脑电生物反馈训练对ADHD 儿童心理、行为的影响

目的：探讨脑电生物反馈治疗对ADHD儿童心理、行为的影响。方法：对45例ADHD儿童采用脑电生物反馈训练。20次为一个疗程。治疗前和治疗后20、40次分别用症状评定量表进行比较。结果：接受20次训练的ADHD儿童注意、情感、活动水平、异常行为、学业等方面的问题都有明显好转;接受40次训练的ADHD儿童注意、情感、活动水平、异常行为、学业等方面的问题改善十分明显。P值〈0.01差异显著。结论：脑电生物反馈训练能有效地改善儿童注意、情感、活动水平、异常行为、学业等方面的问题。     

脑电信息处理

脑电信息处理是脑功能研究重要组成部分。本文介绍了脑电信息处理的前沿领域,包括诱发电位、事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）、正弦调制光（声）诱发脑电、４０ＨｚＥＲＰ和脑电非线笥动力学研究,并论及了认知活动与分形维数的关系。     

电针对实验性癫痫发作的影响：脑电的功率谱分析

以电惊厥和青霉素致痫作为实验性癲痫的动物模型。采用脑电的计算机功率谱分析技术,研究了电针作用于发作过程中脑电各频段功率百分比的变化。在安静的大鼠,脑电以δ和θ频段为主,其功率主峰在δ频段。青霉素致痫和电惊厥使δ频段功率百分比下降,α和β频段功率百分比增加,主功率频段右移,总功率亦大大增强。本实验采用的电针对背景脑电活动没有明显影响。而电针加电惊厥或青霉素致痫,δ频段功率百分比复又增加,α和β频段功率百分比则下降,主功率频段又回到δ频段,总功率也显著减少。压缩功率谱阵图直观地显示了这种变化。结果提示,电针可使大鼠脑电出现同步化趋势,可能是加强了脑的抑制过程,从而抑制了癲痫发作的。     

基于奇异值第一主成分的睡眠脑电分期方法研究

目的:脑电信号含多种噪声和伪迹,信噪比较低,特征提取前必须进行复杂的预处理,严重影响睡眠分期的速度。鉴于此,本文提出一种基于奇异值第一主成分的睡眠脑电分期方法,该方法抗噪性能较强,可省去预处理过程,减少计算量,提高睡眠分期的效率。方法:对未经过预处理的睡眠脑电进行奇异系统分析,研究奇异谱曲线,提取奇异值第一主成分,探索其随睡眠状态变化的规律。并通过支持向量机利用奇异值第一主成分对睡眠分期。结果:奇异值第一主成分不仅能表征脑电信号主体,而且可以抑制噪声、降低维数。随着睡眠的深入,奇异值第一主成分的值逐渐增大,但在REM期处于S1期和S2期之间。经MIT-BIH睡眠数据库中5例同导联位置的脑电数据测试(仅1导脑电数据),睡眠脑电分期的准确率达到86.4%。结论:在未对脑电信号进行预处理的情况下,提取的睡眠脑电的奇异值第一主成分能有效表征睡眠状态,是一种有效的睡眠分期依据。本文运用提出的方法仅采用1导脑电数据,就能得到较为满意的睡眠分期结果。该方法有较强的分类性能,且抗噪能力强,不需要对脑电作复杂的预处理,计算量小,方法简单,很大程度上提高了睡眠分期的效率。     

脑深部电刺激的研究现状

脑深部电刺激是近年来神经中枢疾病治疗的一项新技术,具有可逆性、参数可调、对组织非破坏性等特点.目前,脑深部电刺激的治疗对象主要有帕金森症患者、癫痫患者以及各种难治性疼痛患者.本文综述了脑深部电刺激的概念、原理、优缺点,并对临床应用现状和应用前景进行了分析.     

