Influence of material properties and photocatalysis on phototrophic growth in multi-year roof weathering

Phototrophic growth on roofs leads to weathering and impacts their appearance. Roof tiles with various properties are available (natural clay, engobed, varnished or coated with photocatalytic TiO₂). The aim of this study was to examine the influence of materials on the development of phototrophic biofilms. Roof tiles were weathered in six climatic regions in Germany for several years. Phototrophic biomass was periodically determined by PAM-fluorometry, image analysis, and visual evaluation. Roof tiles of natural clay were the most heavily infested, while black varnished roof tiles were hardly covered with any phototrophs. This colonisation pattern was compared to water availability on roof tiles surfaces. In contrast to rough natural clay, varnished black tiles accumulated less water, dried quickly, and were rather resistant to phototrophs. The photocatalytic coating was not effective against phototrophic growth. Materials with appropriate properties may prevent phototrophic growth without biocides through reduced water absorption capacities and by avoiding radiation protected structures.     

Time‐lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change

Climate conditions significantly affect vegetation growth in terrestrial ecosystems. Due to the spatial heterogeneity of ecosystems, the vegetation responses to climate vary considerably with the diverse spatial patterns and the time‐lag effects, which are the most important mechanism of climate–vegetation interactive effects. Extensive studies focused on large‐scale vegetation–climate interactions use the simultaneous meteorological and vegetation indicators to develop models; however, the time‐lag effects are less considered, which tends to increase uncertainty. In this study, we aim to quantitatively determine the time‐lag effects of global vegetation responses to different climatic factors using the GIMMS3g NDVI time series and the CRU temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation datasets. First, this study analyzed the time‐lag effects of global vegetation responses to different climatic factors. Then, a multiple linear regression model and partial correlation model were established to statistically analyze the roles of different climatic factors on vegetation responses, from which the primary climate‐driving factors for different vegetation types were determined. The results showed that (i) both the time‐lag effects of the vegetation responses and the major climate‐driving factors that significantly affect vegetation growth varied significantly at the global scale, which was related to the diverse vegetation and climate characteristics; (ii) regarding the time‐lag effects, the climatic factors explained 64% variation of the global vegetation growth, which was 11% relatively higher than the model ignoring the time‐lag effects; (iii) for the area with a significant change trend (for the period 1982–2008) in the global GIMMS3g NDVI (P < 0.05), the primary driving factor was temperature; and (iv) at the regional scale, the variation in vegetation growth was also related to human activities and natural disturbances. Considering the time‐lag effects is quite important for better predicting and evaluating the vegetation dynamics under the background of global climate change.     

A flow-lane incubator for studying freshwater and marine phototrophic biofilms

Phototrophic biofilms are defined as interfacial microbial communities mainly driven by light as energy source and are studied for both ecological and technological reasons. Field investigations of biofilms usually do not offer the opportunity to study the effects of a large number of external parameters. In order to investigate the temporal development of phototrophic communities a laboratory flow-lane incubator for cultivation of freshwater and marine biofilms was developed. The incubator has four lanes which accommodate microscope slides used as substratum and for sampling. The slides can be of different material and may be employed for characterisation of phototrophic biofilms by means of gravimetry, microscopy, taxonomy, molecular biology and chemical analysis. The design allows control of irradiance, temperature and flow velocity. Furthermore, on-line control of biomass accumulation via specially adapted light sensors was proved to be a suitable indicator of temporal developmental stages (initial adhesion, active growth and mature stage). Spatial heterogeneity of the cultivated phototrophic biofilms along the flow direction within each flow-lane was low. Biofilm growth characteristics (e. g. lag time, net accrual rate, peak biomass) recorded in dependency from external conditions may be used as input data for training of artificial neural networks (ANN) and mechanistic modelling. The material and devices used in combination with low maintenance costs and ease of handling suggests the flow-lane incubator as a useful tool for studying the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the development of freshwater and marine phototrophic biofilms.     

