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1.
1. We investigated two possible proximate cues used for oviposition site choice by females of the bitterling ( Rhodeus sericeus ), a freshwater fish that spawns on the gills of live unionid mussels. The two cues were the flow velocity and/or oxygen content of water emerging from the exhalant siphon of a mussel.
2. Field observations showed that female bitterling always inspected the exhalant siphons of mussels before they spawned in them. Siphon inspection was not always a prelude to spawning and it may serve as a means of assessing mussel quality. Female skimming behaviour, swimming over a mussel without spawning, may also be used to assess mussel quality, although the mechanism for this is unclear.
3. Measurements of the flow velocity of water emerging from the exhalant siphons of four mussel species ( Anodonta anatina, A. cygnea, Unio pictorum and U. tumidus ) showed a significant difference among species, with U. tumidus having the highest mean flow velocity and U. pictorum the lowest.
4. Measurements of the change in oxygen concentration of water entering a mussel inhalant siphon and leaving its exhalant siphon in field and laboratory studies showed a significant difference among the four mussel species, with A. cygnea exhibiting a significantly higher change in oxygen concentration than the other species.
5. The presence of bitterling embryos in the gills of a mussel significantly increased its oxygen consumption whereas larval glochidia had no significant effect. We discuss oxygen availability as a possible proximate cue for oviposition site choice in bitterling. 相似文献
2. Field observations showed that female bitterling always inspected the exhalant siphons of mussels before they spawned in them. Siphon inspection was not always a prelude to spawning and it may serve as a means of assessing mussel quality. Female skimming behaviour, swimming over a mussel without spawning, may also be used to assess mussel quality, although the mechanism for this is unclear.
3. Measurements of the flow velocity of water emerging from the exhalant siphons of four mussel species ( Anodonta anatina, A. cygnea, Unio pictorum and U. tumidus ) showed a significant difference among species, with U. tumidus having the highest mean flow velocity and U. pictorum the lowest.
4. Measurements of the change in oxygen concentration of water entering a mussel inhalant siphon and leaving its exhalant siphon in field and laboratory studies showed a significant difference among the four mussel species, with A. cygnea exhibiting a significantly higher change in oxygen concentration than the other species.
5. The presence of bitterling embryos in the gills of a mussel significantly increased its oxygen consumption whereas larval glochidia had no significant effect. We discuss oxygen availability as a possible proximate cue for oviposition site choice in bitterling. 相似文献
2.
Niklas Janz 《Oikos》2003,100(3):493-496
Neural constraints on information processing have emerged as a possible general explanation for why a majority of plant-feeding insects are relative specialists. According to the hypothesis, acquiring and processing information necessary to make fast and accurate oviposition decisions will carry a cost. As plants constitute a vast but diverse resource, the cost can be expected to increase with increasing host range. The cost can be paid in two currencies: time or accuracy. Both types of costs have been demonstrated, using a variety of taxa including butterflies. However, all studies have measured either one of the two currencies. Hence, there is the possibility that a decrease in one of the currencies can be compensated by an increase in the other, in which case the net outcome may not be a cost at all. Poor oviposition decisions could then be counterbalanced by shorter decision times, which could lead to higher realized fecundity. Using two strains of butterflies ( Polygonia c-album ) with different degrees of specificity, I test the hypothesis that the previously reported higher error rates in the more polyphagous butterflies are compensated by shorter decision times at oviposition. Post-alighting decision times were measured while the females evaluated a preferred plant ( Urtica dioica ) for oviposition. Contrary to the expectations, the polyphagous butterflies actually had longer decision times than the specialized butterflies, giving no support for the quality vs. quantity hypothesis. Instead, the results suggests that the polyphagous butterflies do pay a real cost for their wide host range and thus gives increased support for the information processing hypothesis as a general explanation for the widespread host specificity among plant-feeding insects. 相似文献
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Oviposition response of the polyphagous European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to chemical constituents in host plants was investigated in the laboratory using two-choice
bioassays. Foliar extracts of corn (Zea mays L.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were prepared using the solvents pentane, acetone and methanol. In all three host plants, chemicals soluble in pentane
stimulated oviposition. In potato, chemicals extractable in acetone also elicited a positive oviposition response. When presented
with a choice between pentane extracts of corn and pepper, females preferred corn. No preferences were exhibited between pentane
extracts of corn and potato or pepper and potato. Pentane extracts of corn husks, tassels, silk, and corn leaves from plants
at early whorl and tassel (pre-pollen shed) stages of development also stimulated oviposition. Similar extracts from plants
at 2-leaf and blister (when kernels resemble blisters) stages were not stimulatory. This indicates that plant phenology affects
chemically mediated oviposition response in European corn borer. The potential use of plant chemicals for management ofO. nubilalis in the field is suggested. 相似文献
5.
