甘薯抗茎线虫病亲本资源的筛选和利用

为解决茎线虫病对甘薯生产的严重威胁,对多渠道引进的资源材料,在重病地块连续进行抗性鉴定和亲子代抗性遗传分析,并注重高淀粉、高抗茎线虫病育种材料和品种的筛选,现已筛选出AB94078-1、徐1-4、徐3-2、徐58-1、鲁78066、AIS35-2、CNl232-9等高抗材料,其中AB94078-1干物率比徐薯18高9～10个百分点,淀粉率高6～7个百分点,防治效果高达98％,是一个兼具备高干物率与高抗性的优异材料。     

抗病高干甘薯地方资源的鉴定评价与育种利用

摘要：抗病高干甘薯地方资源的筛选是选育多抗、优质、高产甘薯新品种的基础。本文通过对收集的850份甘薯地方种资源进行抗病鉴定及品质分析：筛选出高干（干率≥30%）的资源材料71份,高干兼抗三病资源材料5份,高干兼抗两病资源材料23份,高干并抗一种病害的资源材料42份;通过对1981年以来育成的254个品种的亲本类型分析表明：85.8%的育成品种选用国内育成种（品系）作为亲本,18.5%的品种选用国外引进资源作为亲本,只有8.3%和0.78%的品种分别选用国内甘薯地方种和甘薯野生资源作为亲本。     

国际水稻遗传评价圃资源在广东的试验和评价利用

2001-2005年广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所、水稻研究所参加6个国际水稻遗传评价试验圃（INGER）,包括国际褐稻虱圃、稻瘿蚊圃、稻瘟病圃、白叶枯病圃、灌溉稻观察圃和靓粒香稻圃,引进水稻种质资源1778份,经鉴定试验和田间评价试验,评选出一批适合广东的抗病虫或具丰产潜能的优质种质。这些种质资源在我省水稻抗病虫性研究和抗病虫育种中得到广泛应用,2001-2005年用4个INGER材料培育出9个优质丰产抗病虫品种,合计应用面积25万hm^2。这些品种组合控制了广东水稻病虫褐稻虱、稻瘟病、白叶枯病的灾害性发生,具有重要的经济效益和生态效应。目前,广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所和水稻研究所分别保留了200多份和5000多份可进一步利用的水稻种质材料。通过INGER试验引进的水稻种质资源对丰富广东水稻育种的遗传背景,提高广东省水稻抗病虫性研究和抗病虫育种水平以及种质研究利用水平具有重要意义。     

黄淮麦区重要小麦品种和种质资源材料的抗条锈性评价

采用苗期分小种和成株期混合优势小种法测定了黄淮麦区227份小麦品种和种质材料对小麦条锈菌的抗病性,结果表明,被测品种在苗期对4个条锈菌生理小种的抗病性有很大的差异,抗条中27、30、31、29号小种的品种分别占被测品种总数的93．00%、72．69%、64．76%和61．67%。成株期用6个菌株混合接种测定选出抗病品种76个,占33．48％,其中免疫的为40个,占17．62%。通过对227份小麦品种资源材料的苗期分小种鉴定及与成株期混合优势小种鉴定结果比较,筛选出了成株期和苗期均抗病的品种48个,占被测品种总数的21．14％;成株期抗病苗期感病的品种30个,占被测品种总数的13．22％。     

抗病高淀粉甘薯品种徐薯26的选育及产量形成特点

抗病高淀粉甘薯新品种徐薯26是中国农业科学院甘薯研究所以徐781为母本,通过集团杂交放任授粉、多年多点综合鉴定选育而成。该品种2009年通过国家甘薯新品种鉴定,鉴定编号为国品鉴甘薯2009003。对徐薯26的形态特征、品质性状、抗病性、生产力和产量形成的生理特点等进行了研究,结果表明:徐薯26全生育期长势平稳,薯干品质和食味较好,抗根腐病和蔓割病,薯干和淀粉产量与徐薯18相比增产极显著,生长后期薯块干物质积累较快,经济系数较高,适宜早栽和密植。     

向日葵种群中植株个体大小对其氮素利用策略的影响

我们利用Berendse和Aerts提出的氮素利用效率(NUE)概念及原理研究了高密度一年生草本植物向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)种群中植株个体大小对其氮素吸收利用的影响,并对种内竞争进行了分析.结果表明,植株对氮素的吸收与其个体大小不成线性关系,说明种群内不同植株个体对土壤氮素的竞争属于非对称竞争.植株的氮素损失随着个体大小的增加而增加.个体较大的植株具有较高的氮素输入率和较低的氮素输出率,因而具有较高的氮素净增加值.植株的氮素生产力(NP)和氮素平均滞留时间(MRT)均与植株个体大小呈正相关.较大的植物个体具有较高的NP和较长的MRT,由于NUE为NP和MRT二者的乘积,因而较大个体植株的NUE高于个体较小的植株.同种植物的不同个体的NP和MRT之间不存在协衡关系.氮素回收效率(NRE)与植株个体大小密切相关.在个体水平上,较大的植株个体具有较高的NUE与其较高的NRE有关.种群内植株个体对土壤氮素的非对称竞争主要由于植株对氮素的吸收和利用效率不同所致.因此,Berendse和Aerts提出的氮素利用效率概念不仅适用于研究种间的养分利用策略,对于种内不同植株的养分策略研究也同样适用.     

