热稳定性伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶A突变体的筛选

摘要:【目的】为更好地提高伯克霍尔德菌ZYB002脂肪酶LipA在TMP纸浆造纸工艺中的应用,有必要利用蛋白质工程技术,提高其热稳定性。【方法】基于B-factor值筛选LipA多肽链中潜在的突变位点,利用迭代饱和诱变技术,构建突变文库,筛选热稳定性提高的突变体。【结果】利用上述方法,从4个突变文库中分别筛选到在55℃下,半衰期较野生型脂肪酶LipA分别提高了1.8倍、3倍、2.2倍和1.7倍的脂肪酶突变体。【结论】基于B-factor值选择突变位点,利用迭代饱和突变技术,快速筛选到热稳定性有显著提高的突变体。     

基于酶热稳定性系统计算的乳酸氧化酶热稳定性改造

乳酸氧化酶能够催化乳酸氧化为丙酮酸,具有重要的工业应用价值,但已有研究表明,不同来源的乳酸氧化酶均存在热稳定性不好的问题,影响了其在工业当中的应用。目前对于乳酸氧化酶的研究报道较少,对其热稳定性的改造更未见报道,因此提高乳酸氧化酶的热稳定性具有重要意义。克隆表达了一个高比活乳酸氧化酶(Eg LOD),通过生物信息学辅助分析及表面电荷分析软件(ETSS)对乳酸氧化酶的蛋白结构进行理性分析,基于蛋白表面电荷分布优化设计了9个突变体尝试对其进行热稳定性改良。通过对突变体的筛选获得了两个有效提升热稳定性的突变体D250N,D281N,在60℃下处理30 min仍然能够保持50%以上的酶活,而野生型Eg LOD酶活仅剩20%左右。     

结构指导的玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶的热稳定性改造

玉米赤霉烯酮是世界上污染最为广泛的一种镰刀菌(Fusarium)毒素,严重危害牲畜以及人类的健康。来源于粉红螺旋聚孢霉(Clonostachys rosea)的玉米赤霉烯酮水解酶(zearalenone hydrolase,ZHD)能有效降解饲料中的玉米赤霉烯酮,然而饲料加工中的高温环境限制了该酶的应用。基于结构特征的理性设计可为酶的热稳定性改造提供指导。本研究首先基于蛋白质结构比对(multiple structure alignment, MSTA)筛选ZHD的结构灵活区,随后基于序列保守性打分以及构象自由能计算设计突变文库,得到基于136号和220号残基的9个单点突变设计。结果表明,9个突变体的热熔融温度(Tm)提高了0.4–5.6℃,其中S220R和S220W热稳定性表现最好,Tm分别提高了5.6℃和4.0℃,45℃下的热半失活时间分别延长了15.4倍和3.1倍,相对酶活分别为野生型的70.6%和57.3%。分子动力学模拟分析表明突变位点及附近区域的作用力得到了增强,突变体S220R和S220W的220-K130氢键成键概率分别增加了37.1%和19.3%、K130-D223盐桥成键概率分别增加了30.1%和12.5%,为ZHD热稳定性的提高作出了贡献。这项工作表明结合天然酶的结构比对、序列分析及自由能计算的热稳定性改造策略的可行性,并获得了热稳定性增强的ZHD变体,为ZHD在工业上的应用打下基础。     

米根霉α-淀粉酶热稳定性的理性设计

真菌α-淀粉酶被广泛应用于麦芽糖浆生产工业,但其热稳定性普遍较差,在制糖工艺中增加了由于酶活力损失而引起的追加生产成本。在充分研究了热稳定性对于真菌α-淀粉酶应用于工业生产的重要性的基础上,为提高米根霉α-淀粉酶(ROAmy)的热稳定性,基于酶蛋白B-factor分析和分子动力学模拟,利用重叠PCR技术分别对ROAmy中的3个氨基酸残基G128、K269和G393进行了单点突变及组合突变。结果表明,所获得的7个突变体均比原酶具有更好的热稳定性,其中效果最好的为组合突变体G128L/K269L/G393P,其在55℃下的热失活半衰期(t_(1/2))约为原酶的5.63倍。同时,该突变体的最适温度由50℃提高到了65℃,最大反应速率(V_(max))和催化效率(k_(cat)/K_m)分别提高了65.38%和99.86%。通过蛋白结构功能比较分析,发现氢键数目的增多或脯氨酸在特殊位置中的引入可能是突变体热稳定性得到提高的主要因素。     

基于空腔填充效应构建伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶LipA的热稳定性突变体

【目的】中温伯克霍尔德菌胞外脂肪酶LipA在工业领域具有重要的应用价值。利用蛋白质工程技术来提高其热稳定性,对开发脂肪酶LipA酶制剂及提高其应用范围及应用效果,具有重要的意义。【方法】利用生物信息学软件Castp、Voronoia和Cave分析LipA分子中存在的空腔及其组成氨基酸残基;利用FoldX软件构建上述氨基酸残基的突变体电子文库,并基于空腔效应(体积变小)、自由能变化值(降低)和空间结构特点等对前述突变体电子文库进行筛选。从突变体电子文库中选择具有代表性的突变体,通过基因工程技术,引入突变。经诱导表达后,实验验证并筛选出热稳定性的突变体。【结果】构建了一个由58个突变体组成的电子文库;并对其中17个代表性的突变体进行了实验验证;筛选到2个热稳定性有明显提高的突变体LipA-His15Pro和LipA-Ala210Val;其叠加突变体LipA-His~(15)Pro/Ala~(210)Val的T50~(12)较野生型LipA提高了8°C,在55°C下的半衰期较野生型脂肪酶LipA提高了23.1倍。【结论】基于空腔填充技术构建热稳定性伯克霍尔德菌胞外脂肪酶LipA突变体,是一种行之有效的策略。     

