为消除乙型肝炎而努力

<正>乙型肝炎是世界主要疾病之一,全世界约有三亿人受到乙肝死亡的威胁,每年有一百万以上的新生儿感染乙肝,其死亡率超过了世界最严重的疾病,如白喉、百日咳、小儿麻痹和艾滋病。我国属于乙型肝炎高发区,乙肝流行率为50～60％,幼儿感染率很高,表面抗原阳性者主要是三岁以前的儿童,占全年龄组的50％以上。HBsAg阳性母亲的子女其表面抗原阳性率较阴性母亲的子女高5倍之多,特别是HBeAg阳性母亲的子女有90％成为慢性HBV长期携带者,HBsAg阴性母亲的子女其HBsAg新阳转者则为人群HBsAg阳性总数的16％,这种在儿童期发生的乙肝病感染可能形成慢性肝病、肝硬     

新生儿接种10μg3针乙型肝炎血源疫苗5年内的免疫效果观察

1986～1958年,对广东3个城市1～5岁儿童乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染做横断面调查的基础上,给新生儿普种乙型肝炎血源疫苗。出生后24小时内接种1针,1、6个月接种第、3针,每针10μg,共接种1万余名。免疫后抽查HBsAg阳性母亲新生儿血380人份,HBsAg阴性母亲新生儿血1466人份。同时采集同期出生的未免疫的新生儿血116份作为内对照。以放射免疫法(RIA)检测HBV指在。结果,新生儿免疫后1～5年,标化抗-HBs阳转率为67.3％～79.1％。免疫后1～5年HBsAg阳性率与免前HBsAg阳性率比较,其保护率为65.8％～92.1％;与平行内对照的HBsAg阳性率比较,保护率为58.6％～88.1％。且发现HBsAg阳性母亲的新生儿,随免疫年限延长,HBsAg阳性率有降低趋向。     

不同批号乙型肝炎血源疫苗的免疫效果

以北京和上海生物制品研究所生产的不同批号的乙型开炎血源疫苗,免疫HBsAg和HBeAg均阳性母亲及HBsAg阴性母亲的新生儿,以及不同年龄的儿童和成人HBV易感者,程序为0、1、6个月。在第一针后9～12个月采血,用RIA法检测抗-HBs,S/N≥10.0为阳性。观察不同批号疫苗兔疫后的抗-HBs阳转率。6个批号的疫苗,以30、10、10μg和30μg×3剂量免疫HBsAg和HBeAg均阳性母亲的新生儿210人,抗-HBs阳转率为74.46％～84.09％,7个批号以10μg×3免疫阴性母亲的新主儿1510人,抗-HBs阳转率为80.29％～96.24％;3个批号以10μg×3免疫易感儿童238人,2号批号以10μg×3疫易感成年人127人,抗-HBs阳转率前者为87％～100.0％,后者为90％～96％。如按S/N≥2.1计算,抗-HBs阳转率可全部达到90％以上。提示我国生产的乙肝疫苗对各年龄人群都有较好的免疫反应,个别批号间有些差异,但经统计处理多无显著意义。     

少年儿童接种乙型肝炎血源疫苗的效果评价

5～15岁的HBV易感儿童,按0、1、6月程序接种10μg×3乙型肝炎血源疫苗(北京生研所批号8615-1A、8722-2)。接种后1～2年他们的抗-HBs阳转率为～92％,无一例HBsAg阳转;未接种疫苗的对照组儿童,抗-HBs阳转率仅2.08％～2.60％,HBsAg阳转率分别为3.23％和2.08％。流行病学保护效果良好。易感少年儿童接种乙型肝炎血源疫苗将加快控制乙型肝炎的进程。     

对医护学生乙型肝炎病毒感染的定群研究

在调查687名医护学生课堂学习阶段的HBV感染率后,选出HBV易感者,连续观察了在校期、临床实习期、工作后1～2年时HBV易感者的年感染情况的变化,以比较医院内HBV感染的严重性。发现在参加工作1～2年后,人年HBV感染率和HBsAg阳转率均显著高于在校阶段和临床实习阶段,也显著高于做教师一年的师范学生(对照组)。医护学生在医院内的HBV感染与医院损伤次数有关,并与医院消毒管理的好坏有关。     

