双版纳可持续发展的关键.     

生态系统健康与人类可持续发展

生态系统健康学是近年来出现的一门探讨资源环境管理对策的综合性新学科．本文介绍了生态系统健康概念的由来、内涵以及生态系统健康学的主要研究内容;阐述了生态系统健康与人类可持续发展的关系;文中还对国际上一些主要的生态系统健康实践作了介绍,并建议我国应尽快开展生态系统健康研究．作者认为生态系统健康学必然为人类社会的健康、持续发展提供新的希望．     

湛江市红树林资源及其可持续利用

广东省湛江市现有红树林面积7242.0hm²,人工造林未成林25.6hm²,天然更新红树林509.4hm²,另有红树林宜林地9688.6hm²。红树林及其伴生植物主要有木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)等15科24种。由于毁林养虾、养鱼等导致1980～2001年占用红树林地面积6363.6hm²。从总体上看,湛江红树林种类多,群落类型丰富;红树林面积大幅减少,影响区域社会经济发展;除乡土种外,无瓣海桑是一种较成功的外来引树种;宜林地多,但人工造林保存率不高;破坏红树林,挖塘养殖依然较普遍。为了实现湛江红树林的可持续发展,需要加强下列工作:建立自然保护区加强对现有红树林湿地的保护;开展红树林湿地生态系统资源监测和鸟类环志;科学规划后加快红树林的恢复和重建;积极推动退塘还林并合理利用红树林;依法保护管理好红树林;多途径筹集保护资金;加强红树林、湿地的保护和宣传。     

Contrasting and comparing sustainable development indicator metrics

Despite the fact that it has been well over a decade since Agenda 21 first called for sustainable development indicators, there is no consensus regarding the best approach to the design and use of SDI models. It is important, therefore, to question the effectiveness of SDIs in an effort to continue advancing sustainability.This paper addresses one aspect of this question by exploring whether our global SDI metrics are sending a clear message to guide us towards sustainable development. Six global SDI metrics are compared by relative ranking in colour coded tabular format and spatially in map format. The combined presentation of results clearly illustrates that the different metrics arrive at varying interpretations about the sustainability of nations. The degree of variability between the metrics is analyzed using correlation analysis. The variability in findings draws attention to the lack of a clear direction at the global level in how best to approach sustainable development. Canada is presented as a case study to highlight and explain the discrepancies between SDI measures.     

Peatswamp ecology and sustainable development in Borneo

While tropical lowland peatswamp ecosystems are well-represented among the major forest formations of Borneo, they are rare outside South-East Asia. They are richly endowed with biological diversity, including the crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), which is a threatened species, and are characterized by their organic (histosol) soils that have developed recently, approximately within the past 5000 years. Their unique ecological features, as well as logistical difficulties in accessing and utilizing peatswamps, have not, however, deterred exploitation. Some of the tallest, most commercially desirable timber species, such as ramin (Gonystylus bancanus) have been harvested routinely in the peatswamp forests of Sarawak. Also, due to its primary location in coastal lowlands in close proximity to human activity, drained and reclaimed peatswamp land is desirable for development of highways, housing, and industrial and plantation estates. Ecological information is needed urgently by decision-makers and land-owners, who may be contemplating conversion of natural peatswamp ecosystems to other land uses, to undergird conservation policy and best management practices for the wise stewardship and sustainable development of this ecosystem.The paper provides an overview of peatswamp ecology with recommendations for avoiding or reducing potential ecological impacts associated with peatswamp development in Borneo, which include a moratorium on further development until a Borneo peatswamp survey and inventory as well as a holistic, multi-sectoral, integrated environmental assessment and planning procedure are completed; gazetting of pristine peatswamp forest parcels as totally protected areas; implementing highly restricted multiple-use policy that allows development only in degraded areas, and insuring protection of the critical hydrological role of peatswamps in providing fresh water supply for human use as an overriding criterion in assessing any development scheme.