抗黄矮病小麦-中间偃麦草易位系基因组可转化人工染色体文库的构建及初步筛选

利用抗黄矮病小麦 -中间偃麦草易位系HW6 4 2的细胞核DNA构建了一个可转化人工染色体 (transformation competentartificialchromosome,TAC)文库 ,文库由 2 .3× 10 6 克隆构成 ,重组率为 90 .4 8% ,平均插入片段大小为 2 2kb左右 ,约覆盖普通小麦单倍体基因组 2 .5倍 ,在该文库中分离得到单拷贝DNA序列的几率约是 95 .77%。文库保存在 2 4块 96孔板中 ,每个孔中约含有 10 0 0个不同的重组克隆 ,可以采用PooledPCR的方法对文库进行筛选。用来源于小麦的简单重复序列 (simplesequencerepeat,SSR)引物wms37扩增中间偃麦草、抗病易位系及感病材料 ,得到一条与抗性共分离的特异条带 ,约 4 5 0bp。将此特异标记条带转化为SCAR(sequencecharacterizedamplifiedregion)标记 ,用于筛选HW6 4 2基因组TAC文库 ,得到 12个阳性克隆。对阳性克隆进行了PCR Southern验证 ,以中间偃麦草基因组总DNA为探针与限制酶HindⅢ消化后的阳性克隆杂交 ,其中 10个阳性克隆分别有 1～ 6条杂交带 ,结果表明 ,这 10个阳性克隆可作为抗黄矮病相关基因筛选的候选克隆     

Design and Characterization of an Adhesive Matrix Based on a Poly(Ethyl Acrylate, Methyl Methacrylate)

The main issue in the development of transdermal patches made of poly(ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate) (Eudragit NE 40D, PMM) is the shrinkage phenomenon during the spreading of the latex onto the release liner. To solve this problem, the latex is usually freeze-dried and then re-dissolved in an organic solvent (method 1). To simplify the production process, we prepared an adhesive matrix by adding to the commercial PMM latex a plasticizer and an additive (anti-shrinkage agent) that avoids the shrinkage of the water dispersion spread onto the release liner (method 2). In some cases the active ingredient itself, such as potassium diclofenac (DK) and nicotine (NT), works as anti-shrinkage agent. In this work, the effects of the preparation method, types and concentrations of the plasticizer (triacetin and tributyl citrate) on the adhesive properties of the transdermal patches were investigated. The adhesive properties of the prepared patch were determined by texture analysis, peel adhesion test and shear adhesion. The PMM/plasticizer interactions were evaluated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the in vitro skin permeation profiles of DK and NT released from the patch were determined by Franz cell method. Generally speaking, the variables that mainly modify the adhesive properties are the concentration and type of the plasticizer. The skin permeation profiles of DK and NT from the patch prepared by method 2 overlapped with those obtained with the commercial products. The results underline that the PMM latex can be used conveniently in the development of transdermal patches.     

Inactivation of MARK4, an AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)-related Kinase,Leads to Insulin Hypersensitivity and Resistance to Diet-induced Obesity

MARK4, also known as Par-1d/MarkL1, is a member of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related family of kinases, which are implicated in the regulation of dynamic biological functions, including glucose and energy homeostasis. However, the physiological function of MARK4 in mammals remains elusive. Here, we investigated a role for MARK4 in regulating energy homeostasis by generating mice with targeted inactivation of the mark4 gene. We show that MARK4 deficiency in mice caused hyperphagia, hyperactivity, and hypermetabolism, leading to protection from diet-induced obesity and its related metabolic complications through up-regulation of brown fat activity. Consequently, MARK4 deficiency mitigated insulin resistance associated with diet-induced obesity by dramatically enhancing insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation in major metabolic tissues. Ablation of MARK4 also significantly improved glucose homeostasis by up-regulating the activity and expression of AMPK kinase in key metabolic tissues. Taken together, these data identify a key role of MARK4 in energy metabolism, implicating the kinase as a novel drug target for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.     

Characterization and structure identification of an antimicrobial peptide, hominicin, produced by Staphylococcus hominis MBBL 2-9

Hominicin, antimicrobial peptide displaying potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 11435 and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) CCARM 3501, was purified by chloroform extraction, ion-exchange column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC from culture supernatant of Staphylococcushominis MBBL 2-9. Hominicin exhibited heat stability up to 121 °C for 15 min and activity under both acidic and basic conditions (from pH 2.0 to 10.0). Hominicin was cleaved into two fragments after treatment with proteinase K, resulting in the loss of its antibacterial activity, while it was resistant to trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, pepsin and lipase. The molecular mass of hominicin determined by mass spectrometry was 2038.4 Da. LC-mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy analyses of the two fragments revealed the sequence of hominicin as DmIle-Dhb-Pro-Ala-Dhb-Pro-Phe-Dhb-Pro-Ala-Ile-Thr-Glu-Ile-Dhb-Ala-Ala-Val-Ile-Ala-Dmp, which had no similarity with other antimicrobial peptides previously reported. The present study is the first report of this novel antimicrobial peptide, which has uncommon amino acid residues like the ones in Class I group and shows potent activity against clinically relevant S. aureus, MRSA and VISA.     

