中国绒毛隧蜂亚属(膜翅目,隧蜂科,隧蜂属)分类研究

记述了中国绒毛隧蜂亚属的8个现有物种,其中Halictus(Vestitohalictus)mucoreus(Eversmann)和Halictus(Vestitohalictus)pulvereus Morawitz为中国新纪录种.对每一物种进行了重描述,并给出其分布和采访植物记录.中国绒毛隧蜂亚属已知种的检索表,每种的结构特征图,特别是雄性S7-S8和外生殖器的结构特征图在文中一并给出.     

中国淡脉隧蜂属三新种(膜翅目:隧蜂科)

本文记述采自我国南方的淡脉隧蜂属 Lasioglossum 三新种。根据它们与印度淡脉隧蜂Lasioglossum (Lasioglossum) dynastes (Bingham) 的共同特征,将它们归为一个种团。本种团共包括四种:刺背脉隧蜂Lasioglossum (Lasioglssum) spinodorsum 新种、拟刺背淡脉隧蜂 Lasioglosssum (Lasioglossum) pseudospinodorsum 新种、云南淡脉隧蜂Lasioglossum (Lasioglossum) yunnanense 新种、印度淡脉隧蜂Lasioglossum     

中国杜隧蜂属研究及新种记述(膜翅目:蜜蜂总科, 隧蜂科)

杜隧蜂属Dufourea是杜隧蜂亚科Dufoureinae的一个属。其主要特征是雌性触角粗短,雄性触角长度一般不超过胸部,各节表面正常;中足距端部尖,栉不明显;雄性腹部第6腹板端部三齿状;第7背板具臀板;第7腹板端部分叉,被羽状长毛;生殖刺突细长,与生殖突基节分离,阳茎基腹铗宽而扁平,不活动;中足及后足腿节及胫节正常,不特化。 中国过去曾记载有三种杜隧蜂,即高原杜隧蜂Dufourea metallica Mor.青海杜隧蜂Dufourea armata Popov及变色杜隧蜂Dufourea versicola Alfken。本文记述了云南杜隧蜂Dufourea yunnanensis sp.nov.绿光杜隧蜂Dufourea chlora sp.nov.,西藏杜     

中国胫淡脉隧蜂亚属九新种(膜翅目:蜜蜂总科, 隧蜂科)

文中记述中国胫淡脉隧蜂亚属Lasioglossum(Evylaeus)九新种。所有正模、配模和大多数副摸标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所,少量副横标本保存于奥地利国P.Andreas Werner Ebmer处。 1.拟闪光淡脉隧蜂Lasioglossum(Eoylueus)subfuigens新种♀体长5mm。头长等于宽(图1)。唇基微隆起,唇基端部无刻点,具几条深的纵沟,     

中国淡脉隧蜂亚属二新种记述(膜翅目,隧蜂科)

记述隧蜂科淡脉隧蜂属淡脉隧蜂亚属2新种,横皱淡脉隧蜂Lasioglossum(Lasioglossum)transruginosum Zhang,Niu et Zhu,sp.nov.和内蒙淡脉隧蜂L.(L.)neimengensis Zhang,Niu et Li,sp.nov.,模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆和云南农业大学昆虫标本室。     

中国隧蜂属研究及新种新亚种记述(膜翅目：隧蜂科)

中国隧蜂属Halictuss．sir．的研究是根据Pesenko的分类系统撰写的[1,2]。有关中国隧蜂属的第1篇报道是Morawitz[3]记述由俄罗斯N．M．Przewalsky1877年采自天山的Halictusquadricinctus及H.resurgens（名为H．sexcinctussensuMorawitz）,1890年Morawitz又增加两种[4],即H.tetrazonicus（部分应为H．tsintouensis）及H.rubicundus,该两种是G.N．Potanin于1886年采自甘肃（标签上误写为蒙古“Mongolei”,详见Pesenko中国及蒙古隧蜂属的讨论[5]）。Strand也记述了中国的种类[6,7],其1909年的文章中记述了中国西部（“Jarkand”…     

