Description of the vibrational duet of Besdolus ravizzarum Zwick & Weinzierl, 1995 (Plecoptera: Perlodidae)

Summary

The drumming of Besdolus ravizzarum is studied and analyzed for the first time. The male signal is diphasic with duration of approximately 350 to 400 ms and with interknock intervals decreasing in duration in both phases, while that of the female consists of a single knock. The male’s signal is much more complex than those reported for two other species of the genus Besdolus.     

Description of the male drumming signals of Besdolus bicolor (Navás 1909) (Plecoptera: Perlodidae)

The call of the male of Besdolus bicolor, produced by percussion or drumming, is described for the first time. It represents the first recorded and analyzed signal for the genus Besdolus. It consists of a repetition of two or three beat groups, with each group composed by two (rarely three) beats, and with very constant interbeat intervals and intergroup intervals (mean 0.037 seconds and 0.213 seconds, respectively). The call pattern exhibited by this species can be catalogued as an ancestral percussive signal.     

Social,contextual, and individual factors affecting the occurrence and acoustic structure of drumming bouts in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

The production of structured and repetitive sounds by striking objects is a behavior found not only in humans, but also in a variety of animal species, including chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). In this study we examined individual and social factors that may influence the frequency with which individuals engage in drumming behavior when producing long distance pant hoot vocalizations, and analyzed the temporal structure of those drumming bouts. Male chimpanzees from Budongo Forest, Uganda, drummed significantly more frequently during travel than feeding or resting and older individuals were significantly more likely to produce drumming bouts than younger ones. In contrast, we found no evidence that the presence of estrus females, high ranking males and preferred social partners in the caller's vicinty had an effect on the frequency with which an individual accompanied their pant hoot vocalization with drumming. Through acoustic analyses, we demonstrated that drumming sequences produced with pant hoots may have contained information on individual identity and that qualitatively, there was individual variation in the complexity of the temporal patterns produced. We conclude that drumming patterns may act as individually distinctive long‐distance signals that, together with pant hoot vocalizations, function to coordinate the movement and spacing of dispersed individuals within a community, rather than as signals to group members in the immediate audience. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:125–134, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

First record of the drumming signals of stoneflies Capnopsis Morton, 1896 and Protonemura Kempny, 1898 genera (Plecoptera,Capniidae and Nemouridae)

The male drumming signal of Capnopsis schilleri is studied for the first time. It is a monophasic call composed of 4–8 beats with a decreasing frequency. In the present paper, the drumming signals of some Protonemura species are also recorded and described for the first time both in males (Protonemura alcazaba, Protonemura meyeri and Protonemura navacerrada) and females (P. meyeri, P. navacerrada and Protonemura pyrenaica). The male call is very homogeneous in all the studied species and they consist of a repetition of 2–11 sequences of 6–31 beats, with an inter‐beat interval ranging from 0.034 to 0.088 s. The females have monophasic long signals consisting of a repetition of 5 to 109 beats with an inter‐beat interval of 0.061 to 0.159 s. It is extraordinary that females produced signals when males were absent, and so the female signal can be also considered as a call and not only an answer, as usually pointed out in stoneflies.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SWIMBLADDER (DRUMMING) AND PECTORAL (STRIDULATION) SOUNDS IN THREE FAMILIES OF CATFISHES

ABSTRACT

Among teleosts, only representatives of several tropical catfish families have evolved two sonic organs: pectoral spines for stridulation and swimbladder drumming muscles. Pectoral mechanisms differ in relative size between pimelodids, mochokids and doradids, whereas swimbladder mechanisms exhibit differences in origin and insertion of extrinsic muscles. Differences in vocalization among families were investigated by comparing distress calls in air and underwater. High frequency broad-band pulsed sounds of similar duration were emitted during abduction of pectoral spines in all three families. Adduction sounds were similar to abduction signals in doradids, shorter and of lower sound pressure in mochokids, and totally lacking in pimelodids. Simultaneously or successively with pectoral sounds, low frequency harmonic drumming sounds were produced by representatives of two families. Drumming sounds were of similar intensity as stridulatory sounds in pimelodids, fainter in doradids, and not present in mochokids. Swimbladder sounds were frequency modulated and the fundamental frequency was similar in pimelodids and doradids. The ratio of stridulatory to drumming sound amplitude was higher in air than underwater in both doradids and one of the pimelodids. Also, overall duration of pectoral sounds, compared to swimbladder sounds, was longer in air than underwater in one doradid and pimelodid species. This first comparison of vocalization within one major teleost order demonstrates a wide variation in occurrence, duration, intensity and spectral content of sounds and indicates family- and species-specific as well as context- (receiver-) dependent patterns of vocalization.     

