甘薯抗茎线虫病亲本资源的筛选和利用

为解决茎线虫病对甘薯生产的严重威胁,对多渠道引进的资源材料,在重病地块连续进行抗性鉴定和亲子代抗性遗传分析,并注重高淀粉、高抗茎线虫病育种材料和品种的筛选,现已筛选出AB94078-1、徐1-4、徐3-2、徐58-1、鲁78066、AIS35-2、CNl232-9等高抗材料,其中AB94078-1干物率比徐薯18高9～10个百分点,淀粉率高6～7个百分点,防治效果高达98％,是一个兼具备高干物率与高抗性的优异材料。     

高淀粉多抗甘薯新品种徐薯25的选育及特性评价

高淀粉多抗甘薯新品种徐薯25利用高产综合性状较好的徐薯18为母本,高干高抗优异材料徐781为父本,通过人工控制授粉杂交、多点综合鉴定筛选育成;2007年通过国家甘薯新品种鉴定,鉴定编号为国品鉴甘薯200702;2008年通过山东省品种审定,审定编号为鲁农审2008040.通过对徐薯25特征特性、生产力、抗病性、品质性状以及产量形成的生理特点进行深入研究表明:鲜薯产量与高产兼用品种徐薯18持平,薯干产量比徐薯18增产15%以上,薯块干物质含量则比徐薯18高4.24%;徐薯25在总光合势、净同化率等方面与徐薯18相似,其获得高产主要依赖于光合产物合理的分配,物质生产属"经济系数型";徐薯25高抗茎线虫病、根腐病、蔓割病;薯块粗蛋白、薯块还原糖、薯块可溶性糖和叶片粗蛋白均高于徐薯18.     

抗病高淀粉甘薯品种徐薯26的选育及产量形成特点

抗病高淀粉甘薯新品种徐薯26是中国农业科学院甘薯研究所以徐781为母本,通过集团杂交放任授粉、多年多点综合鉴定选育而成。该品种2009年通过国家甘薯新品种鉴定,鉴定编号为国品鉴甘薯2009003。对徐薯26的形态特征、品质性状、抗病性、生产力和产量形成的生理特点等进行了研究,结果表明:徐薯26全生育期长势平稳,薯干品质和食味较好,抗根腐病和蔓割病,薯干和淀粉产量与徐薯18相比增产极显著,生长后期薯块干物质积累较快,经济系数较高,适宜早栽和密植。     

甘薯新品种“遗306”简介

遗306是以南丰为母本、徐薯18为父本育成的甘薯新品种。它保持了母本的高干率特点,又具有父本的抗病高产性状,1987年在9个省市25个参试点试种,鲜薯产量平均比徐薯18增产8.2％,薯干增产22.8％,淀粉增产28.3％。1988年春薯25个参试点的鉴定结果,鲜薯产量平均比徐薯18增产16.0％,薯干增产30.5％,淀粉增产34.3％;夏薯10个参试点鉴定结果,鲜薯产量平均比徐薯18增产11.8％,薯干增     

抗病高干甘薯地方资源的鉴定评价与育种利用

摘要：抗病高干甘薯地方资源的筛选是选育多抗、优质、高产甘薯新品种的基础。本文通过对收集的850份甘薯地方种资源进行抗病鉴定及品质分析：筛选出高干（干率≥30%）的资源材料71份,高干兼抗三病资源材料5份,高干兼抗两病资源材料23份,高干并抗一种病害的资源材料42份;通过对1981年以来育成的254个品种的亲本类型分析表明：85.8%的育成品种选用国内育成种（品系）作为亲本,18.5%的品种选用国外引进资源作为亲本,只有8.3%和0.78%的品种分别选用国内甘薯地方种和甘薯野生资源作为亲本。     

中国野生鸭茅种质资源锈病抗性研究

鸭茅是一种著名的温带牧草,容易感染锈病。本研究从植株感病率、感病严重度、病情指数和反应指数4方面对国内37份鸭茅种质资源(野生资源35份)进行锈病的病情调查及抗病性研究。研究初步揭示了鸭茅锈病的发病规律,研究结果显示02-106、02-107、90-130、02-115等4份材料对鸭茅锈病具有较好抗性,可作为育种材料进一步深入研究。     