敬钊毒素-Ⅴ的合成、复性及其钾通道活性鉴定

敬钊毒素-Ⅴ(jingzhaotoxin-Ⅴ,JZTX-Ⅴ)是从敬钊缨毛蛛粗毒中纯化得到的一种新型河豚毒素不敏感型钠通道抑制剂.为了深入研究该毒素的功能,应用芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)固相方法化学合成了JZTX-Ⅴ,合成多肽经谷胱甘肽法氧化复性后,利用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)进行分离纯化.复性产物的相对分子质量经质谱测定为3 605.51,而与天然毒素混合进行HPLC共洗脱实验时也只得到单一峰.全细胞膜片钳实验显示,JZTX-Ⅴ能够抑制大鼠背根神经节细胞上的A型钾电流,却对外向延迟整流钾电流没有影响,对处于静息关闭状态的A-型钾通道也表现出较高的亲和性.JZTX-Ⅴ对A型钾通道的这种抑制作用具有浓度依从性, 其半数有效抑制浓度(IC50)为52.3 nmol/L. JZTX-Ⅴ通过引起A型钾通道的活化曲线往去极化方向漂移,和失活曲线往超极化方向漂移来改变通道的门控特征.目前的研究结果为深入开展JZTX-Ⅴ的功能研究及分子改造奠定了基础.     

Unbiased Cell-based Screening in a Neuronal Cell Model of Batten Disease Highlights an Interaction between Ca2+ Homeostasis,Autophagy, and CLN3 Protein Function

Abnormal accumulation of undigested macromolecules, often disease-specific, is a major feature of lysosomal and neurodegenerative disease and is frequently attributed to defective autophagy. The mechanistic underpinnings of the autophagy defects are the subject of intense research, which is aided by genetic disease models. To gain an improved understanding of the pathways regulating defective autophagy specifically in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL or Batten disease), a neurodegenerative disease of childhood, we developed and piloted a GFP-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (GFP-LC3) screening assay to identify, in an unbiased fashion, genotype-sensitive small molecule autophagy modifiers, employing a JNCL neuronal cell model bearing the most common disease mutation in CLN3. Thapsigargin, a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase (SERCA) Ca²⁺ pump inhibitor, reproducibly displayed significantly more activity in the mouse JNCL cells, an effect that was also observed in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived JNCL neural progenitor cells. The mechanism of thapsigargin sensitivity was Ca²⁺-mediated, and autophagosome accumulation in JNCL cells could be reversed by Ca²⁺ chelation. Interrogation of intracellular Ca²⁺ handling highlighted alterations in endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial, and lysosomal Ca²⁺ pools and in store-operated Ca²⁺ uptake in JNCL cells. These results further support an important role for the CLN3 protein in intracellular Ca²⁺ handling and in autophagic pathway flux and establish a powerful new platform for therapeutic screening.     

丹参酮对于阿尔茨海默症大鼠颞叶iNOS，MMP-2 表达的 影响及机理研究

目的：应用中药丹参酮(tanshinone II A,Tan II A)治疗AD大鼠,观察TanⅡ A 干预前后,AD大鼠学习记忆、颞叶中诱导型一氧 化氮合成酶(iNOS)、基质金属蛋白酶（MMP-2）表达的变化。方法：采用beta- 淀粉样蛋白（A beta）定向注射法建立AD大鼠模型,并使用 Tan II A 干预,通过避暗测试、real-time PCR和Western Blot 分别观察大鼠学习记忆能力、大鼠颞叶MMP-2、iNOS 两者的mRNA 及蛋白表达的变化。应用SPSS13.0 进行统计学分析。结果：与假手术组相比,AD 组的平均潜伏期缩短（P＜0.01）,平均错误次数 增加（P＜0.01）,差异均有统计学意义。颞叶内iNOS、MMP-2 mRNA 表达均显著增高（P＜ 0.01, P＜0.01）;两蛋白的表达均显著增 高（P＜0.01, P＜0.01）。与AD组相比,Tan IIA 组的平均潜伏期延长（P＜0.01）,平均错误次数减少（P＜0.01）,差异均有统计学意 义。颞叶内iNOS、MMP-2 mRNA表达均显著下降（P＜0.05, P＜0.05）,两蛋白的表达均显著下降（P＜0.01, P＜0.01）。结论：Tan II A 干预可显著降低AD 大鼠颞叶中iNOS、MMP-2 mRNA及蛋白的表达,显著改善AD 大鼠的学习记忆能力。其作用机制可能是 通过降低A-beta诱导的iNOS及MMP-2 的表达,抑制氧化应激损伤来完成。