保护地土传病害枯萎病和疫霉病生防菌剂的田间试验

为了克服保护地栽培作物的连作障碍,针对筛选的拮抗引起土传病害的枯萎病菌和疫霉病菌的微生物菌种进行了混合生防菌剂的制备,测定了制备菌剂中的菌体数量和抑菌活性;在人工接种的条件下研究了制备菌剂的生防效果;在保护地中试验了混合菌剂对枯萎病和疫霉病的防效。结果表明:制备的单菌剂中含有的活菌体数量能达到108 cfu/g以上,混合菌剂中每个菌种的活菌体数量能达到105 cfu/g,并且菌剂的粗提物中存在明显的抑制枯萎病菌和疫霉病菌的抑菌物质。在人工接种盆栽试验中单菌剂和混合菌剂对枯萎病和疫霉病均有一定的防效,其中混合菌剂对两种病害的防效均达到80%以上。混合菌剂田间实验对枯萎病和疫霉病防效能达到70%以上。     

Effect of genotype and root colonization in biological control of fusarium wilts in pigeonpea and chickpea by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PNA1

Pseudomonas aeruginosa PNA1, an isolate from chickpea rhizosphere in India, protected pigeonpea and chickpea plants from fusarium wilt disease, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris and Fusarium udum. Inoculation with strain PNA1 significantly reduced the incidence of fusarium wilt in pigeonpea and chickpea on both susceptible and moderately tolerant genotypes. However, strain PNA1 protected the plants from fusarium wilt until maturity only in moderately tolerant genotypes of pigeonpea and chickpea. Root colonization of pigeonpea and chickpea, which was measured using a lacZ-marked strain of PNA1, showed tenfold lower root colonization of susceptible genotypes than that of moderately tolerant genotypes, indicating that this plant-bacteria interaction could be important for disease suppression in this plant. Strain PNA1 produced two phenazine antibiotics, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and oxychlororaphin, in vitro. Its Tn5 mutants (FM29 and FM13), which were deficient in phenazine production, caused a reduction or loss of wilt disease suppression in vivo. Hence, phenazine production by PNA1 also contributed to the biocontrol of fusarium wilt diseases in pigeonpea and chickpea.     

甘薯兼抗薯瘟病和蔓割病种质筛选鉴定

用甘薯瘟2个致病型菌株对557份甘薯品种(系)分菌系做盆苗和田间接种鉴定,并用蔓割病菌接种鉴定.结果表明,筛选出兼抗薯瘟病2个菌系的品种(系)31份,兼抗甘薯瘟和蔓割病的品种(系)有16份,其中泉薯860、泉薯854、金山93、榕选416、金山908、广薯88-70和泉薯853等7份与我省主栽抗病品种湘薯75-55(CK)相比,具有类似的双抗性能力,而其抗瘟能力更强.福薯87、林泗2号、金山57和湛93-16等4份对照品种只抗单个病害或兼抗单个菌系.     

Effect of pseudobactin 358 production by Pseudomonas putida WCS358 on suppression of fusarium wilt of carnations by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47.

Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47b10 combined with Pseudomonas putida WCS358 efficiently suppressed fusarium wilt of carnations grown in soilless culture. This suppression was significantly higher than that obtained by inoculation of either antagonistic microorganism alone. The increased suppression obtained by Fo47b10 combined with WCS358 only occurred when Fo47b10 was introduced at a density high enough (at least 10 times higher than that of the pathogen) to be efficient on its own. P. putida WCS358 had no effect on disease severity when inoculated on its own but significantly improved the control achieved with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo47b10. In contrast, a siderophore-negative mutant of WCS358 had no effect on disease severity even in the presence of Fo47b10. Since the densities of both bacterial strains at the root level were similar, the difference between the wild-type WCS358 and the siderophore-negative mutant with regard to the control of fusarium wilt was related to the production of pseudobactin 358. The production of pseudobactin 358 appeared to be responsible for the increased suppression by Fo47b10 combined with WCS358 relative to that with Fo47b10 alone.     

Effect of pseudobactin 358 production by Pseudomonas putida WCS358 on suppression of fusarium wilt of carnations by nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47.

Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47b10 combined with Pseudomonas putida WCS358 efficiently suppressed fusarium wilt of carnations grown in soilless culture. This suppression was significantly higher than that obtained by inoculation of either antagonistic microorganism alone. The increased suppression obtained by Fo47b10 combined with WCS358 only occurred when Fo47b10 was introduced at a density high enough (at least 10 times higher than that of the pathogen) to be efficient on its own. P. putida WCS358 had no effect on disease severity when inoculated on its own but significantly improved the control achieved with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo47b10. In contrast, a siderophore-negative mutant of WCS358 had no effect on disease severity even in the presence of Fo47b10. Since the densities of both bacterial strains at the root level were similar, the difference between the wild-type WCS358 and the siderophore-negative mutant with regard to the control of fusarium wilt was related to the production of pseudobactin 358. The production of pseudobactin 358 appeared to be responsible for the increased suppression by Fo47b10 combined with WCS358 relative to that with Fo47b10 alone.     

一株产铁载体内生细菌对尖孢镰刀菌的拮抗作用

通过改良蔗糖-天冬氨酸培养基筛选到一株产铁载体的内生细菌HS-4,测定了该菌在不同铁离子浓度下对棉花枯萎病致病菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的抑菌效果,并结合形态、生理生化、16S rDNA序列同源性和系统发育分析对菌株进行鉴定.结果表明:内生细菌HS-4在MSA培养基中产生荧光型铁载体,其铁载体相对含量为80%.该铁载体在低铁条件下对F.oxysporum具有抑制作用.内生细菌HS-4初步鉴定为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Ba-cillus atrophaeus).     

Indigenous bacteria with antagonistic and plant-growth-promoting activities improve slow-filtration efficiency in soilless cultivation

In tomato soilless culture, slow filtration allows one to control the development of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. During the disinfecting process, microbial elimination is ensured by mechanical and biological factors. In this study, system efficacy was enhanced further to a biological activation of filter by inoculating the pozzolana grains contained in the filtering unit with 5 selected bacteria. Three strains identified as Pseudomonas putida and 2 as Bacillus cereus came from a filter whose high efficiency to eliminate pathogens has been proven over years. These 5 bacteria displayed either a plant growth promoting activity (P. putida strains) or antagonistic properties (B. cereus strains). Over the first months following their introduction in the filter, the bacterial colonisation of pozzolana grains was particularly high as compared to the one observed in the control filter. Conversely to Bacillus spp. populations, Pseudomonas spp. ones remained abundant throughout the whole cultural season. The biological activation of filter unit very significantly enhanced fungal elimination with respect to the one displayed by the control filter. Indeed, the 6-month period needed by the control filter to reach its best efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum was shortened for the bacteria-amended filter; in addition, a high efficacy filtration was got as soon as the first month. Fast colonization of pozzolana grains by selected bacteria and their subsequent interaction with F. oxysporum are likely responsible for filter efficiency. Our results suggest that Pseudomonas spp. act by competition for nutrients, and Bacillus spp. by antibiosis and (or) direct parasitism. Elimination of other fungal pathogens, i.e., Pythium spp., seems to differ from that of Fusarium since both filters demonstrated a high efficacy at the experiment start. Pythium spp. elimination appears to mainly rely on physical factors. It is worth noting that a certain percentage of the 5 pozzolana-inoculated bacteria failed to colonise the filter unit and were, thus, driven to the plants by the nutrient solution. Their contribution to the establishment of a beneficial microbial community in the rhizosphere is discussed.     

Effect of fusaric acid and phytoanticipins on growth of rhizobacteria and Fusarium oxysporum