脑电与认知活动的相关性

本文简要介绍了认知活动与脑电（包括自发脑电、诱发脑电、脑电事件相关电位、４０ＨＺ脑电事件相关电位）的相关性及其应用前景。     

正弦调制光诱发脑电响应特性的研究

本文介绍了我们研制的正弦调制光诱发脑电系统,该系统由多功能刺激控制器、换能器、脑电信号的采集放大、系统控制部份组成,具有智能化、微机化的特点.我们应用该系统进行了人脑在正弦调制光刺激下诱发电位响应特性的研究,实验结果进行了处理和分析.     

失眠障碍与过度觉醒:来自静息态脑电和睡眠脑电的证据

失眠障碍已成为仅次于抑郁症的全球第二大流行性精神疾病.过度觉醒模型是解释失眠障碍维持机制的重要理论之一,而静息态脑电和睡眠脑电则为这一模型提供了最重要的证据支持.本文首先归纳了进行静息态和睡眠脑电分析的方法,并提出从清醒静息态、入睡到不同睡眠期的系统分析框架.通过分析前人的研究发现,失眠障碍过度觉醒的静息态和睡眠脑电证据主要有:睡眠连续性和宏观结构受损、觉醒增加、日间睡眠潜伏期延长、清醒和非快速眼动睡眠期脑电β活动的升高等.失眠的认知行为治疗、部分非苯二氮类药物、睡眠期的经颅直流电刺激等治疗手段,可显著降低患者的过度觉醒.脑电功率谱分析有助于区分不同的失眠障碍亚型,评估药物和非药物干预疗效,但在应用中应充分考虑年龄、性别、脑电频段划分等影响.未来的研究应进一步关注不同失眠障碍亚型的皮层过度觉醒,统一脑电频段划分标准,严格控制年龄、性别等因素的干扰.应在睡眠分期判读和功率谱分析的基础上,逐步推进源定位、时频、无标度等介观和微观结构的脑电分析,促进静息态脑电和睡眠脑电在失眠障碍诊断和治疗评估中的应用.     

基于主成分分析的音乐事件相关脑电变化研究

目的:对在不同音乐背景下获取的脑电数据进行主成分分析.方法:在受测者闭眼欣赏喜欢音乐,闭眼欣赏不喜欢音乐,安静闭眼期间获得脑电数据,并对其进行主成分分析,提取第一主成分,主成分荷载,得出在不同条件和不同事件下主成分的变化规律以及影响主成分变化脑电极的变化规律.数据处理和统计分析采用独立设计的脑电图分析工具箱和主成分分析程序.结果:脑电图数据经过主成分分析后,第一主成分贡献率变化就有比较明显的规律,在闭眼欣赏喜欢音乐时,第一主成分贡献率明显比欣赏不喜欢音乐和安静闭眼时高.在前头部,欣赏喜欢音乐时和欣赏不喜欢音乐时,影响第一主成分的脑电极分别在右前头部和左前头部脑电信号比较强.结论:在不同音乐背景下,大脑左右前头部会受不同音乐所影响,同时也会对人的感觉,情感,情绪等会产生重要的影响.     

微弱电刺激对失眠者睡眠状况及睡眠脑电影响的初步研究

根据睡眠是由脑内亿万神经元同步振荡所刻划的观点［１］,及各种电刺激对动物睡眠影响的实验［２,３］,设计了用特定θ频率的正弦波微弱电流,刺激失眠病人颈部安眠２穴,以观察其对受试者脑电频率的客观影响。其结果是刺激后失眠病人由醒到２期的脑电记录中,θ波逐渐增加,增加了病人的总睡眠时间。这启示我们这种脑部的特殊频率微弱电流刺激,可能有引起脑部神经元群的共振现象,改变了受试者脑电中频率成分的分布特征,从而有助于失眠的治疗。这一现象是值得进一步研究的。     