Hind foot drumming: Morphofunctional analysis of the hind limb osteology in three species of African mole-rats (Bathyergidae)

Hind foot drumming is a form of seismic signaling that plays a vital role in the communication of several Bathyergidae species. Hind foot drumming is initiated by the rapid movement of the whole hind limb by flexion and extension of the hip and knee. This study aimed to determine if morphological adaptations of the hind limb osteology were measurable using established morphometric analyses in two drumming (Bathyergus suillus and Georychus capensis) and one non-drumming (Cryptomys hottentotus natalensis) African mole-rat species. Forty-three linear measurements of the hind limb were taken in 48 limbs (n = 16 limbs per species) and 32 indices were calculated. Mixed model analysis of variance was used to compare the three species and sexes within a species. Thirteen indices had significant differences between species. Eleven indices had significant differences between sexes within a species. Significant differences between the drumming (B. suillus and G. capensis) and the non-drumming species were observed in three indices. The femoral greater trochanter was relatively shorter in the drumming species compared to the non-drumming species, which is proposed to allow for increased hip joint mobility, thereby permitting drummers to move their limbs at the rapid speed required to generate seismic signals. Furthermore, the small in-lever (shorter greater trochanter) may increase the velocity of limb motion. The robust tibias in the drumming species, as indicated by the tibial robustness index, are likely to counter the additional biomechanical load caused by the muscles involved in hind foot drumming. The relatively small hind feet seen in the drumming species allows for reduced limb weight needed for the rapid extension and flexion motion required during hind foot drumming. The significant differences reflected in the hind limb osteological indices between B. suillus and G. capensis and the non-drumming species are indicative of adaptations for hind foot drumming.     

Intraspecific and interspecific variation in drumming signals in the genus Capnioneura (Plecoptera: Capniidae)

The male drumming calls of four species of the genus Capnioneura, and for the first time, the female answer signal from one species of this genus are described. Only the male call of C. mitis from a southern Iberian Peninsula is known. In the current study, the male calls of three additional C. mitis populations from two different mountain drainages and the male calls of C. gelesae, C. libera and C. petitpierreae are described and analysed. The calls were near-ancestral and percussive signals with variable numbers of beats and approximately constant, monophasic beat intervals. The mean interbeat intervals were species specific, ranging from 250 to 1500 ms. The C. mitis female answer interbeat intervals were similar to the call but composed of 3–4 beats. Intraspecific and interspecific variation is discussed and these results support the hypothesis that stonefly drumming plays an important role as a reproductive isolating mechanism.     

Echolocation by free-tailed bats (Tadarida)

Summary The echolocation of bats in the genusTadarida is highly adaptive to different acoustic conditions. These bats use different types of sonar signals with a diversity usually observed in comparisons across families of bats.Tadarida brasiliensis andT. macrotis search for airborne prey in open, uncluttered spaces using narrow-band, short CF signals with no FM components. They add broadband FM components while dropping the CF components when approaching or capturing prey. Only one harmonic is present in these insect-pursuit signals. When flying in cluttered situations or echolocating in a laboratory room,T. brasiliensis uses multiple-harmonic FM signals. Stationary bats tend to use linear frequency sweeps and moving bats tend to use curvilinear frequency sweeps or linear period sweeps. When emerging from a roost they initially use a short-CF/FM signal, changing to an FM signal as they fly away. The acuity of perception of target range inT. brasiliensis is about 1.0 to 1.5 cm and is determined by the bandwidth of the target-ranging sonar signals as represented by their autocorrelation functions. Many less adaptable species of bats use signals corresponding to part of the sonar repertoire ofTadarida. The functions of short CF or narrowband signals for detection and FM or broadband signals for resolution and acoustic imaging identified from comparisons among such species are confirmed by observations of echolocation byTadarida. The differences observed in echolocation among many species and families of bats appear to be evolutionary adaptations to some of the same features of the acoustic environment to whichTadarida responds behaviorally.Abbreviations CF frequency modulated - FM constant frequency - LPM linear period modulation - LFM linear-frequency modulation We thank Prof. T.T. Sandel, Prof. D.R. Griffin, Dr. George Pollak, and P.H. Dolkart for their advice and assistance. This research was supported by Grant No. BMS 72-02351-A01 from the National Science Foundation and by Biomedical Research Support Grant No. RR-07054 from the Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health.     

Microhabitat selection and audible sexual signalling in the wolf spider Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata (Araneae, Lycosidae)

We studied the microhabitat selection and male sexual signalling behaviour in the wolf spider Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata (Ohlert). Males strike dry leaves with their abdomen, producing an audible sexual drumming signal, and females use this signal to choose mating partners. In the field we followed male drumming rate and microhabitat selection using both the mark–recapture method and direct observations. In the laboratory we conducted an experiment on male microhabitat and drumming substrate selection. We found that in the field males were not distributed randomly among the habitat; fewer males were found in areas that had high sedge cover, low elevation, and low dry leaf cover. In the laboratory experiment, males spent more time on dry leaf substrate. Drumming rate in the field was positively correlated with dry leaf cover and in the laboratory males clearly preferred dry leaves as drumming substrate. Temperature was positively correlated with male drumming rate, and with male and female mobility. We conclude that in H. rubrofasciata male distribution and sexual signalling rate, and thus mating success, are greatly affected by environmental factors. Therefore, males may be sexually selected to make effective use of their signalling habitat by active microhabitat choice. Received: 27 December 1999 / Received in revised form: 14 February 2000 / Accepted: 14 February 2000     