优质鲜食型甘薯新品种‘徐薯32’的选育及特性分析

甘薯新品种‘徐薯32’是以品质性状良好的‘徐薯55-2’为母本、‘红东’为父本,经有性杂交培育而成。该品种于2015年通过河南省农作物品种审定委员会审定。通过对‘徐薯32’农艺性状特征、生产力、抗病性、品质性状等进行研究,结果表明:‘徐薯32’地上部短蔓,薯块萌芽性好,耐贮藏,熟食口感佳;抗黑斑病,中抗根腐病与茎线虫病;鲜薯产量与对照‘徐薯22’相当,薯干和淀粉产量较对照分别增产15.24%和18.99%;‘徐薯32’块根主要营养物质含量均高于‘徐薯18’,其淀粉最高粘度值与崩解值较‘徐薯18’分别高6.52%和12.40%,糊化温度则略低于‘徐薯18’;淀粉粒径表面积与体积分布呈三峰、数目分布呈单峰,三类分布中淀粉颗粒总平均粒径均低于‘徐薯18’,降低幅度分别为12.22%、13.18%和2.22%。因此,‘徐薯32’具有良好的农艺性状与品质特性,可为鲜食型甘薯品种改良和应对市场需求奠定基础。     

徐堡遗址龙山文化居民颅骨的形态学研究

徐堡遗址位于河南省焦作市温县武德镇徐堡村东部,地处豫西北黄河与沁河冲积扇平原内,是分布在黄河北岸的一处典型龙山文化聚落,距今约4500-4000年,遗址出土的龙山文化时期人骨标本,对探讨中原地区仰韶文化与龙山文化人群的源流关系具有重要学术价值。通过对2例女性颅骨的形态学研究,我们得出以下结论:徐堡组的颅面部特征可以概括为:中颅型、高颅型与狭颅型相结合的颅型特点,中面型、阔鼻型、中眶型、鼻根点略有凹陷、鼻前棘不显,犬齿窝欠发达,颅顶缝发育简单;徐堡组应属于现代亚洲蒙古人种的范畴,与亚洲蒙古人种近代抚顺组(均方根值R=1.08)关系密切;在与古代组的对比中,徐堡组与宝鸡组(R=0.48)、庙子沟组(R=0.49)、大甸子I组(R=0.55)和游邀组(R=0.59)较为接近。     

光谱技术在甘蓝型油菜品质检测中的研究进展

在双低品质的基础上提高油酸含量是目前油菜脂肪酸改良的热点。传统品质检测和育种后代材料筛选均存在周期长、操作难、工作量大、专业性强等显著弊端。本文综述了油菜品质性状特点以及光谱技术应用的国内外研究进展,表明利用光谱技术可以对油菜生育时期的营养器官进行油酸和其他脂肪酸含量的检测,为高油酸油菜品质评价提供了快速的数据支撑,进而为筛选育种材料、缩短品种选育周期、提高检测效率、降低检测成本、简化操作流程等目标构建新的技术途径,具有重要的现实意义和指导作用。     

高产淀粉型甘薯新品种徐薯27的选育及品质特性

高产淀粉型甘薯新品种徐薯27是以徐薯18为母本,选择遗传背景差异大的20个品种(系)为父本,放任授粉集团杂交后代中筛选。该品种2009年通过山东省农作物品种审定委员会审定。通过对徐薯27农艺性状特征、生产力、抗病性、品质特征性状以淀粉糊化特性等进行研究,结果表明:徐薯27萌芽性好,地上部长势平稳,耐贮藏;高抗根腐病,中抗茎线虫病;鲜薯和薯干产量对照徐薯18,最高增产分别达19.41%和19.21%,具有超高产潜力;徐薯27淀粉RVA谱为A型,不同肥料处理下RVA参数值差异明显,有机肥能明显降低其淀粉最高粘度值(PKV)、最低粘度值(HPV)和最终粘度值(CPV),糊化温度在较高的75～80℃范围。     

A genetic linkage map based on AFLP and SSR markers and mapping of QTL for dry-matter content in sweetpotato

We developed a genetic linkage map of sweetpotato using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and a mapping population consisting of 202 individuals derived from a broad cross between Xushu 18 and Xu 781, and mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the storage root dry-matter content. The linkage map for Xushu 18 included 90 linkage groups with 2077 markers (1936 AFLP and 141 SSR) and covered 8,184.5 cM with an average marker distance of 3.9 cM, and the map for Xu 781 contained 90 linkage groups with 1954 markers (1824 AFLP and 130 SSR) and covered 8,151.7 cM with an average marker distance of 4.2 cM. The maps described herein have the best coverage of the sweetpotato genome and the highest marker density reported to date. These are the first maps developed that have 90 complete linkage groups, which is in agreement with the actual number of chromosomes. Duplex and triplex markers were used to detect the homologous groups, and 13 and 14 homologous groups were identified in Xushu 18 and Xu 781 maps, respectively. Interval mapping was performed first and, subsequently, a multiple QTL model was used to refine the position and magnitude of the QTL. A total of 27 QTL for dry-matter content were mapped, explaining 9.0–45.1 % of the variation; 77.8 % of the QTL had a positive effect on the variation. This work represents an important step forward in genomics and marker-assisted breeding of sweetpotato.     