利用脯氨酸效应提高短乳杆菌谷氨酸脱羧酶的热稳定性

以磷酸吡哆醛为辅酶的谷氨酸脱羧酶(Glutamate decarboxylase,GAD),能专一、不可逆地催化L-谷氨酸脱去α-羧基生成γ-氨基丁酸。为了提高GAD热稳定性为目标,本研究通过与嗜热古细菌Thermococcus kodakarensis中GAD氨基酸序列的比对及引入脯氨酸策略,最终在短乳杆菌Lactobacillus brevis CGMCC No.1306的GAD突变体中筛选得到热稳定性提高的突变酶G364P。结果显示,突变酶G364P在55℃的半衰期以及半失活温度分别比野生酶提高19.4 min和5.3℃,并且突变酶G364P的催化效率与野生酶相比没有明显变化。此外,利用分子动力学模拟来验证突变对蛋白质热稳定性的影响,突变酶G364P的均方根偏差(Rootmeansquare deviation,RMSD)以及含G364的loop区域均方根涨落(Root mean square fluctuation,RMSF)均比野生酶低,引入脯氨酸增加了364位氨基酸与相邻氨基酸的疏水相互作用。文中通过引入脯氨酸成功提高了L. brevis中GAD的热稳定性,同时也为其他酶热稳定性的理性设计提供了方法学指导。     

木糖异构酶序列结构特点、耐热机理及分子改造研究进展

近年来,随着发展低碳经济的迫切需要,可再生资源利用研究方兴未艾,其中,构建充分利用木质纤维素水解产物木糖生产乙醇的重组菌成为研究热点.木糖异构酶由于不需要辅酶,成为构建利用木糖重组酵母的首选途径.文中对近年来木糖异构酶的研究进展进行了综述.首先介绍了木糖异构酶的基本性质、序列、结构和功能特性,然后对其耐热机理进行了总结归纳;重点阐述了基于序列及结构进行的酶分子改造研究,包括底物特异性改造、热稳定性改造等;同时,结合作者的研究经历,对如何提高嗜热木糖异构酶在常温下的活性进行了探讨.最后,对木糖异构酶的研究进展进行了总结和展望,对基于结构改善木糖异构酶催化活性及构建新型高效利用木糖生产乙醇的重组菌具有重要的指导意义.     

扩展青霉脂肪酶K56R叠加突变对热稳定性的影响

目的:扩展青霉脂肪酶随机突变体ep8是一株热稳定性比野生型有所提高的突变体.获得热稳定性提高的优良菌株.方法:在ep8的基础上利用重叠延伸PCR构建叠加突变重组质粒pPIC3.5K-ep8一K56R,将该质粒电转毕赤酵母(Pichia paaoris)GS115进行异源表达.结果:该叠加突变脂肪酶在毕赤酵母中获得了活性表达.15%SDS-PACE结果分析表明突变脂肪酶PEL-ep8-K56R-GS分子量与野生型PEL-GS一致,约为28kDa.叠加突变脂肪酶在37℃时酶活为852U/mL、野生型为760u/mL、随机突变体为824u/mL,叠加突变体酶活相比野生型提高了21.1%,相比随机突变体提高了3.4%.热稳定性分析数据表明叠加突变脂肪酶Tm值为40.1℃、野生型为38.7℃、随机突变体为39.9℃,Tm值相比野生型提高了1.4℃,相比随机突变体提高了0.2℃.     

F43Y及I354M,L358F定点突变对植酸酶热稳定性及酶活性的改善

对重组酵母PPNPm8的植酸酶phyAm基因进行PCR介导的定点突变,即将植酸酶43位的苯丙氨酸替换为酪氨酸(F43Y),将其354、358位的异亮氨酸、亮氨酸分别替换为甲硫氨酸和苯丙氨酸(I354M,L358F),得到了2个突变体PPNPm-1(F43Y)及PPNPm-2(I354M,L358F).含突变基因的重组表达载体pPIC9kphyAm-1,pPIC9kphyAm-2在毕赤酵母GS115中表达,对表达产物进行酶活性测定及热稳定性检测.结果表明:突变体PPNPm-1最适反应温度比未突变体PPNPm8上升了3℃,75℃处理10min,热稳定性提高15%,比活力提高11%;PPNPm-2最适反应温度未改变,热稳定性比PPNPm8仅提高3%,比活力降低6.5%.对突变前后的植酸酶空间结构进行比较预测,发现突变氨基酸Tyr43与空间位置相邻的Asn416之间形成氢键,增强了酶的热稳定性.     

酶热稳定性研究概况

本文简述了近年来在酶热稳定性与蛋白质结构的关系以及增强酶热稳定性的某些方法等的概况。生物工程技术的蓬勃发展,为根本解决酶的热稳定性展示了光辉的前景。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.