金松茎次生韧皮部的解剖

在光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜下,金松茎次生韧皮部的结构,主要特征为:(1)轴向系统由筛胞、韧皮薄壁组织细胞、蛋白质细胞及韧皮纤维组成;径向系统为单列,稀二列的韧皮射线构成。(2)筛胞径向壁上嵌埋有许多草酸钙结晶。(3)韧皮纤维仅一种类型,径向排列1—6个细胞宽的切向带,两带之间筛胞与韧皮薄壁组织细胞层数不规则。通过我们的研究结果,支持金松属可从杉科中分离出来成立金松科的主张。     

红豆杉科次生韧皮部的比较解剖

在光学显微镜及扫描电镜下,比较观察了红豆杉科Ｔａｘａｃｅａｅ５属即红豆杉属Ｔａｘｕｓ,白豆杉属Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｔａｘｕｓ、穗花杉属Ａｍｅｎｔｏｔａｘｕｓ,榧树属Ｔｏｒｒｅｙａ和澳洲红豆杉属８种植物茎次生韧皮部的结构。其主要结果为：红豆杉科植物茎次生皮部由轴向系统和径向系统两部分构成。轴向系统由筛胞,韧皮薄壁组织细胞,蛋白细胞及韧皮纤维组成;径向系统由韧皮射线构成,但是,在横切面上,各个组成分子的层次有     

杨柳科7种植物次生韧皮部的比较研究

本文研究和比较了杨柳科２属７种植物次生韧皮部解剖结构。结果表明：１杨属和柳属植物在次生韧皮部解剖上有某些共同特征：次生韧皮部具有明显分层现象;韧皮纤维和含晶细胞与筛管分子,伴胞和韧皮薄壁组织细胞呈切向带相间排列;筛管分子均为复筛板,端壁倾斜平均含量有７－８个筛域。２两属植物在射线和晶体类型上有明显区别：柳属植物次生韧皮部无石细胞;杨属植物不具功能韧皮中含有石细胞。３两属植物均有一些较为原始的韧皮剖     

杨柳科(Salicaceae)7种植物次生韧皮部的比较研究

本文研究和比较了杨柳科2属7种植物次生韧皮部解剖结构。结果表明:(1)杨属和柳属植物在次生初皮部解剖上有某些共同特征:次生韧皮部具有明显分层现象;韧皮纤维和含晶细胞与筛管分子、伴胞和韧皮薄壁组织细胞是切向带相间排列;筛管分子均为复筛板,端壁倾斜平均含有7-8个筛域。(2)两属植物在射线和晶体类型上有明显区别:柳属植物次生韧皮部无石细胞;杨属植物不具功能韧皮部中含有石细胞。(3)两属植物均有一些较为原始的韧皮部解剖特征。     

三尖杉属植物茎次生韧皮部的比较解剖

作者在光学显微镜及扫描电镜下,比较观察了三尖杉属Cephalotaxus 4种及1栽培变 种茎次生韧皮部的结构,主要结果为：(1)属内各种茎次生韧皮部的结构比较一致。横切面筛胞与薄壁组织细胞呈单层切向带交替排列; 厚壁组织切向带的径向宽为1—4个细胞,带间 距离较宽。(2)根据韧皮纤维的类型,石细胞数量多少或缺如,可作本属分种鉴定特征; 也为 属内分组提供了佐证。(3)本属茎次生韧皮部中有些薄壁组织细胞的内切向壁中嵌埋有草酸钙结晶。这有别于松柏类其它各科,也是自然分类的一新依据。     

白皮松次生韧皮部蛋白细胞的细胞学研究

本文重点观察白皮松（Pinus bungeana)次生韧皮部中蛋白细胞不同发育时期的超微结构,白披松次生韧皮部由筛胞,轴向薄壁组织,径向片和射线组成,大多数直立射线细胞与径向片薄壁细胞是蛋白细胞,虽然这两类蛋白细胞在形状和分布上有所不同,但它们都具有下列的细胞学特征：细胞质浓厚,线粒体丰富,具核糖体,粗糙内质网和大的细胞核;细胞核常呈凹陷形;蛋白细胞含有淀粉粒,但与其它的韧皮部薄壁细胞相比,蛋白细胞的淀粉含量较少,上述细胞结构特征显示出蛋白细胞具有旺盛的生理活性,蛋白细胞与其它薄壁细胞的主要区别是：蛋白细胞与相邻的筛胞以单侧筛域相联系,当筛胞死亡时也一同死去。     