76份特用甘薯种质资源的鉴定评价

对76份从国际马铃薯研究中心(CIP)引进的胡萝卜素含量较高的特用型资源材料进行鉴定评价,结果如下:筛选到短蔓资源2份,干物率较对照徐薯18(CK)高的材料19份,干物率≥30%的材料3份,胡萝卜素含量≥10mg/100 g鲜样的资源材料有19份,鲜薯产量较CK高的材料1份(440189);通过抗病鉴定评价获得抗黑斑病、根腐病、茎线虫病材料分别为44份、10份、26份,兼抗两种病材料20份,兼抗三种病材料5份。     

Genetic diversity and association mapping in a collection of selected Chinese soybean accessions based on SSR marker analysis

For broadening the narrow genetic base of modern soybean cultivars, 159 accessions were selected from the Chinese soybean collection which contained at least one of seven important agronomic traits: resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN) or soybean mosaic virus (SMV), tolerance to salt, cold, or drought, high seed oil content or high protein content. Genetic diversity evaluation using 55 microsatellite loci distributed across the genome indicated that a large amount of genetic diversity (0.806) and allelic variation (781) were conserved in this selected set, which captured 65.6% of the alleles present in Chinese soybean collection (1,863 accessions). On average, 9.4 rare alleles (frequency <5%) per locus were present, which were highly informative. Using model-based Bayesian clustering in STRUCTURE we distinguished four main clusters and a set of accessions with admixed ancestry. The four clusters reflected different geographic regions of origin of the accessions. Since the clusters were also clearly different with respect to the seven agronomic traits, the inferred population structure was introduced when association analysis was conducted. A total of 21 SSR markers on 16 chromosomes were identified as significantly (P < 0.01) associated with high oil content (6), high protein content (1), drought tolerance (5), SCN resistance (6) and SMV resistance (3). Twelve of these markers were located in or near previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL). The results for both genetic relationship and trait-related markers will be useful for effective conservation and utilization of soybean germplasm.     

异质养分环境下邻株竞争对3个木荷种源干物质积累及氮磷效率的影响

为了探究不同木荷种源混交林和纯林生产力差异原因,采用盆栽试验,模拟异质和同质性森林土壤环境,并设计木荷单植、双株纯植和与杉木混植3种栽植模式,重点研究了异质养分环境下邻株竞争对3个木荷种源(福建建瓯、江西信丰和浙江龙泉种源)干物质积累及氮磷效率的影响。结果表明:与同质养分环境相比,木荷种源在异质养分环境中具有干物质量大,氮、磷吸收效率高的特点,尤以福建建瓯种源优势最大。邻株竞争对木荷种源的干物质量和氮、磷吸收效率影响显著。在异质养分环境中,与杉木邻株竞争时,木荷福建建瓯种源干物质积累量优于单植和双株纯植模式。这与其根冠比和生理可塑性较强有关,混植时,其根冠比明显降低,将更多的干物质分配至叶片,增强了光合能力;同时氮、磷吸收效率也显著提高,进而积累了较高的干物质量,提高了竞争力。相反,混植时江西信丰和浙江龙泉种源氮和磷吸收效率却不同程度地低于其单植或与之相近,根冠比较高,结果影响了干物质积累。同种邻株竞争虽促进了浙江龙泉和江西信丰种源的氮、磷吸收,但抑制了两元素的利用效率,而福建建瓯种源氮、磷效率受影响较小,且明显高于其他种源,从而形成较高的干物质量。以上研究结果表明,福建建瓯种源较高的生物量分配和生理可塑性是其生产力高和生长竞争优势明显主要原因。     

The effect of level of CaCO3, inoculation and lime pelleting on the nodulation and growth of beans in five acid soils

Summary The effect of level of CaCO₃, inoculation and lime pelleting on the nodulation, dry matter yield and % N content of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in five acid soils was investigated in a greenhouse study. The soils represented a range in pH from 3.9 to 5.1, in exchangeable Al from 0.0 to 4 meq/100 gm, in exchangeable Mn from 0.35 to 2.32 me/100 gm, and in %C from 0.69 to 5.60.Nodule weight decreased with increasing %C and for the soil with highest %C (5.60) no nodules were observed. In soils with low organic matter and low exchangeable Al and Mn, inoculation increased nodule weight, dry matter yield and %N especially at the lowest pH level. Where the seeds were not inoculated, nodule weight and dry matter yield increased with soil pH. No such increases were observed where the seeds were inoculated. There was no apparent advantage in lime pelleting in such soils.In soils with low organic matter content and with substantial amounts of Al and/or Mn, liming increased nodule weight and dry matter yield, and decreased exchangeable Al and/or Mn. Lime pelleting was superior to mere inoculation in increasing nodule weight particularly at low lime rates.In soils with relatively high organic matter content, nodulation was very low or none at all. Low lime rates had little effect on exchangeable Al and Ca and dry matter yield. Higher lime rates, however, decreased exchangeable Al and dry matter yield but increased exchangeable Ca.     