甘肃省1～59岁人群乙型肝炎病毒感染的血清流行病学调查

为了解甘肃省现阶段乙型肝炎病毒感染的现状,分析乙肝病毒感染血清学指标的变化,采用多阶段整群抽样的方法,抽取5个县区1~59岁人群共2200人进行调查。以ELISA方法对血清标本统一检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc)。结果显示,甘肃省1~59岁调查人群HBsAg阳性率为3.59%,抗-HBs和抗-HBc阳性率分别为49.45%、16.33%;HBV总感染率为27.50%。比1992年HBV总感染率下降了36.48%,HBsAg阳性率下降了45.94%;1~4岁儿童HBsAg阳性率仅为1.13%,比1992年(5.34%)下降78.84%。甘肃省1~59岁人群乙肝病毒感染率下降,抗-HBs阳性率升高,尤其在1~4岁儿童变化更为明显;甘肃省乙肝感染逐步呈现由中高流行转向低流行区的趋势;乙肝疫苗免疫取得显著效果。     

乙型肝炎病毒感染血清流行病学规律的研究

1984～1987年,在湖南、河南、河北、黑龙江4个试点区,整群抽样采血10 484人,采血率达80％以上。HBsAg、抗-HBs和抗-HBc均用RIA法检测。结果4个点乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)标化感染率为58.2％。HBV感染率随年龄增长而升高,7岁时为51.6％,25岁时达63.7％,接近高峰值。HBsAg标化阳性率为10.1％。HBsAg阳性率显示两个高峰,一个在2～8岁时,即儿童峰。从零岁的3.8％至2周岁时的12.5％,已达高峰。湖南的儿童峰值较其它3个试点区高。故HBsAg阳性率南高北低的现象仍然存在(P<0.01)。另一个峰在20～45岁,即成人峰。 抗-HBs标化阳性率为32.2％。HBsAg:抗-HBs之比值,5岁以内为1:1,10岁以后上升为l:3.3～5.9。抗-HBc标化阳性率为45.5％。此结果表明,调查地区均为HBV高感染区,感染主要发生在儿童期。故新生儿是预防乙型肝炎的重点人群。     

小剂量干扰素对慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的追踪观察

本文对40例曾经小剂量干扰素治疗、疗程达6个月的慢性乙肝患者进行治后6～20个月的追踪观察。从HBV标志物阴转率来看,抗病毒远期疗效结果为HBeAg治前19例阳性中,12例阴转(63.1％),其中6例并出现抗-HBe转阳。DNA-P治前3例阳性中,2例阴转(66.6％)。HBcAg治前2例阳性者也阴转。HBV-DNA治前3例阳性者仅一例阴转。HBsAg 39例阳性中,7例阴转(17.9％)。其中HBeAg及DNA-p阴转率较突出,分别为63.1％及66.6％。再从抗病毒综合反应来看,远期总有效率达57.5％(23/40),其中3例在治后14、15及20个月观察时:HBsAg、HBeAg、HBcAg、DNA-P及HBV-DNA均阴性。对照组20例HBsAg、HBeAg及DNA-P阴转率分别为0％、22.2％及0％。可见并非自然阴转,而是药物作用所致。由此认为小剂量干扰素对抗慢性乙肝病毒远期疗效是可取的,值得深入研究。     

新婚夫妇HBV感染的研究

为了研究性因素在乙型肝炎传播中的意义,对1697对婚前登记的男女用RIA法检测血清HBV指征(HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc)。选出57对一方HBsAg和抗-HBc阳性,另一方为HBV易感者做为实验观察组,61对双方均为HBV易感者做为对照观察组。婚后27个月第二次抽血,双份血清用同一批RIA试剂检测HBV指征。结果,实验组HBV易感方HBsAg阳转率为14.04％,HBV感染率为52.63％;对照组HBsAg阳转率为1.64％,HBV感染率为16.03％。两组比较,相对危险性为:HBsAg RR=8.6,HBV RR=3.1,差异非常显著,P <0.01。     