隧蜂属(膜翅目,隧蜂科)相关类元名称的变动及隧蜂属的分类研究现状

扼要回顾了隧蜂科隧蜂属的分类变革,汇总了隧蜂属相关类元名称的变动情况,重新对隧蜂属下了定义,最后,根据最新研究结果,对全世界目前隧蜂属各亚属所含种的数量作了统计,给出了隧蜂属分亚属检索表.根据作者的研究结果,对中国隧蜂属的分类作了扼要的介绍.     

中国澳彩带蜂亚属研究(膜翅目,蜜蜂总科,隧蜂科)

报道中国澳彩带蜂亚属4种,并给出了物种检索表.这些物种包括:塔克彩带蜂Nomia(Austronomia)takaoensis Friese、克氏彩带蜂N.(A.)krombeini Hirashima、小齿突彩带蜂N.(A.)notiomorpha Hirashima与大胫板彩带蜂N.(A.)fruhstorferi Pérez,其中小齿突彩带蜂为中国新纪录种.研究标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.     

中国绒毛隧蜂亚属和光隧蜂亚属的研究及新种记述(膜翅目:隧蜂科)

绒毛隧蜂亚属 Vestitohalictus 和光隧蜂亚属 Seladonia 隶属于隧蜂属 Halictus。绒毛隧蜂亚属分布在中东及亚洲的干旱地带。光隧蜂亚属主要分布在古北区,向南延伸到非洲、印度、东南亚,少数种类甚至延伸到新北区和中美洲。 绒毛隧蜂亚属的主要特征是:体长3.5—8mm;体暗绿色具金属光泽或黑色无金属光泽,通常腹部的一部分或全部红色;体密被白或淡黄色柔毛,柔毛通常覆盖整个腹部且腹部边缘柔毛比中央密;前胸背板侧叶圆;前翅缘室外缘尖并指向缘脉;雌性后足胫基板边     

外群选择对隧蜂科（膜翅目：蜜蜂总科）系统重建的影响

外群用于给树附根和推断祖先性状状态。通常,来自内群的姐妹群中的多个分类单元被共同选择作为外群。为了在经验上验证这一方法, 我们采用了3种外群选择策略： 姐妹群中的单一分类单元, 姐妹群中的多个分类单元和连续姐妹群中的多个分类单元。以隧蜂科（膜翅目： 蜜蜂总科）的系统发育重建为例, 我们评估了这3种策略对树拓扑结构的影响, 包括最大似然树、 最大简约树和贝叶斯树。初步结果表明： 相比其他两种策略, 采用姐妹群中的多个分类单元作为外群更有利于系统发育重建得到现已被广泛认可的隧蜂科系统发育关系; 相比最大似然法和贝叶斯法, 虽然隧蜂科系统发育关系没有被很好地解决, 但最大简约法在不同外群选择策略下得到了较为一致的拓扑结构     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Collagen-like triple helix formation of synthetic (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 analogues: (4(S)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10, (4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10 and (4(S)-fluoroprolyl-4(R)-fluoroprolyl-Gly)10.

For the rational design of a stable collagen triple helix according to the conventional rule that the pyrrolidine puckerings of Pro, 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) and 4-fluoroproline (fPro) should be down at the X-position and up at the Y-position in the X-Y-Gly repeated sequence for enhancing the triple helix propensities of collagen model peptides, a series of peptides were prepared in which X- and Y-positions were altogether occupied by Hyp(R), Hyp(S), fPro(R) or fPro(S). Contrary to our presumption that inducing the X-Y residues to adopt a down-up conformation would result in an increase in the thermal stability of peptides, the triple helices of (Hyp(S)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (fPro(S)-fPro(R)-Gly)(10) were less stable than those of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (Pro-fPro(R)-Gly)(10), respectively. As reported by B?chinger's and Zagari's groups, (Hyp(R)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) which could have an up-up conformation unfavorable for the triple helix, formed a triple helix that has a high thermal stability close to that of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10). These results clearly show that the empirical rule based on the conformational preference of pyrrolidine ring at each of X and Y residues should not be regarded as still valid, at least for predicting the stability of collagen models in which both X and Y residues have electronegative groups at the 4-position.     