Genetic variability of mineral concentrations in Festuca arundinacea Schreb.

Summary Nine randomly chosen clones of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were mated in all possible combinations to determine the nature of genetic variation for Mg, Ca, K, and P concentrations in a broad genetic base population. General combining ability mean squares were significant for most variables, whereas specific combining ability mean squares were not significant in most instances indicating that additive genetic variance was more important. Genotype x year interactions were significant for most variables, suggesting that selection should be evaluated over many environments. Broad-sense heritability estimates based on parental and progeny variance components were generally high for P, K, Ca, and Mg but low for the ratio K/(Ca + Mg). Narrow-sense heritabilities for these minerals were close to the broad sense values since the additive genetic variance was the largest component of the total genetic variation. Correlations between mineral concentrations and herbage dry matter yield were low. It was concluded that adequate genetic variation exists to improve mineral concentration without altering herbage dry matter yields.Journal Series no. 5886     

Analysis of Covariation of Grain Yield and Dry Matter Yield for Breeding Dual Use Hybrid Rye

Winter rye (Secale cereale L.) is becoming increasingly important as substrate for biogas production in Central Europe. Dry matter yield has evolved as a breeding goal comparably important to the traditional grain yield. We analyzed the covariation between both traits and tested other agronomic traits for their correlation to dry matter yield that could be used for prediction of biomass yield. A set of 258 experimental hybrids were tested for dry matter yield harvested at late milk stage and grain yield harvested at full ripening at three to four locations in Germany in 2011 and 2012. We observed a wide range of dry matter yield (10–24 Mg ha^?1) and grain yield (6–15 Mg ha^?1) among testcross progenies. Genetic variances were significantly (P?<?0.01) different from zero for all traits. High entry-mean heritabilities (0.92–0.94) were found for plant height measurements and moderate heritabilities for grain and dry matter yield (0.52 and 0.49, respectively). Relative efficiencies for selection of dry matter yield estimated by second (EC 51–55) and third (EC 73) measurements of plant height were 1.24 and 0.98 respectively, compared to 0.52 for grain yield. Indirect selection for high dry matter yield using late plant height measurements should be successful. Using grain yield for indirect selection was less effective. The observed broad genetic variation for biomass yield in elite hybrid rye gives good prospects for the use as a resource of renewable energy. Plant height is a good predictor of dry matter yield but should be selected together with improved lodging resistance.     

Diurnal variations of chlorophyll and dry matter contents of Senna occidentalis in response to zinc and soil moisture

The effect of concentration of zinc ions on chlorophyll (Chl) and dry matter contents in Senna occidentalis (L.) Link plants was studied under various availability of soil water. Diurnally, the internal Zn2+ content was predominantly affected by supplied Zn2+ and by daytime (Tm). Chl content, Chl a/b ratio, and Chl stability to heat were mainly affected by soil water content, and the dry matter content depended mostly on Tm. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

国内外栽培木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)种质资源表型多样性分析

以国内外不同地理来源的228份木薯资源为材料,通过评价植株15个茎和块根的描述型表型性状及7个与产量相关的数量性状,初步了解其表型遗传多样性,为种质资源创新利用、针对性地引种和育种亲本选配提供理论参考。结果表明,国内外不同地理来源木薯资源描述型性状频率分布较一致,多以张开型、三分叉、30°~45°分枝角度、主茎内皮浅绿色居多,块根性状以表皮粗糙、外皮淡褐色、内皮乳黄色、肉质白色资源居多;数量性状多样性指数为1.895~2.073,描述型性状多样性指数为0.435~1.889,表明228份木薯资源遗传多样性丰富,且数量性状存在较大程度变异(8.91%~44.60%),国内资源块根直径极显著高于国外资源,国外资源干物率极显著高于国内资源,说明国内外资源的块根直径和干物率具有明显的遗传差异,利用现有资源可能选育出产量高、品质好的品种。两步聚类分析将参试资源明显划分为两大类群,类群Ⅰ主要特征为株型张开、分枝角度中等偏大,群体不整齐,主茎较粗,薯块产量较高资源;类群Ⅱ为株型紧凑直立型、分枝角度小,群体整齐,主茎较细,薯块干物率较高资源。在今后的育种工作中,可选择同类资源中表型差异互补的种质为亲本,聚合优良性状,以达到育种期望目标。