Jay A. Rosenheim 《Evolutionary ecology》1999,13(2):141-165
The development of a consensus model of insect oviposition has been impeded by an unresolved controversy regarding the importance
of time costs versus egg costs in mediating the trade-off between current and future reproduction. Here I develop a dynamic
optimization model that places time and egg costs in a common currency (opportunity costs expressed as decreased lifetime
reproductive success) so that their relative magnitudes can be compared directly. The model incorporates stochasticity in
host encounter and mortality risk as well as behavioral plasticity in response to changes in the age and egg load of the ovipositing
female. The dynamic model's predictions are congruent with those of a simpler, static model: both time- and egg-mediated costs
make important contributions to the overall cost of oviposition. Modest quantitative differences between the costs predicted
by the static versus dynamic models show that plasticity of oviposition behavior modulates the opportunity costs incurred
by reproducing females. The relative importance of egg-mediated costs increases substantially for oviposition events occurring
later in life. I propose that the long debate over how to represent the cost of oviposition should be resolved not by advocating
the pre-eminence of one sort of cost above all others, but rather by building models that represent the complementary roles
of different costs. In particular, both time and egg costs must be recognized to produce a general model of insect oviposition
that incorporates a realistic representation of the cost of reproduction.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Myerscough MR 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2003,270(1515):577-582
A mathematical model is formulated for decision making by honeybees during nest-site choice, using a population matrix model. This model explains how the observed dynamics of the nest-site scouts' dancing can reliably lead to a choice of the best nest site available. 相似文献
7.
Lech Kirtiklis Konrad Ocalewicz Marzena Wiechowska Alicja Boroń Piotr Hliwa 《Genetica》2014,142(2):141-148
The European bitterlings (Rhodeus amarus) from the Eastern locations were cytogenetically examined by conventional and molecular techniques. All analyzed individuals presented invariably the same chromosomal constitution of 2n = 48, with 8 metacentrics + 20 submetacentrics + 20 subtelo-acrocentrics and C-banding positive heterochromatin at the pericentromeric regions in most of the chromosomes. Moreover, some of the chromosomes had short arms entirely built with heterochromatin. GC-rich Ag-NORs (nucleolus organizer regions) were located at the short arms of two submetacentric chromosomes, and the length polymorphism of these regions was found. Multiple location of 28S rDNA sequences with fluorescence in situ hybridization signals was observed on the long and/or short arms of three submetacentric chromosomes including NOR regions and short arms of three to five acrocentric chromosomes in the studied fish. 5S rDNA sites were found on the short arms of two subtelocentric chromosomes, and telomeric repeats were localized at the ends of all chromosomes. Provided results have expanded our knowledge concerning genetic characteristics of the European bitterlings that may be profitable in the conservation programs of this endangered species. 相似文献
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R. J. Hopkins F. Wright A. N. E. Birch . and R. G. Mckinlay 《Physiological Entomology》1999,24(1):41-50
Abstract.The post-alighting behaviour of gravid female turnip root fly, Delia floralis (Fallén) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), was observed in the laboratory, using four plant genotypes differing in antixenotic resistance, to stimulate a range of oviposition-related behavioural events. Analysis of the behavioural sequences of individual female flies suggested that during the post-alighting behaviour of D. floralis , the decision to reject a highly resistant plant was predominantly based on plant cues received during a stationary period immediately after landing on the leaf (the leaf contact phase). Female flies that rejected a plant immediately after the leaf contact phase did so after spending approximately twice as long in the leaf contact phase as those flies that continued to explore the plant. On a plant genotype of intermediate susceptibility, D. floralis females on the stem of the plants increased proboscis extension. The mechanisms involved in early host plant rejection decisions and the possible ecological advantages of such behaviour patterns to female flies seeking suitable oviposition sites are explored. The potential advantages of using detailed studies of individual behaviour sequences to focus studies seeking to elucidate chemical oviposition stimuli on the plant's surface are also discussed. 相似文献
12.
Carl Smith André Phillips Matej Polačik Martin Reichard 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2014,97(4):335-341
Female mating preferences are frequently associated with exaggerated male sexual traits. In the European bitterling, Rhodeus amarus, a fish with a resource-based mating system, male coloration is not associated with indirect genetic benefits of female mate choice, and does not reliably signal spawning site quality. We tested a link between the extent of male carotenoid-based coloration and testis size and number of spermatozoa stripped from the testes. Male body size predicted spermatozoa number, but less reliably than the extent of male coloration. Male color was a highly significant predictor of spermatozoa number, with approximately 26 % of variance in the number of spermatozoa stripped from males predicted from male color after controlling for male body size. Body size, but not coloration, predicted teste size. Female bitterling often risk sperm limitation, especially during pair spawnings, and male nuptial coloration may be under direct selection through female mate choice as a signal of male fertilization efficiency. 相似文献
13.
D. V. Vassilenko 《Paleontological Journal》2011,45(3):333-334
The first endophytic oviposition in a plant leaf from the Tatarian of European Russia (Isady locality) is formally described as Paleoovoidus rasnitsyni, sp. nov. This find supplements considerably the data on plant-insect interaction recorded in this locality. 相似文献
14.