Suppression of soilborne diseases by biocontrol agents involves complex interactions among biocontrol agents and the pathogen and between these microorganisms and the plant. In general, these interactions are not well characterized. In this work, we studied (i) the diversity among strains of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., and Paenibacillus sp. for their sensitivity to fusaric acid (FAc) and phytoanticipins from different host plants, (ii) the diversity of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum isolates for their sensitivity to phytoanticipins, and (iii) the influence of FAc on the production of pyoverdine by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. tolerant to this compound. There was a great diversity in the response of the bacterial strains to FAc; however, as a group, Bacillus spp. and Paenibacillus macerans were much more sensitive to FAc than Pseudomonas spp. FAc also affected production of pyoverdine by FAc-tolerant Pseudomonas spp. strains. Phytoanticipins differed in their effects on microbial growth, and sensitivity to a phytoanticipin varied among bacterial and fungal strains. Biochanin A did not affect growth of bacteria, but coumarin inhibited growth of Pseudomonas spp. strains and had no effect on Bacillus circulans and P. macerans. Conversely, tomatine inhibited growth of B. circulans and P. macerans. Biochanin A and tomatine inhibited growth of three pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum but increased growth of three nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates. Coumarin inhibited growth of all pathogenic and nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates. These results are indicative of the complex interactions that can occur among plants, pathogens, and biological control agents in the rhizosphere and on the root surface. Also, these results may help to explain the low efficacy of some combinations of biocontrol agents, as well as the inconsistency in achieving disease suppression under field conditions.     

Influence of pH on Suppression of Fusarium Wilt of Carnation by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r

The influence of the nutrient solution pH on suppression of fusarium wilt by Pseudomonas flurescens WCS417r in carnation grown in rockwool was investigated. Experiments were conducted with carnation cultivars Lena and Pallas, susceptible and moderately resistant to fusarium wilt, respectively. WCS417r significantly reduced fusarium wilt in the susceptible cv. Lena, that was root-inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi (Fod), at pH 7.5, but not at pH 6.5 and 5.5 This corresponded with a higher in vitro siderophore production and antagonism of Fod by WCS417r at pH 7.5 than at pH 6.5 and 5.5. Fusarium wilt in the moderately resistant cv. Pallas, however, was also significantly reduced by treatment with WCS417r at pH 5.5 This corresponded with the low influence of pH on induced resistance by WCS417r in plants of cv. Pallas that were stem-inoculated with Fod. The results indicate that the influence of pH on control of fusarium wilt of carnation by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r differs between carnation cultivars that differ in their level of resistance against fusarium wilt. In susceptible cv. Lena, fusarium wilt is suppressed by antagonism by WCS417r, that is most effective at pH 7.5. In the moderately resistant cv. Pallas, fusarium wilt is suppressed by both antagonism and induced resistance by WCS417r. The latter is also effective at lower pH.     

A novel enzyme immunoassay for conidia of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum F504

This study was undertaken to develop a new tool to study fusarial diseases of plants. Micro- and macro-conidia of a strain (F504) of Fusarium oxysporum were isolated and antiserum against the conidia was elicited in rabbits. A highly specific and sensitive competitive-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for conidia of the strain was developed using the antiserum with beta-D-galactosidase-labeled anti-rabbit IgG as the secondary antibody and conidia fragments of the strain as antigen attached to Amino-Dylark solid-phase balls. The assay was highly specific to conidia of the strain F504, while conidia-free hypha of the strain F504 as well as all other microorganisms tested including nine other strains of Fusarium species showed little cross-reactivity. Application of the ELISA to following the growth rates of conidia in hyphae of the strain F504 under several conditions are also reported.     

南极沉积物来源抗菌细菌的筛选及抑菌物质的鉴定

【背景】科学研究表明,由于南极环境条件特殊,微生物资源丰富,有望筛选出功效显著的抗菌微生物。【目的】以黄瓜枯萎病致病菌木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)为指示菌,从南极沉积物中分离筛选具有拮抗作用的细菌菌株并对其抑菌物质进行初步鉴定。【方法】应用平板对峙法和琼脂扩散法分别对样品和发酵液进行初筛和复筛,筛选出对F. equiseti抑菌效果最强的菌株,基于形态学、生理生化、分子生物学分析,对该菌株进行鉴定。之后,对目标菌株发酵上清中的抑菌物质进行抑菌谱研究,并对其抑菌成分进行温度和pH的稳定性检测,通过硫酸铵沉淀的方法初步鉴定发酵液中的抑菌物质。【结果】从南极沉积物样品中共分离纯化出62株细菌,有5株具有较好的抑菌效果,其中抑菌效果最强的菌株鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌斯氏亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp.spizizenii),命名为JYM35。抑菌谱检测结果显示,菌株JYM35对丝瓜枯萎病致病菌层生镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)和辣椒枯萎病致病菌F. equiseti具有较强的抑菌效果,对长豆褐腐病致病菌笄霉属(Choanephora)有较明显的拮抗作用,对水产致病菌副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)和溶藻弧菌(V.alginolyticus)也有一定的拮抗作用。菌株JYM35发酵上清中所含的抑菌物质热稳定性强且耐碱不耐酸,硫酸铵沉淀后可初步确定其抑菌物质隶属蛋白类。【结论】菌株JYM35是一株产蛋白类活性物质的广谱型抑菌菌株,对枯萎病致病菌的拮抗作用最强。因此具有较好的开发利用价值。     