Neuroimaging Study of Alpha and Beta EEG Biofeedback Effects on Neural Networks

Neural networks interaction was studied in healthy men (20–35 years old) who underwent 20 sessions of EEG biofeedback training outside the MRI scanner, with concurrent fMRI–EEG scans at the beginning, middle, and end of the course. The study recruited 35 subjects for EEG biofeedback, but only 18 of them were considered as “successful” in self-regulation of target EEG bands during the whole course of training. Results of fMRI analysis during EEG biofeedback are reported only for these “successful” trainees. The experimental group (N?=?23 total, N?=?13 “successful”) upregulated the power of alpha rhythm, while the control group (N?=?12 total, N?=?5 “successful”) beta rhythm, with the protocol instructions being as for alpha training in both. The acquisition of the stable skills of alpha self-regulation was followed by the weakening of the irrelevant links between the cerebellum and visuospatial network (VSN), as well as between the VSN, the right executive control network (RECN), and the cuneus. It was also found formation of a stable complex based on the interaction of the precuneus, the cuneus, the VSN, and the high level visuospatial network (HVN), along with the strengthening of the interaction of the anterior salience network (ASN) with the precuneus. In the control group, beta enhancement training was accompanied by weakening of interaction between the precuneus and the default mode network, and a decrease in connectivity between the cuneus and the primary visual network (PVN). The differences between the alpha training group and the control group increased successively during training. Alpha training was characterized by a less pronounced interaction of the network formed by the PVN and the HVN, as well as by an increased interaction of the cerebellum with the precuneus and the RECN. The study demonstrated the differences in the structure and interaction of neural networks involved into alpha and beta generating systems forming and functioning, which should be taken into account during planning neurofeedback interventions. Possibility of using fMRI-guided biofeedback organized according to the described neural networks interaction may advance more accurate targeting specific symptoms during neurotherapy.     

Independent biofeedback self-regulation of EEG alpha and skin resistance

Skin resistance and EEG alpha were recorded concurrently during alpha biofeedback, in which the participant attempted to control alpha, and during skin resistance biofeedback, in which the participant attempted to control skin resistance. Alpha production changed significantly (p<0.001) during alpha biofeedback, indicating successful self-regulation of alpha, but did not change significantly during skin resistance biofeedback. Similarly, skin resistance changed significantly (p<.001) during skin resistance biofeedback but did not change significantly during alpha biofeedback. The results show independent control of alpha and skin resistance, and may reflect independent self-regulation of cognitive and somatic tension-relaxation systems.A longer version of this paper was presented at the meeting of the Biofeedback Society of America, Orlando, Florida, March 1977. Laurie Franconi, Tammy Johnson, and Dan Smith were invaluable during data collection. This research was supported in part by Grant #SMI76-04946 from the National Science Foundation to the author.     

Behavioral and electroencephalographic correlates of 40-Hz EEG biofeedback training in humans

Two groups of eight adults successfully trained with biofeedback for increases in 40-Hz EEG responses in left or right hemispheres also demonstrated significant 40-Hz EEG increases during baseline periods, and increases in the contralateral hemisphere during training periods. No changes in heart rate, 40-Hz EMG, or 21- to 31-Hz beta, alpha, or theta EEG occurred over training days. Three subjects returning for additional training demonstrated suppression of 40-Hz EEG. A group of four subjects experiencing daily bidirectional training produced substantial within-session control of 40-Hz EEG but no changes over days. Data from posttraining tests without feedback for successful subjects in both groups indicated significant control of 40-Hz EEG responses in the initial parts of these sessions, and some correlated changes in other EEG responses. Measures of successful subjects' experiences during training and control tests indicated awareness of changes in subjective concomitants of EEG responses. This study suggests further strategies for research on behavioral correlates of EEG activity.     