四川省自贡市幼儿园3至5岁儿童乙型肝炎病毒感染情况及影响因素

为了解四川省自贡地区3～5岁幼儿乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染情况,并探索与感染有关的因素,1985年调查了1167名幼儿,其HBV总感染率为41.13％,HBsAg阳性率12.68％。幼儿的HBV感染与母亲HBsAg阳性密切相关。共检查母亲409例,38例HBsAg阳性,其幼儿HBsAg阳性率为50％(19/38),HBsAg阴性的母亲371例,其幼儿HBsAg阳性率9.97％(37/371),来自HBsAg阳性母亲的阳性子女占33.3％(19/56)。1986年随访HBV易感幼儿448例,HBV年感染率为12.95％(58/448),HBsAg年阳转率3.79％。HBV年感染率与原幼儿班级HBsAg阳性率的高低有关。     

严格消毒注射器输液器械及针灸针以控制农村婴幼儿乙型肝炎病毒感染

在婴幼儿HBV高感染村,实施一人一针一管一用一消毒的严格措施后,使一岁儿童HBV感染率下降53.0％,HBsAg阳性率下降55.5％,使HBsAg阴性母亲的1～2岁儿童HBV感染率下降64.6％～76.4％,HBsAg阳性率降低78.6％～81.9％。     

Epidemiologic features of hepatitis B virus infection in northern Labrador.

We studied the epidemiologic features of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in northern Labrador to determine the prevalence of the infection and to obtain a database to develop a vaccination strategy. The study population included seven communities in which five ethnic groups were represented: Inuit, Innu, mixed Inuit and European ancestry ("settler"), nonnative/nonsettler transient population ("white") and people of Innu-white or Innu-Inuit origin ("mixed"). Blood samples from 2156 people (62% of the area residents) were tested for antibody to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc), HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), HBV e antigen (HBeAg), anti-HBc IgM and antibody to the surface antigen (anti-HBs). The overall crude prevalence rate of HBV seromarkers was 14.7% and the HBsAg carrier rate at least 3.2%; the rates were highest for Inuit (26.4% and 6.9% respectively), followed by settler (10.0% and 1.9% respectively) and Innu (7.6% and 0.4% respectively); the white and mixed groups had the lowest overall rates (2.5% and 3.3% respectively). Although the overall prevalence rates were about the same for the two sexes, the HBsAg carrier rate was higher in males (male:female ratio 1.6:1.0). No HBV carriers were positive for HBeAg or anti-HBc IgM antibody. The rate of exposure to HBV was 4% for those below the age of 20 years and reached a peak for those aged 45 to 54 years (85% for Inuit, 40% for settlers and 37% for Innu). There was also a wide variation in the age-standardized prevalence rates (0% to 27.9%) among the ethnic groups in the seven communities surveyed.     

输血后乙型肝炎的研究

对204例首次受血(1～2单位)的外科手术患者进行了随访,以观察输血后HBV的感染和发病。血源来自224例HBsAg阴性(RPHA法检测)的献血员,受血者于受血前及受血后6～7个月各采血1次,连同献血员献血前的血清,用同一批RIA试剂检测HBsAg、抗-HBs和抗-HBc。发现用RPHA筛选的HBsAg阴性献血员,用RIA检测时,仍有2.2％(5/224)HBsAg阳性。70例HBV易感者中,受血后13例发生HBV感染,其中2例输入HBsAg阳性血液者发生急性肝炎(2.86％),1例为黄疸型乙型肝炎,另一例为NANB肝炎;11例发生HBV感染,其中8例为输入HBV-DNA阳性血液。以上结果表明,RPHA筛选献血员仍不能杜绝输血后肝炎,RIA筛选献血员后不能杜绝亚临床感染。部分HBV感染不能排除医院内感染的可能性。     

Characteristics of the distribution of the markers of hepatitis B vir us infection among the healthy population of the Tadzhik SSR and Azerbaijan SSR