An integrated approach for assessing the bioreceptivity of glazed tiles to phototrophic microorganisms

A laboratory-based methodology was designed to assess the bioreceptivity of glazed tiles. The experimental set-up consisted of multiple steps: manufacturing of pristine and artificially aged glazed tiles, enrichment of phototrophic microorganisms, inoculation of phototrophs on glazed tiles, incubation under optimal conditions and quantification of biomass. In addition, tile intrinsic properties were assessed to determine which material properties contributed to tile bioreceptivity. Biofilm growth and biomass were appraised by digital image analysis, colorimetry and chlorophyll a analysis. SEM, micro-Raman and micro-particle induced X-ray emission analyses were carried out to investigate the biodeteriorating potential of phototrophic microorganisms on the glazed tiles. This practical and multidisciplinary approach showed that the accelerated colonization conditions allowed different types of tile bioreceptivity to be distinguished and to be related to precise characteristics of the material. Aged tiles showed higher bioreceptivity than pristine tiles due to their higher capillarity and permeability. Moreover, biophysical deterioration caused by chasmoendolithic growth was observed on colonized tile surfaces.     

黄土高原半干旱区气候变暖对胡麻生育和水分利用效率的影响

利用黄土高原半干旱区胡麻生长发育定位观测资料和同期气象观测资料,分析气候变化对胡麻生长发育的影响,以及胡麻水分利用效率与气象条件的关系.结果表明:研究区年降水量呈下降趋势,其气候倾向率为-15.80 mm·(10 a)-1,年降水量存在3 a、6 a的周期变化;年均气温呈上升趋势,其气候倾向率为0.36℃·(10 a)-1;作物生长季干燥指数呈显著上升趋势,其气候倾向率为0.12· (10a)-1,20世纪90年代初至2009年明显趋于干旱化.研究区胡麻全生育期天数为120～150 d,≥0℃积温为1700～2100℃·d,降水量为200～250mm,日照时数为1000～1300h.影响黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区胡麻生长发育的主导气象因子是气温和降水量.气温增高导致胡麻生育前期的营养生长阶段缩短;而气温增高、降水量减少,则导致生殖生长阶段延长,从而使全生育期延长.除出苗期和成熟期外,气温对其余时期的胡麻产量形成均表现为负效应,现蕾期对气温变化十分敏感;除开花期外,其余时段降水量对胡麻产量形成均为正效应,胡麻出苗期对降水量变化十分敏感.胡麻水分利用率与胡麻出苗期气温、日照时数和现蕾-成熟期干燥度呈显著正相关,与胡麻现蕾-成熟期降水量呈显著负相关.研究区5-7月干燥度是影响胡麻水分利用率的关键因子.     

黄河上游不同干湿气候区植被对气候变化的响应

 研究气候变化背景下植被变化趋势及其与水热因子的关系, 对于黄河源区的生态恢复和生态建设具有重要意义。采用基于FAO Penman-Monteith的降水蒸散比来描述区域的干湿状况, 划分了黄河上游地区的干湿气候区。在此基础上, 利用AVHRR归一化植被指数(NDVI)和GLOPEM净初级生产力(NPP)数据集和同期的气候资料, 分析了黄河上游植被覆盖、植被生产力和气候变化的趋势, 探讨了不同干湿气候区影响植被变化的主要气候因子。结果表明, 研究区域东南部为半湿润气候区, 其余为半干旱气候区, 干湿气候分界线与450 mm降水等值线较接近; 1981–2006年区域气候趋于干暖化, 尤其是气温的升高趋势明显; 半湿润地区NDVI和NPP显著增加, 半干旱地区略有增加; 半湿润地区的NDVI多与气温显著正相关, 与降水量的相关性较弱, 气温是植被生长的主要气候制约因素; 半干旱地区的NDVI则与降水量的正相关性更强, 对降水量的变化较为敏感。NPP对气候变化的响应模式与NDVI相似。植被对气候变化的响应部分依赖于研究区域所具备的水热条件, 干湿气候划分有助于更好地解释植被对气候变化响应的空间差异。     