Feedback control and quantification of the response of EEG alpha to visual stimulation

The response of the posterior EEG alpha rhythms to visual stimulation is so variable that it is difficult to obtain reliable on-line measurement of it. Feedback between the EEG alpha and the visual stimulus (1) reduces random variation in the response and (2) facilitates on-line quantification. With feedback EEG, the response to visual stimulation is measured as a series of time durations of alpha and of no-alpha intervals in the EEG. This time series occurs in two stages: an initial disturbance followed by a recovery. The quantification of the series of time durations is achieved by fitting curves to the series of alpha time intervals and of no-alpha time intervals. These functions, computed in each trial of 30 stimulations, are an objective, quantitative definition of EEG response. The utility of the method was demonstrated by testing it with reference to well-known effects. Habituation to a repeated stimulus, dishabituation, habituation to a class of stimuli, dishabituation by changing the class of stimuli, and differences among brain-lesioned, psychiatric patients and normals were shown with a detailed quantification. It was concluded that biofeedback is the method of choice for quantitative research on the EEG component of the human orienting response.     

Attention and regulation of EEG alpha-attenuation responses

Two experiments with 16 normal adults of both sexes tested the hypothesis that inattention to a biofeedback display is associated with increased variability of those physiological processes that had been regulated by the biofeedback. Each experiment was a repeated-measures-on-independent-subjects-design. Dependent variables were the time durations and the mean rms power of two mutually exclusive segments of the parietal-occipital EEG: alpha and not-alpha segments. Independent variables were combination of counting tasks and instructions to look at, listen to, and count visual and auditory flashes and clicks. The durations of alpha and not-alpha segments were controlled or regulated by means of an alpha-contingent visual feedback stimulus, Attention to the feedback stimulus was challenged by instructions to count other, noncontingent stimuli. Control of alpha and not-alpha segments was least for conditions of (1) “sham” feedback, and (2) feedback with instructions to count noncontingent auditory clicks, which were presented 3/sec while the feedback visual stimuli were occurring. A new EEG test of attention and distraction was suggested.     

Effects of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback on EEG Alpha Asymmetry and Anxiety Symptoms in Male Athletes: A Pilot Study

Heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BFB) has been shown as useful tool to manage stress in various populations. The present study was designed to investigate whether the biofeedback-based stress management tool consisting of rhythmic breathing, actively self-generated positive emotions and a portable biofeedback device induce changes in athletes’ HRV, EEG patterns, and self-reported anxiety and self-esteem. The study involved 41 healthy male athletes, aged 16–21 (mean 18.34 ± 1.36) years. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: biofeedback and control. Athletes in the biofeedback group received HRV biofeedback training, athletes in the control group didn’t receive any intervention. During the randomized controlled trial (days 0–21), the mean anxiety score declined significantly for the intervention group (change-4 p < 0.001) but not for the control group (p = 0.817). In addition, as compared to the control, athletes in biofeedback group showed substantial and statistically significant improvement in heart rate variability indices and changes in power spectra of both theta and alpha brain waves, and alpha asymmetry. These changes suggest better self-control in the central nervous system and better flexibility of the autonomic nervous system in the group that received biofeedback training. A HRV biofeedback-based stress management tool may be beneficial for stress reduction for young male athletes.     

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Feedback in a Stressed Population Exposed to a Brief Stressor Demonstrated by Quantitative EEG and sLORETA

Previous investigations of electroencephalograms during relaxation have identified increases in slow wave band power, correlations between increased levels of alpha activity with lower levels of anxiety, and autonomic changes characterized by otherwise documented decreased sympathetic activity. This study was carried out to determine the overall changes in quantitative electroencephalographic activity and the current source as a result of an acute session of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) biofeedback in a population of subjects experiencing stress. This study’s findings provide physiological evidence of RSA feedback effect and suggest that RSA training may decrease arousal by promoting an increase of alpha band frequencies and decrease in beta frequencies overall and in areas critical to the regulation of stress. It was of interest that novices could achieve these objective alterations in EEG activity after minimal training and intervention periods considering that the previous literature on EEG and meditative states involve experienced meditators or participants who had been given extensive training. Additionally, these effects were present immediately following the training suggesting that the intervention may have effects beyond the actual practice.