白皮松次生韧皮部蛋白细胞的细胞学研究

本文重点观察白皮松（Pinus bungeana)次生韧皮部中蛋白细胞不同发育时期的超微结构,白披松次生韧皮部由筛胞,轴向薄壁组织,径向片和射线组成,大多数直立射线细胞与径向片薄壁细胞是蛋白细胞,虽然这两类蛋白细胞在形状和分布上有所不同,但它们都具有下列的细胞学特征：细胞质浓厚,线粒体丰富,具核糖体,粗糙内质网和大的细胞核;细胞核常呈凹陷形;蛋白细胞含有淀粉粒,但与其它的韧皮部薄壁细胞相比,蛋白细胞的淀粉含量较少,上述细胞结构特征显示出蛋白细胞具有旺盛的生理活性,蛋白细胞与其它薄壁细胞的主要区别是：蛋白细胞与相邻的筛胞以单侧筛域相联系,当筛胞死亡时也一同死去。     

买麻藤茎的结构及其异常次生生长

买麻藤(Gnetum montanum Mgr.)茎的各类组织的排列与被子植物的茎非常相似,其次生生长也属同一类型。其中最明显的相似之处,是木质部中的导管和韧皮部中的筛分子与“伴胞”。藤本植物买麻藤,正常的次生生长开始后,由每一维管束外侧的薄壁组织经脱分化产生新的形成层,以后逐渐形成一圈维管束。这与前人所描述的新形成层来自韧皮薄壁组织是不同的。异常的维管束与正常的一样,由木质部和韧皮部组成,并被髓射线分隔呈楔形。当第一轮维管束停止生长以后,在其外围以同样方式形成新的一轮,以后并可连续形成多轮。     

漆树茎次生韧皮部超微结构的研究

本文叙述了漆树茎次生韧皮部各组成分子的超微结构。在漆树茎的次生韧皮部中,各个组成分子除了有与一般双子叶植物类似的超微结构外,筛管分子、伴胞、韧皮薄壁组织细胞,丹宁细胞和射线细胞中都含有嗜锇滴。其中电子密度较大的嗜锇滴与乳汁道分泌细胞中的相似,有相同的分布规律,并都有通过质膜和细胞壁向外运输的趋势。因此,我们认为,在漆树中,韧皮部的各个组成分子除了为乳汁道分泌细胞提供正常的营养物质外,同时也可能提供合成分泌物的原料或前体物质,而这些原料或前体物质是通过质膜和细胞壁向乳汁道分泌细胞转运的。此外,在成熟筛管分子的筛孔周围都衬有很厚的胼胝质,并为一些电子不透明的P—蛋白质所堵塞,这种现象可能是由于切割造成筛分子内部压力的消除和植物体产生损伤反应的结果。     

紫胶虫四种寄主树次生韧皮部与周皮的解剖学观察

紫胶虫的4种寄主树钝叶黄檀、南岭黄檀、木豆和苏门答腊金合欢的次生韧皮部轴向系统均由筛管、伴胞、韧皮薄壁细胞、纤维组成,径向系统由射线组成。木豆、苏门答腊金合欢中尚有少量石细胞。苏门答腊金合欢筛管分子端壁较倾斜,具复筛板,无明显的 P-蛋白质。其余3种筛管分子端壁均为横向,具单筛板,具 P-蛋白质。根据观察结果分析,4种寄主树2—3年生枝条或具表皮,或木栓层很薄;次生韧皮部的筛管看来均具相对较长的寿命;4种寄主中有3种筛管与伴胞均属特化程度高的类型。     

Anatomy of Secondary Phloem of Glyptostrobus in Relation to Its Systematic Position

A anatomical characters of secondary phloem in Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunt.)Koch were observed by means of both light and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The secondary phloem is composed of axial and radial systems. In the axial systems, the phloem consists of sieve cells, phloem parenchyma cells, albuminous cell and phloem fibers. In the radial systems, it consists of phloem rays. The alternate arrangement of different cells in cross section results in tangential bands. The sequence of radial arrangement follows the pattern of sieve cells, phloem parenchyma cells, sieve cells and phloem fibers, sieve cells. Many crystals of calbium oxalate are embedded in the radial walls of seive cells. The phloem fibers are of only one type. The phloem rays are homogeneous, uniseriate. According to the anatomical characters of secondary phloem of Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunt.)Koch and comparison with the other genera of Taxodiaceae, Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia and Taxodium have close relationships.     