南盘江流域云南松径向生长对气候暖干化的响应

全球气候变暖背景下, 西南地区气候呈现出明显的暖干化特征, 但区域优势树种云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)对气候暖干化的响应存在不确定性。该研究根据树木年代学方法选择研究区域87株云南松样本进行树芯采集, 构建云南松树轮年表, 结合1952-2016年的气温和降水等气象资料, 利用响应分析、多元回归分析以及滑动相关分析等方法研究了影响南盘江流域云南松径向生长的关键气候因子及其对气候暖干化的响应规律。研究结果表明: 1985年以来, 研究区域气候暖干化特征明显, 气温上升和降水量下降的速率是1984年前的5和6倍, 年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温的上升速率为0.044、0.041和0.050 ℃·a ^-1, 年降水量的下降速率为 6.02 mm·a ^-1。气候暖干化使云南松的生长对温度响应的敏感度降低, 对水分响应的敏感度增强, 气温的解释率由暖干化前的44.95%下降到21.97%, 水分的解释率由暖干化前的55.05%上升到78.03%。暖干化增强了当年气候因子对径向生长的影响, 减弱了上年气候因子的影响, 与径向生长显著相关的当年气候因子增加了3个, 当年气候因子对径向生长的解释率增加了16.05%。暖干化减弱了云南松生长的“滞后效应”, 气候变化对树木生长影响的时效性增强。在5-7月和9-11月, 气候变暖使径向生长与气温、水分的响应关系变得不稳定。该研究可为气候暖干化区域云南松林的经营、管理以及区域气候重建提供理论依据和基础数据。     

高寒草甸植物群落生长发育特征与气候因子的关系

为合理利用高寒草甸资源，探讨近年来气候变化对高寒草甸的影响，以青海省甘德县高寒草甸为例，基于牧业气象站1976-2006年的气象资料和1994-2006年的牧草观测资料，分析了草地植被地上生物量、高度、盖度和物候期等群落特征以及当地气温、降雨等气象因素的年际变化趋势，采用典型相关分析法和逐步回归分析法对草地植物群落特征变化与气象因子的关系进行了研究，综合分析了影响植被生长状况的关键因子，结果表明：（1）青藏高原高寒草甸总体呈年均气温和平均地温上升、年降水量下降的"暖干化"趋势，牧草盖度高度增大，产量减少，整体观测水平下的牧草物候期推迟。（2）牧草的高度、盖度及产量对不同气候因子的响应程度不同。牧草高度与盖度对温度因子的变化更敏感，牧草产量对水分因子的变化更敏感。平均地温和相对湿度越高，牧草高度越高，产量越多。（3）不同牧草的物候期受不同气象因子的影响，变化趋势也不相同。从整体水平上看，牧草物候期对温度因子更敏感，温度越高，物候期越提前。     

东北南部蒙古栎径向生长对气候变化的响应——以千山为例

蒙古栎是东北森林中最重要的阔叶树种之一.本研究利用树木年代学方法研究中国东北南部千山地区蒙古栎的径向变化,结合1951—2010年的温度和降水等气象数据,利用相关函数分析了树木生长与气候变化的关系,揭示蒙古栎径向生长对气候响应规律.结果表明：研究区4—7月的降水量与蒙古栎年轮宽度呈显著正相关,是限制该地区蒙古栎径向生长的主要限制因子;5月极端最高温度与蒙古栎年轮宽度呈显著负相关,也是影响蒙古栎生长的关键因素.研究期间,蒙古栎年轮宽度与4月降水量的相关显著且稳定,自20世纪80年代开始蒙古栎径向生长对夏季温度的响应敏感性逐渐减弱,对温度的响应表现出从响应夏季温度向响应春季温度的转变.     

未来气候变化对云南烤烟种植气候适宜性的影响

云南烤烟种植的气候适宜性分布将受到气候变化的深刻影响.根据云南烤烟种植气候适宜性的3个决定因子(7月平均气温、7—8月日照时数、4—9月降水量),利用1981—2060年的气候模拟数据及1986—2005年的气象台站实测数据,分析了1986—2005年及RCP 4.5和RCP8.5气候情景下2021—2040年、2041—2060年云南烤烟种植气候适宜性分布的变化.结果表明: 未来气候情景下,云南烤烟种植气候适宜分布呈现北抬东扩的趋势,未来云南烤烟可种植区域将呈逐渐增加的趋势,且2041—2060年增幅大于2021—2040年、RCP8.5情景的增幅大于RCP4.5情景,其中,烤烟的最适宜区域、次适宜区域增幅均较大,适宜区域则变化不大.未来云南中北部烟区的昆明、曲靖、大理、楚雄、丽江最适宜区面积与可种植面积增幅较大,文山、红河、普洱、西双版纳等南部烟区最适宜区面积与可种植面积减幅较大.     