对黄瓜枯萎病具防效的海洋源芽孢杆菌Y3F的鉴定

【目的】对一株从连云港海域海藻样品中获得的拮抗细菌Y3F进行鉴定并且研究菌株Y3F对黄瓜土传枯萎病害的控制效果。【方法】对Y3F进行形态、生理生化特征和16S r RNA基因序列分析,采用平板对峙法测定菌株Y3F的活菌液和无菌滤液的抑菌活性,利用盆栽试验测定Y3F对黄瓜枯萎病害的防治效果。【结果】初步鉴定该菌属于蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),用2216E培养基振荡培养24 h的Y3F的无菌滤液对黄瓜尖孢镰刀菌有较强的抑菌活性,表明菌株能分泌抑制病原菌生长的活性物质。盆栽试验表明,种植30 d后,浸种和灌根同时处理(JG)的防治效果达到50.46%,对黄瓜枯萎病害有明显的控制效果,显著提高黄瓜植株生物量,显著降低黄瓜根际土的真菌和尖孢镰刀菌数量,增加根际的细菌和放线菌数量。【结论】菌株Y3F能有效防治黄瓜枯萎病害,改善根际微生物结构,具有进一步开发应用的前景。     

Spectrum of biocontrol bacteria to control leaf,root and vascular diseases of dry bean

Bacterial biocontrol agents, previously selected to control bacterial blight and anthracnose, were evaluated for the control of bacterial wilt, fusarium wilt, charcoal rot and angular leaf spot of dry beans. The seeds were microbiolized with these bacteria singly or in combinations. The microbiolization resulted in reduction of severity of all four diseases, showing wide spectrum of diseases control by these bacteria. However, the severity reduction of all four diseases by combination C01 composed of isolates DFs093 and DFs769 of Bacillus cereus and DFs831 of Pseudomonas fluorescens was significantly higher than if the seeds were microbiolized by a single isolate of a biocontrol agent.     

Suppression of fusarium wilts by fluorescent pseudomonads: Mechanisms and applications

Fluorescent pseudomonads are involved in the natural suppressiveness of some soils to fusarium wilts. These bacteria have been applied successfully to suppress fusarium wilts of various plant species grown in conducive soils and growing substrates. Suppression of fusarium wilts by fluorescent pseudomonads can be ascribed to direct and indirect effects against pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Direct effects are expressed by a reduction of the saprophytic growth of the pathogen leading to delay and reduction of root infections. This antagonism was demonstrated to be related to siderophore‐mediated iron competition. Iron competition was also shown to enhance the antagonistic effect of non‐pathogenic F. oxysporum by making the pathogen more susceptible to fungal competition for carbon. Indirect effects of fluorescent pseudomonads against pathogenic F. oxysporum are mainly related to the induction of host plant resistance which can be associated with the bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Suppression of fusarium wilts by some fluorescent pseudomonads could also be related to their ability to detoxify fungal metabolites such as fusaric acid. Association of different mechanisms of suppression increases the efficacy and consistency of the biological control under various experimental conditions. Increased knowledge of mechanisms of suppression now enables management of the environment, to some extent, to favour expression of the beneficial activities. These activities are only expressed if the bacterial density is sufficiently high.     

Suppression of maize root diseases caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium graminearum by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.