Secondary phloem anatomy of Cycadeoidea (Bennettitales)

Secondary phloem anatomy of several species of Cycadeoidea is described from trunks in the Wieland Collection, Peabody Museum of Natural History. The trunks were collected from the Lakota Formation, Lower Cretaceous, Black Hills of South Dakota. Secondary phloem is extensively developed and consists of alternating, tangential bands of fibers and sieve elements, with rare phloem parenchyma. Uniseriate rays, 2-22 cells high, occur between every one to three files of the axial system. Fibers are long, more than 1200 μm, approximately 26.6-34.2 μm in diameter, and have slit-like apertures on the lateral walls. Sieve elements range from 16-25 μm in diameter and are up to 500 μm long. Elliptical sieve areas appear on both end and radial walls and measure 10 μm across; minute spots, which may represent sieve pores, are present within the sieve areas. Secondary phloem of North American Cycadeoidea is similar in organization (alternating tangential bands) and cell types (sieve cells, fibers, axial parenchyma) to that known in other extant and fossil cycadophytes and some seed ferns. The unusual pattern of cell types and thickness of secondary phloem is discussed in the context of plant habit, phloem efficiency, and potential phylogenetic importance.     

Anatomy of the Secondary Phloem and the Crystalliferous Phloem Fibers in the Stem of Torreya grandis

The structure of the secondary phloem and the development of the crystaleiferous phloem fibers in the stem of Torrey grandis were observed under the ligth microscope and SEM. The secondary phloem is composed of sieve cells, phloem parenchyma cells, crystalliferous phloem fibers and stone cells in the longitudinal system, and the uniserite homogeneous phloem rays consisting of parenchyma cells only in the radial system. In the cross section, there are 3–9 sieve cells in radial rows forming discontinuous tangential layers, the crystalliferous phloem fibers often in a single discontinuous tangential layer and the stone cells dispersed in rangential layer of phloem parenchyma. The developmental process of crystalliferous phloem fibers is as follows: initial cells appeared in the end of April and were well differentiated in the first week of May. Some crystals were deposited in the primary wall, while others were free in the cell. At the end of May, the secondary wall of most crysalliferous phloem fibers started to be thickened. With the thickening of the secondary wall, all the crystals were embedded in the wall from June to August From the end of September to the early days of October, the crystalliferous phloem fibers reached their full maturation. It is shown by microchemical identification and EDAX analysis that the crystals embedded in the wail of crystalliferous phloem fibers are calcium oxalate crystals.     

The Cytological Studies on Albuminous Cells in Secondary Phloem of Pinus bungeana

This paper emphatically deals with the ultrastructure of albuminous cells in different stages of development in the secondary phloem of Pinus bungeana. The secondary phloem of Pinus bungeana is composed of sieve cells, axial parenchyma cells, radial plates and rays. Among the constituents, most of upright ray cells and radial plate parenchyma cells are albuminous cells. Although the shape and distribution of this kind of albuminous cells may be different, they possess the following common cytological characteristics. These cells have dense cytoplasm with abundant mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticula and a large nucleus, the nuclei of some albuminous cells are lobed in shape which increases the outer surface of the nuclei. Usually the albuminous cell contains some starch granules, the quantity of the starch granules in albuminous cells is less than the other parenchyma cells of the secondary phloem. All these cytological characteristics suggest that albuminous cells are active physiologically. The distinguishing characteristics of albuminous cells from other parenchyma ceils are that the albuminous cells are associated with sieve cells through unilateral sieve area and they died together with the sieve cells.     