High-altitude tree growth responses to climate change across the Hindu Kush Himalaya

兴都库什喜马拉雅地区高海拔树木生长对气候变化的响应 高海拔地区快速升温可能导致树木对温度响应更为敏感,而限制高海拔地区树木生长的关键气候因子以及气候变化对树木生长产生多大程度的影响尚不清楚。本研究在兴都库什喜马拉雅地区收集了73 个样点的树轮数据,包括3个优势属的树种(Abies属、Juniperus属和Picea属),样点海拔均在3000 m以上。 将时间动态规整(dynamic time warping)的方法用于建立亚区域年表,以考虑不同站点年表之间变化的同步 性。同时,定量分析了气候因子对树木生长的贡献以及树木生长与气候因子关系的时空动态。研究结果发现,73个站点年表可以聚为3类,且与其所处的生物气候区相对应,即西喜马拉雅地区,中东喜马拉雅地区和藏东南地区。在干旱的西喜马拉雅地区,树木生长与冬、春两季的降水呈正相关关系,而在湿润的藏东南地区,树木生长与冬季温度和春季降水呈正相关关系。树木生长受最低温度的影响最大,特别是冬季温度,其重要性从西到东呈现递增趋势。滑动窗口相关分析表明,在中西喜马拉雅地区,影响树木生长的冬季温度信号在减弱,然而在藏东南地区该信号随着1980年以来的快速升温而增强。本研究结果表明,若该地区升温持续,在西喜马拉雅地区可能会因变暖引起的水分亏缺而造成森林衰退,而在藏东南地区因树木生长得益于变暖而使得森林扩张。     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅶ.青藏高原干旱半干旱区农业气候资源变化特征

基于青藏高原干旱半干旱区1961-2007年55个气象站点地面观测资料,利用五日滑动平均法及GIS软件的IDW模块进行栅格处理,对比分析了研究区1961-1980年（时段Ⅰ）和1981-2007年（时段Ⅱ）各气候要素的时空变化特征及其气候倾向率.结果表明：1961-2007年,研究区喜凉作物生长季内日照时数的变化不明显,喜温作物生长季内日照时数呈增加趋势,但空间分布的变化较小;与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ喜温作物生长季内积温值≥1500 ℃·d的地区面积扩大33.9%;降水量的空间分布总体表现为由东南低地向西北内陆逐渐递减,研究期间青藏高原东南部喜凉作物生长季内降水量均达到800 mm,其他地区喜凉作物生长季内降水量的气候倾向率有正有负,变幅相对较小,与时段Ⅰ相比,时段Ⅱ喜温作物生长季内降水量≥400 mm的分布面积扩大了40%;参考作物蒸散量（ET₀）总体略有增加,其空间分布格局与日照时数和积温的分布相似,时段Ⅱ较时段Ⅰ喜温作物生长季内ET₀≥400 mm的分布面积扩大了35.7%.研究期间,青藏高原作物生长季内的热量与降水资源有一定幅度增加,这对农牧业生产非常有利,但ET₀的增大表明潜在蒸发增大,需进一步加强研究气候变化对该区域农牧业生产带来的可能影响.     

Tree species distribution in temperate forests is more influenced by soil than by climate

Knowledge of the ecological requirements determining tree species distributions is a precondition for sustainable forest management. At present, the abiotic requirements and the relative importance of the different abiotic factors are still unclear for many temperate tree species. We therefore investigated the relative importance of climatic and edaphic factors for the abundance of 12 temperate tree species along environmental gradients. Our investigations are based on data from 1,075 forest stands across Switzerland including the cold‐induced tree line of all studied species and the drought‐induced range boundaries of several species. Four climatic and four edaphic predictors represented the important growth factors temperature, water supply, nutrient availability, and soil aeration. The climatic predictors were derived from the meteorological network of MeteoSwiss, and the edaphic predictors were available from soil profiles. Species cover abundances were recorded in field surveys. The explanatory power of the predictors was assessed by variation partitioning analyses with generalized linear models. For six of the 12 species, edaphic predictors were more important than climatic predictors in shaping species distribution. Over all species, abundances depended mainly on nutrient availability, followed by temperature, water supply, and soil aeration. The often co‐occurring species responded similar to these growth factors. Drought turned out to be a determinant of the lower range boundary for some species. We conclude that over all 12 studied tree species, soil properties were more important than climate variables in shaping tree species distribution. The inclusion of appropriate soil variables in species distribution models allowed to better explain species' ecological niches. Moreover, our study revealed that the ecological requirements of tree species assessed in local field studies and in experiments are valid at larger scales across Switzerland.     