A plant growth-promoting isolate of a fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85 and two bacilli isolates MR-11(2) and MRF, isolated from maize rhizosphere, were found strongly antagonistic to Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum and Macrophomina phaseolina, causal agents of foot rots and wilting, collar rots/stalk rots and root rots and wilting, and charcoal rots of maize, respectively. Pseudomonas sp. EM85 produced antifungal antibiotics (Afa+), siderophore (Sid+), HCN (HCN+) and fluorescent pigments (Flu+) besides exhibiting plant growth promoting traits like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and production of organic acids and IAA. While MR-11(2) produced siderophore (Sid+), antibiotics (Afa+) and antifungal volatiles (Afv+), MRF exhibited the production of antifungal antibiotics (Afa+) and siderophores (Sid+). Bacillus spp. MRF was also found to produce organic acids and IAA, solubilized tri-calcium phosphate and fixed nitrogen from the atmosphere. All three isolates suppressed the diseases caused by Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. A Tn5:: lacZ induced isogenic mutant of the fluorescent Pseudomonas EM85, M23, along with the two bacilli were evaluated for in situ disease suppression of maize. Results indicated that combined application of the two bacilli significantly (P = 0.05) reduced the Macrophomina-induced charcoal rots of maize by 56.04%. Treatments with the MRF isolate of Bacillus spp. and Tn5:: lacZ mutant (M23) of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85 significantly reduced collar rots, root and foot rots, and wilting of maize caused by Fusarium moniliforme and F. graminearum (P = 0.05) compared to all other treatments. All these isolates were found very efficient in colonizing the rhizotic zones of maize after inoculation. Evaluation of the population dynamics of the fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85 using the Tn5:: lacZ marker and of the Bacillus spp. MRF and MR-11(2) using an antibiotic resistance marker revealed that all the three isolates could proliferate successfully in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of maize, both at 30 and 60 days after seeding. Four antifungal compounds from fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85, one from Bacillus sp. MR-11(2) and three from Bacillus sp. MRF were isolated, purified and tested in vitro and in thin layer chromatography bioassays. All these compounds inhibited R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. moniliforme, F. graminearum and F. solani strongly. Results indicated that antifungal antibiotics and/or fluorescent pigment of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85, and antifungal antibiotics of the bacilli along with the successful colonization of all the isolates might be involved in the biological suppression of the maize root diseases.     

抗感枯萎病西瓜根际微生物比较研究

本文通过传统微生物培养方法,研究了在土培和基质培条件下,抗感枯萎病西瓜不同生育期根际和非根际微生物数量的变化.结果表明,微生物数量在根际显著高于在非根际微生物,且随西瓜生长发育的阶段不同而变化,苗期根际微生物数量最少,以后随西瓜生长发育,根际微生物数量不断增加,至生长旺盛的开花结果期,微生物数量达到最高,在西瓜生长发育后期,根际微生物数量又有所回落.西瓜抗枯萎病性与根际细菌的数量具有相关性,在生长发育各个阶段,无论是土培还是基质培,均表现为抗病材料的根际细菌数量高于感病材料的根际细菌数量.根际真菌与放线菌数量与西瓜的抗感枯萎病性没有相关性.非根际微生物数量在整个生育期变化辐度较小.非根际细菌数量在土培条件下几乎保持在同一水平,在基质培条件下迅速增加,至生长后期有所回落.非根际真菌与放线菌数量在土培和基质培条件下均于生长后期达到最高.     

Mutational analysis of genes determining antagonism of Alcaligenes sp. strain MFA1 against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum.

Alcaligenes sp. strain MFA1 inhibits microconidial germination and germination-tube elongation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi and reduces the severity of fusarium wilt of carnation, presumably as a result of its production of a siderophore (G.Y. Yuen and M.N. Schroth. 1986. Phytopathology, 76:171-176). Derivative strains of MFA1, deficient in antagonism against F. oxysporum and in iron-limited growth, were obtained by Tn5 mutagenesis. The presence of a single Tn5 insertion in the genomic DNA of each derivative strain was detected by Southern analysis. Marker-exchange mutagenesis of strain MFA1 with DNA fragments, containing Tn5 and flanking sequences cloned from representative mutants, confirmed the association of single Tn5 insertions with the loss of antifungal activity and iron-independent growth of MFA1. These results are consistent with the involvement of siderophore biosynthesis by MFA1 in the inhibition of F. oxysporum.     