A total of 708 healthy persons in Tajikistan and 576 healthy persons in Azerbaijan, these groups comprising persons of both sexes and different age groups, were examined by the method of double gel immunodiffusion (the gel precipitation test) and by the passive hemagglutination test for the presence of the markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (HBsAg and HBeAg) and antibodies to them. This investigation showed that, in accordance with the level of hepatitis B morbidity, HBsAg was significantly more often detected among the population in Tajikistan (7.2%) than in Azerbaijan (2.8%). In both republics HBV carriers occurred most frequently among children aged 1-4 years (4.0% in Azerbaijan and 13.9% in Tajikistan), and among men more frequently than among women. In accordance with different intensity of the spread of HBV infection in the territories under comparison, differences in the age structure of the immune population were noted: in Tajikistan the formation of the immune layer occurred most frequently among younger age groups and in Azerbaijan, among senior adult age groups. The presence of a considerable percentage of persons with HBe-antigenemia (14.3-14.9% as determined by the gel precipitation test) among HBV carriers, observed in Tajikistan and in Azerbaijan, indicates that some of them have undetected chronic hepatitis B.     

西安市2010-2015年0-5岁儿童HBV感染状况的流行病学研究

摘要 目的：总结西安市2010-2015年 0-5岁儿童乙肝病毒感染的发病趋势和流行病学特征,寻找高危人群。通过随访研究获取HBV感染儿童疾病转归及乙肝监测系统存在的问题,为乙肝监测系统完善及制定防治策略提供科学依据。方法：采用描述性流行病学方法对西安市2010-2015年的0-5岁儿童乙肝患者进行三间分布描述分析;采用前瞻性队列研究方法,检测母亲及儿童的外周血HBV病毒学情况,获得母亲感染状况和患儿转归。结果：6年间,西安市0-5岁儿童共上报乙肝病例175例,年均HBV感染率为6.05/10万,2013年最高,为9.73/10万,以散发为主;0-1岁为高发年龄段,男童发病多于女童;未央区、雁塔区为高发地区。截止2016年8月,随访HBV感染学龄前儿童139例,仅17例完成流行病学调查和体检检测,失访率高达87.7%,17例HBV感染儿童中HBsAg慢性化高达88.2%,其中14例(82.3%)母亲为HBsAg阳性者。结论：西安市0-5岁儿童HBV感染的高危人群为HBsAg阳性母亲的儿童,与宫内感染/母婴传播有关。0-5岁HBV感染儿童转归结局不良,建议加强HBV宫内阻断,并对高危新生儿进行乙肝抗体监测。     

Effectiveness of HBV Vaccination in Infants and Prediction of HBV Prevalence Trend under New Vaccination Plan: Findings of a Large-Scale Investigation

Background

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a severe public health problem. Investigating its prevalence and trends is essential to prevention.

Methods

To evaluate the effectiveness of HBV vaccination under the 1992 Intervention Program for infants and predicted HBV prevalence trends under the 2011 Program for all ages. We conducted a community-based investigation of 761,544 residents of 12 counties in Zhejiang Province selected according to their location, population density, and economic development. The HBV prevalence trends were predicted by a time-shifting approach. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) were determined.

Results

Of the 761,544 persons screened for HBsAg, 54,132 were positive (adjusted carrier rate 6.13%); 9,455 had both elevated ALT and a positive HBsAg test (standardized rate 1.18%). The standardized HBsAg carrier rate for persons aged ≤20 years was 1.51%. Key factors influencing HBV infection were sex, age, family history, drinking, smoking, employment as a migrant worker, and occupation. With the vaccination program implemented in 2011, we predict that by 2020, the HBsAg carrier rate will be 5.27% and that for individuals aged ≤34 years will reach the 2% upper limit of low prevalence according to the WHO criteria, with a standardized rate of 1.86%.

Conclusions

The national HBV vaccination program for infants implemented in 1992 has greatly reduced the prevalence of HBV infection. The 2011 program is likely to reduce HBV infection in Zhejiang Province to a low moderate prevalence, and perinatal transmission is expected to be controlled by 2020.