Stem anatomy of the dwarf subshrub Cressa cretica L. (Convolvulaceae)

Stem anatomy and development of medullary phloem are studied in the dwarf subshrub Cressa cretica L. (Convolvulaceae). The family Convolvulaceae is dominated by vines or woody climbers, which are characterized by the presence of successive cambia, medullary- and included phloem, internal cambium and presence of fibriform vessels. The main stems of the not winding C. cretica shows presence of medullary (internal) phloem, internal cambium and fibriform vessels, whereas successive cambia and included phloem are lacking. However, presence of fibriform vessels is an unique feature which so far has been reported only in climbing members of the family. Medullary phloem develops from peri-medullary cells after the initiation of secondary growth and completely occupies the pith region in fully grown mature plants. In young stems, the cortex is wide and formed of radial files of tightly packed small and large cells without intercellular air spaces. In thick stems, cortical cells become compressed due to the pressure developed by the radial expansion of secondary xylem, a feature actually common to halophytes. The stem diameter increases by the activity of a single ring of vascular cambium. The secondary xylem is composed of vessels (both wide and fibriform), fibres, axial parenchyma cells and uni-seriate rays. The secondary phloem consists of sieve elements, companion cells, axial and ray parenchyma cells. In consequence, Cressa shares anatomical characteristics of both climbing and non-climbing members. The structure of the secondary xylem is correlated with the habit and comparable with that of other climbing members of Convolvulaceae.     

ONTOGENY AND STRUCTURE OF THE SECONDARY PHLOEM IN EPHEDRA

The secondary phloem in Ephedra is atypical of the gymnosperms in general and exhibits several angiosperm-like characteristics. The ray system of the conducting phloem consists of parenchymatous, multiseriate rays. The axial system contains parenchyma cells, sieve cells, and unusual albuminous cells reminiscent of the specialized parenchyma cells found in some angiosperms. These cell types may intergrade with each other. P-protein in the developing sieve element appears early in the form of a single, ovoid slime body. Later, smaller slime bodies appear and quickly disperse. In the mature sieve element the single, ovoid slime body is lost, and P-protein is then evident in the form of a parietal cylinder, thread-like strands, amorphose globules, or a slime plug. Necrotic-appearing nuclei are commonly found in mature sieve cells.     

PHLOEM OF SPHENOPHYLLUM

The phloem of most fossil plants, including that of Sphenophyllum, is very poorly known. Sphenophyllum was a relatively small type of fossil arthrophyte with jointed stems bearing whorls of leaves ranging in form from wedge or fan-shaped to bifid, to linear. The aerial stem systems of the plant exhibited determinate growth involving progressive reduction in the dimensions of the stem primary bodies, fewer leaves per whorl, and smaller and simpler leaves distally. The primary phloem occurs in three areas alternating in position with the arms of the triarch centrally placed primary xylem. Cells of the primary phloem, presumably sieve elements, are axially elongate with horizontal to slightly tapered end walls. In larger stems with abundant secondary xylem and secondary cortex or periderm, a zone of secondary phloem occurs whose structure varies in the three areas opposite the arms of the primary xylem, as opposed to the three areas lying opposite the concave sides of the primary xylem. The axial system of the secondary phloem consists of vertical series of sieve elements with horizontal end walls. In the areas opposite the protoxylem the parenchyma is present as a prominent ray system showing dilation peripherally. Sieve elements in the areas opposite the protoxylem arms have relatively small diameters. In the areas between the protoxylem poles the secondary phloem sieve elements have large diameters and are less obviously in radial files, while the parenchyma resembles that of the secondary xylem in these areas in that it consists of strands of cells extending both radially and tangentially. An actively meristematic vascular cambium has not been found, indicating that this layer changed histologically after the cessation of growth in the determinate aerial stem systems and was replaced by a post-meristematic parenchyma sheath made up of axially elongate parenchyma lacking cells indicative of being either fusiform or ray initials. A phellogen arose early in development in a tissue believed to represent pericycle and produced tissue comparable to phellem externally. Normally, derivatives of the phellogen underwent one division prior to the maturation of the cells. Concentric bands of cells with dark contents apparently represent secretory tissue in the periderm and cell arrangements indicate that a single persistent phellogen was present. Sphenophyllum is compared with other arthrophytes as to phloem structure and is at present the best documented example of a plant with a functionally bifacial vascular cambium in any exclusively non-seed group of vascular plants.