Phylogeny of HCN synthase-encoding hcnBC genes in biocontrol fluorescent pseudomonads and its relationship with host plant species and HCN synthesis ability

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound involved in biological control of root diseases by many plant-associated fluorescent pseudomonads. The HCN synthase is encoded by three biosynthetic genes (hcnA, hcnB, and hcnC), but little is known about the diversity of these genes in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and in other bacteria. Here, the partial hcnBC sequence was determined for a worldwide collection of biocontrol fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Phylogenies based on hcnBC and deduced protein sequences revealed four main bacterial groups, but topological incongruences were found between hcnBC and rrs-based phylogenies, suggesting past lateral transfer of hcnBC among saprophytic root-colonizing pseudomonads. Three of the four groups included isolates from different countries and host plants. Yet, these groups corresponded to distinct, ecologically-adapted populations of HCN-producing biocontrol fluorescent pseudomonads, as indicated by high hcnBC distinctness ratio values and the differences in production levels of HCN in vitro found between groups. This is in accordance with previous results on catabolic properties and biocontrol abilities of these strains. HCN synthase gene diversity may thus reflect the adaptive radiation of HCN+ biocontrol fluorescent pseudomonads. Positive correlations were found between HCN production in vitro and plant protection in the cucumber/Pythium ultimum and tomato/Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici pathosystems.     

Differential ability of genotypes of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens strains to colonize the roots of pea plants

Indigenous populations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG)-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that occur naturally in suppressive soils are an enormous resource for improving biological control of plant diseases. Over 300 isolates of 2,4-DAPG-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of pea plants grown in soils that had undergone pea or wheat monoculture and were suppressive to Fusarium wilt or take-all, respectively. Representatives of seven genotypes, A, D, E, L, O, P, and Q, were isolated from both soils and identified by whole-cell repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) with the BOXA1R primer, increasing by three (O, P, and Q) the number of genotypes identified previously among a worldwide collection of 2,4-DAPG producers. Fourteen isolates representing eight different genotypes were tested for their ability to colonize the rhizosphere of pea plants. Population densities of strains belonging to genotypes D and P were significantly greater than the densities of other genotypes and remained above log 6.0 CFU (g of root)(-1) over the entire 15-week experiment. Genetic profiles generated by rep-PCR or restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 2,4-DAPG biosynthetic gene phlD were predictive of the rhizosphere competence of the introduced 2,4-DAPG-producing strains.     

米修链霉菌TF78对香蕉枯萎病的田间防效及根际土壤微生物的影响

【背景】香蕉枯萎病是香蕉生产上的毁灭性病害,生物防治是遏制该病害发生的有效手段。在前期的研究中,从健康香蕉根际土壤中分离获得一株对香蕉枯萎病具有良好盆栽防治效果的生防菌——米修链霉菌(Streptomyces misionensis) TF78,但其对香蕉枯萎病的田间生防潜力和对土壤微生物环境的影响尚不清楚。【目的】评价米修链霉菌TF78对香蕉枯萎病的田间防治效果,明确其对香蕉根际土壤微生物群落的影响。【方法】选取两块发病香蕉园,测定该生防菌株对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果,并利用扩增子测序技术分析施用菌剂组和空白对照组共12份香蕉根际土壤的微生物多样性和丰度。【结果】米修链霉菌TF78对两块香蕉园的田间防效分别达55.30%和45.32%。该生防菌株处理组的物种稀释曲线坡度大于空白对照组,并显著富集了优势种群梳霉门(Kickxellomycota),消减了绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和苔藓杆菌(Bryobacter)的丰度,对土壤中优势种群变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)及木霉属(Trichoderma)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的相对丰度影响不显著。【结论】米修链霉菌TF78塑造了不利于香蕉枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense存活的土壤环境,有效降低了田间香蕉枯萎病的发生,同时对土壤中大部分具有重要生态功能和抑菌功能的优势微生物种群影响不显著。该研究结果为米修链霉菌TF78的进一步开发应用奠定了基础。