北亚热带马尾松净生产力对气候变化的响应

掌握马尾松生产力与气候变化的关系,特别是在马尾松自然分布的北界研究生产力对气候变化的响应具有重要意义,以马尾松自然分布北界的河南鸡公山国家级自然保护区内的老龄马尾松林作为研究对象,根据河南信阳的马尾松生物量与树高胸径的关系,利用样地调查和年轮宽度推算出过去的30a中的生物量和生产力动态,并用当地的温度、湿度、降水、光照以及帕尔默干旱度指数5项气候因子与生产力做相关分析,在此基础上用多元逐步回归得到了气候因子与生产力的回归方程。结果显示:鸡公山马尾松林生物量从1980年的59.00 t/hm²逐步增加到2009年的254.75 t/hm²,30a中平均年净生产力为6.64 t/hm²;气候分析表明年净生产力与气候因子关系较为密切:上年8月降水、当年2月温度、3月湿度以及10月的光照和温度与生产力正相关,当年5月光照、10月的降水和湿度与生产力负相关,当年2月到9月的PDSI都与生产力正相关,并且在6月的相关系数最高。研究表明,北亚热带的马尾松生产力的年际变化主要是气候因素引起的,受当年生长季的长短和生长季的土壤水分可用性限制,在未来该地区升温增湿的条件下马尾松林的生产力可能会升高。     

Habitat and climate shape growth patterns in a mountain ungulate

Uptake and use of energy are of key importance for animals living in temperate environments that undergo strong seasonal changes in forage quality and quantity. In ungulates, energy intake strongly affects body mass gain, an important component of individual fitness. Energy allocation among life‐history traits can be affected by internal and external factors. Here, we investigate large‐scale variation in body growth patterns of Alpine chamois Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra, in relation to sex, age, temperature, and habitat variations across 31 (sub)populations in the Central European Alps. Taking advantage of an exceptionally large dataset (n = 178,175) of chamois hunted over 27 consecutive years between 1993 and 2019 in mountain ranges with different proportions of forest cover, we found that (i) patterns of body mass growth differ between mountain ranges, with lower body mass but faster mass growth with increasing proportion of forest cover and that (ii) the effect of spring and summer temperatures on changes in body growth patterns are larger in mountain ranges with lower forest cover compared to mountain ranges with higher forest cover. Our results show that patterns of body mass growth within a species are more plastic than expected and depend on environmental and climatic conditions. The recent decline in body mass observed in Alpine chamois populations may have greater impacts on populations living above the treeline than in forests, which may buffer against the effects of increasing temperatures on life‐history traits.     

The steppe species of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants, with a focus on Marshallagia: climate as a key determinant

We intended to relate the geographic distribution of ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes in relation to steppe climate (and vegetation). Data are either from literature or from newly acquired/available results. Simple or more sophisticated meteorological indices were used to characterize the climate. Regression analyses were used to correlate climatic factors and presence of endoparasites from steppe areas. The distribution of one (Marshallagia) out of five endoparasite genera was concentrated mostly in steppic areas whereas other species were found also in other areas. In wild hosts the distribution of Marshallagia was much larger from Sptizberg to New World (northern territories in Canada or extreme south of America). In domestic small ruminants the presence of Marshallagia was identified more frequently and constantly in the area of original domestication and its early diffusion (from Northern Africa to Kashmir, Caucasia). The distribution of this parasite was correlated to low rainfalls which were not the case for all other endoparasites. After host switch (reindeer or south America camelids), it has expanded in other climatic areas, either colder or dryer.     