Sexual signaling in the European bitterling: females learn the truth by direct inspection of the resource 总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2
In many taxa females appear to base their mate choice on multipletraits. But the relative importance of different traits inmate choice has rarely been determined. Here we show that femalesof a freshwater fish, the European bitterling, Rhodeus sericeus,base their mate choice on multiple traits that differ in theirreliability as indicators of expected reproductive successand are used at different stages of the decision process. Theinitial decision to inspect a male is based on male behaviorand red coloration, whereas the final spawning decision isbased on the quality of the live unionid mussel, Anodonta anatina,that the male is defending as an oviposition site. Male traitsmay indicate which males are worth inspecting by reflectingmale quality, such as reproductive condition and genetic constitution.Male traits do not, however, reflect mussel quality, as bright
males also court females vigorously toward mussels that yielda low probability of survival of the offspring. Females, onthe other hand, are choosier than males in their choice ofspawning site and seem to gain reliable information about thesurvival probability of the eggs by inspecting the mussel directly. 相似文献
15.
We propose a patch type model for mosquitoes that have aquatic larvae inhabiting ponds. Partial differential equations (PDEs) model the larvae on each of several disconnected patches representing the ponds, with conditions varying in each patch, coupled via the adults in the air. From the PDEs a scalar delay differential equation, with multiple delays, for the total adult mosquito population is derived. The various delays represent the larval development times in the patches. The coefficients contain all the relevant information about the sizes and geometry of the individual patches inhabited by the larvae, the boundary conditions applicable to those patches and the diffusivity of the larvae in each patch. For patches of general shapes and sizes, and without the need to specify the criteria by which an adult mosquito selects an oviposition patch, the modern theory of monotone dynamical systems and persistence theory enables a complete determination of the conditions for the mosquito population to go extinct or to persist. More detailed biological insights are obtained for the case when the patches are squares of various sizes, which allows a detailed discussion of the effects of scale, and for two particular criteria by which mosquitoes might select patches for oviposition, being (i) selection based solely on patch area, and (ii) selection based both on area and expected larval survival probability for each patch. In some parameter regimes, counterintuitive phenomena are predicted. 相似文献
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Coevolutionary relationships between parasites and hosts can elevate the rate of evolutionary changes owing to reciprocal adaptations between coevolving partners. Such relationships can result in the evolution of host specificity. Recent methodological advances have permitted the recognition of cryptic lineages, with important consequences for our understanding of biological diversity. We used the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus), a freshwater fish that parasitizes unionid mussels, to investigate host specialization across regions of recent and ancient sympatry between coevolving partners. We combined genetic data (12 microsatellite and 2 mitochondrial markers) from five populations with experimental data for possible mechanisms of host species recognition (imprinting and conditioning). We found no strong evidence for the existence of cryptic lineages in R. amarus, though a small proportion of variation among individuals in an area of recent bitterling–mussel association was statistically significant in explaining host specificity. No other measures supported the existence of host‐specific lineages. Behavioural data revealed a weak effect of conditioning that biased behavioural preferences towards specific host species. Host imprinting had no effect on oviposition behaviour. Overall, we established that populations of R. amarus show limited potential for specialization, manifested as weak effects of host conditioning and genetic within‐population structure. Rhodeus amarus is the only species of mussel‐parasitizing fish in Europe, which contrasts with the species‐rich communities of bitterling in eastern Asia where several host‐specific bitterling occur. We discuss costs and constraints on the evolution of host‐specific lineages in our study system and more generally. 相似文献
18.
Myriam Klat 《Mathematical biosciences》1983,65(2):171-185
Parents often manifest the desire to have children of both sexes, and this wish sometimes influences their actual reproductive behavior. If sibship size were selectively limited once the above objective was achieved, would the sex sequences of completed families still present a random character? In order to answer that question, a decision model reproducing the enlargement strategy of families relative to sex criteria was created. By simulation, it was shown that family limitation based on sex composition entails a positive association between sexes of consecutive children in fictitious families. Such a property has indeed been detected in some samples of real families, thus supporting the present model. However, it may also be attributed to biological factors. 相似文献
19.
Generalist parasites have the capacity to infect multiple hosts. The temporal pattern of host specificity by generalist parasites is rarely studied, but is critical to understanding what variables underpin infection and thereby the impact of parasites on host species and the way they impose selection on hosts. Here, the temporal dynamics of infection of four species of freshwater mussel by European bitterling fish (Rhodeus amarus) was investigated over three spawning seasons. Bitterling lay their eggs in the gills of freshwater mussels, which suffer reduced growth, oxygen stress, gill damage and elevated mortality as a result of parasitism. The temporal pattern of infection of mussels by European bitterling in multiple populations was examined. Using a Bernoulli Generalized Additive Mixed Model with Bayesian inference it was demonstrated that one mussel species, Unio pictorum, was exploited over the entire bitterling spawning season. As the season progressed, bitterling showed a preference for other mussel species, which were inferior hosts. Temporal changes in host use reflected elevated density-dependent mortality in preferred hosts that were already infected. Plasticity in host specificity by bitterling conformed with the predictions of the host selection hypothesis. The relationship between bitterling and their host mussels differs qualitatively from that of avian brood parasites. 相似文献