Role of tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) gene modules in catabolism of 3-chlorobenzoate by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4)

The enzymes chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase, chloromuconate cycloisomerase, dienelactone hydrolase, and maleylacetate reductase allow Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to degrade chlorocatechols formed during growth in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate or 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB). There are two gene modules located in plasmid pJP4, tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) (module I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) (module II), putatively encoding these enzymes. To assess the role of both tfd modules in the degradation of chloroaromatics, each module was cloned into the medium-copy-number plasmid vector pBBR1MCS-2 under the control of the tfdR regulatory gene. These constructs were introduced into R. eutropha JMP222 (a JMP134 derivative lacking pJP4) and Pseudomonas putida KT2442, two strains able to transform 3-CB into chlorocatechols. Specific activities in cell extracts of chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC), chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD), and dienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) were 2 to 50 times higher for microorganisms containing module I compared to those containing module II. In contrast, a significantly (50-fold) higher activity of maleylacetate reductase (tfdF) was observed in cell extracts of microorganisms containing module II compared to module I. The R. eutropha JMP222 derivative containing tfdR-tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) grew four times faster in liquid cultures with 3-CB as a sole carbon and energy source than in cultures containing tfdR-tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II). In the case of P. putida KT2442, only the derivative containing module I was able to grow in liquid cultures of 3-CB. These results indicate that efficient degradation of 3-CB by R. eutropha JMP134(pJP4) requires the two tfd modules such that TfdCDE is likely supplied primarily by module I, while TfdF is likely supplied by module II.     

Induction of in vitro flowering in Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae) seedlings is associated with increase in endogenous N(6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and N (6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenosine (iPA) levels

We analysed the endogenous cytokinin levels of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In seedlings grown in vitro during vegetative and flowering-inductive periods. HPLC was used to fractionate the extracts and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used for assay of zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (DZ), N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and their derivatives. Coconut water used in experiments was found to contain high level (>136 pmol ml(-1)) of zeatin riboside (ZR). Protocorms and seedlings cultured in medium with coconut water were found to contain 0.5-3.9 pmol g(-1) FW of the cytokinins analysed. Seedlings (1.0-1.5 cm) cultured in flowering-inductive liquid medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA, 4.4 muM) and coconut water (CW, 15%) contained up to 200 and 133 pmol g(-1) FW of iP and iPA, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than all other cytokinins analysed in seedlings of the same stage and were about 80- to 150-folds higher than seedlings cultured in non-inductive medium. During the transitional (vegetative to reproductive) stage, the endogenous levels of iP (178 pmol g(-1) FW) and iPA (63 pmol g(-1) FW) were also significantly higher than cytokinins in the zeatine (Z) and dihydrozeatin (DZ) families in the same seedlings. Seedlings that grew on inductive medium but remained vegetative contained lower levels of iPA. The importance of the profiles of iP and its derivatives in induction of in vitro flowering of D. Madame Thong-In is discussed.     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

The helix-coil transitions of poly (dA)-poly (dT) and poly (dA-dT)-poly (dA-dT)

Helix–coil transition curves are calculated for poly (dA) poly(dT) and poly (dA-dT) poly (dA-dT) using the integral equation approach of Goel and Montroll.⁵ The transitions are described by the loop entropy model with the exponent of the loop entropy factor, k, remaining an arbitrary constant. The theoretical calculations are compared with experimental transition curves of the two polymers. Results indicate that the stacking energies for these two polymers differ by about 1 kcal/mole of base pairs. Also, a fit between theory and experiment was not possible for k > 1.70.