甘肃马铃薯种植布局对区域气候变化的响应

基于甘肃省地面气象观测站1961—2008年气象观测资料和马铃薯生长条件,选择最佳小网格推算模型推算出500m×500m的高分辨率的网格序列;确立马铃薯种植适宜性气候区划指标,结合地理信息资料,运用GIS技术,开展马铃薯种植适宜性动态气候区划。结果表明:气候变化使马铃薯最适宜区和适宜区面积分别减小35%和3%,次适宜区和可种植区面积分别扩大18.5%和6.6%,不适宜区面积缩小2.0%。提出了马铃薯应对气候变化建议:各地应根据气候特点,调整作物布局;适当调整播种日期,躲避影响马铃薯产量的春霜冻、块茎形成期的高温危害及伏期干旱等;采取多种农业措施,扩大马铃薯种植面积,提高复种指数。预计随着未来气候进一步变暖,该地区的马铃薯生长发育、产量和结构布局将会继续受到影响,研究成果可为甘肃马铃薯生产以及适应气候变化提供科学参考依据。     

毛乌素沙地气候因素对沙尘暴频率影响作用的模拟研究

沙尘暴是一种强烈的风蚀输沙形式,是造成流沙蔓延和土地沙化最重要、最直接的作用过程之一。借鉴国际上最新的研究进展,建立了适合毛乌素沙地气候特征的定量模型,比较深入地考察了毛乌素沙地的气候因素对沙尘暴频率的影响作用,利用沙地位于不同方位的6个气象台站多年气候记录资料,分别计算了各月气候对沙尘暴频率的影响作用指数,分别对6个气象台站各月沙尘暴频率进行回归,并利用气候影响指数对沙尘暴频率进行了拟合,取得比较理想的效果。     

未来气候变化对中国天然橡胶种植气候适宜区的影响

全球气候变暖将严重影响中国天然橡胶种植的气候适宜区分布.根据影响中国橡胶种植的5个主导气候因子,即最冷月平均温度、极端最低温度平均值、月平均温度≥18 ℃月份、年平均气温和年平均降水量,基于最大熵MaxEnt模型,利用1981—2010年全国气候数据和RCP4.5情景的气候预估,分析了1981—2010、2041—2060、2061—2080年中国天然橡胶种植的气候适宜区变化.结果表明： 随着未来气候变化,2041—2060和2061—2080年中国天然橡胶的种植气候适宜区范围总体呈北扩趋势,对橡胶树北移有利. 2041—2060、2061—2080年中国天然橡胶气候适宜区总面积较1981—2010年呈增长趋势,高适宜区和中适宜区的面积均有增加趋势,而低适宜区面积呈减少趋势.局部区域气候适宜性发生明显变化：云南的橡胶主产区的适宜区总面积减少,其中,云南省的景洪、勐腊等地将由现在的高适宜区转变为中适宜区,海南岛及广东雷州半岛的橡胶种植高适宜区面积明显增加,在台湾岛出现了新的橡胶种植低适宜区等.     

气候变化对华北冬小麦生育期和灌溉需水量的影响

利用华北4个气象站点1981—2010年冬小麦的生育期数据和气象资料,研究了华北平原典型区域冬小麦在气候变化条件下的生育期及各生育阶段灌溉需水量。结果表明:(1)过去30a来,华北地区冬小麦播种期和出苗期均有推迟趋势,且高纬度站点的变化趋势明显,其他生育期则呈提前趋势,而冬小麦全生育期表现为缩短;(2)华北冬小麦灌溉需水量在空间上从北到南、自东向西逐渐递减趋势;在时间上,东西部地区灌溉需水量变化趋势相反,东部地区呈逐渐增加趋势,而西部地区呈减小趋势;(3)冬小麦生育阶段的灌溉需水量变化不相同,播种—出苗、拔节—抽穗和抽穗—乳熟期灌溉需水量表现为减少趋势,而出苗—拔节和乳熟—成熟期则表现为增加趋势。就冬小麦整个生育期而言,华北西部地区灌溉需水量(北京密云站和石家庄栾城站)有减少趋势,分别减少6.72mm/10a和8.3mm/10a;而华北东部地区(天津宝坻站和邢台南宫站)的趋势正好相反,分别增加2.6mm/10a和7.08mm/10a。6个生育阶段灌溉需水量的年际波动程度依次为:播种—出苗期乳熟—成熟期抽穗—乳熟期拔节—抽穗期出苗—拔节期播种—成熟期;(4)气象要素对灌溉需水量的影响较复杂,其中灌溉需水量同有效降水量、相对湿度呈负相关,且相关关系极显著,与生育期长度存在微负相关关系,与日照时数、平均温度和风速呈显著正相关。同时,影响各生育阶段灌溉需水量的气象要素也存在差异,主要包括有效降水量、相对湿度和风速等。