Occupancy modeling of ruffed grouse in the Black Hills National Forest

Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) are a popular game bird and the management indicator species for quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the Black Hills National Forest (BHNF), which requires development of a robust monitoring protocol to evaluate trends in ruffed grouse populations. We used roadside drumming surveys in spring 2007 and 2008 to estimate ruffed grouse occupancy and detection probabilities in the BHNF while simultaneously assessing the influence of sampling and site covariates on these processes. Ruffed grouse occupancy estimates were constant between spring 2007 and 2008 (Ψ = 0.12, SE = 0.03) and were positively influenced by the amount of aspen surrounding the site. Detection probability estimates were constant between spring 2007 and 2008 (p = 0.27, SE = 0.06) and were influenced by survey date in a quadratic form and negatively influenced by wind speed and time of the survey. Collectively, our results demonstrated that ruffed grouse occupancy and detection probabilities in the BHNF were low. Occupancy could be increased by increasing the extent of aspen. To improve monitoring efficiency and maximize probability of detecting ruffed grouse, ruffed grouse monitoring should be conducted during the peak of drumming (mid-May), during favorable weather conditions such as low wind speeds and little precipitation, and during early morning, near sunrise. © 2010 The Wildlife Society.     

Differences between male,female and juvenile haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.) sounds

Female and juvenile haddock make sounds, as well as males. Examination of the sounds from different sexes indicates that the sound waveform is a function of fish maturity and it is gender-specific. Immature fish sounds were found to be made up of two pulses with similar frequencies and opposite polarities. Females produced two pulses with the same polarity, the first pulse having a higher frequency than the second. The acoustic characteristics of juvenile, female and male haddock sounds are compared. Sexual dimorphism in the mass of the drumming muscle mass has also been investigated. Female haddock possess less well-developed drumming muscles than males throughout the whole year. A significant difference in drumming muscle mass was observed not only in males but also in females at different seasons. A positive relation between drumming muscle mass and fish size has been highlighted in both male and female fish. The physical parameters of the sound units emitted by juveniles, females and males, which are likely affected by physiological condition and maturity stage, are discussed in relation to the sound-producing mechanism.     

Improved Campephiline detection: An experiment conducted with the Magellanic Woodpecker

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Seismic signal transmission between burrows of the Cape mole-rat,Georychus capensis

Summary Both seismic and auditory signals were tested for their propagation characteristics in a field study of the Cape mole-rat (Georychus capensis), a subterranean rodent in the family Bathyergidae. This solitary animal is entirely fossorial and apparently communicates with its conspecifics by alternately drumming its hind legs on the burrow floor. Signal production in this species is sexually dimorphic, and mate attraction is likely mediated primarily by seismic signalling between individuals in neighboring burrows. Measurements within, and at various distances away from, natural burrows suggest that seismic signals propagate at least an order of magnitude better than auditory signals. Moreover, using a mechanical thumper which could be triggered from a tape recording of the mole-rat's seismic signals, we established that the vertically-polarized surface wave (Rayleigh wave) propagates with less attenuation than either of the two horizontally-polarized waves. Thus, we tentatively hypothesize that Rayleigh waves subserve intraspecific communication in this species.Abbreviations PPM pulses per min - SB simulated burrow - SD standard deviation - SPL sound pressure level     

Physical characteristics of the drumming of Meconema thalassinum

The drumming sound of Meconema thalassinum (De Geer) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) was studied in a North American population. Males of Meconema produce sound by tapping one of their hind feet on the substrate. Each phrase consists of a variable number (0–5) of short impact trains (mean, 5.6 foot impacts per train), followed by 1–5 long impact trains (mean, 34.4 impacts). The most common type of phrase consists of 3 short and 2 long trains.Foot impacts are produced at rates between 29 and 62/sec in the range 21.0–31.2°C. The foot-impact frequency follows a linear relationship with temperature; a similar relationship holds for the impact-train repetition rate, expressed as the reciprocal of the silent intervals between trains. The number of impacts per train and the overall phrase structure are essentially temperature-independent.The drumming of Meconema is compared with the sounds produced by other Orthoptera, in terms of temperature dependence and of complexity of the phrase structure.     

First record of male drumming call of the genus Capnioneura Ris, 1905 (Plecoptera,Capniidae)

The male call of Capnioneura mitis, produced by drumming, is recorded and analyzed for the first time. It also represents the first known signal for the genus. It consists of a highly variable number of beats (2–32) with inter‐beat duration approximately constant along the call, but inter‐beat duration is temperature dependent. Thus, at 13°C the mean inter‐beat duration is 1.397 s (SD = 0.050) while at 21°C it is 1.139 s (SD = 0.093). The call pattern exhibited by this species, as those of the majority of previously studied Capniidae species, can be catalogued as an ancestral or near‐ancestral percussive monophasic signal.     

Female Choice and Mating System of the Brown Capuchin Monkey Cebus apella (Primates: Cebidae)

Antennal drumming, in which Polistes queens rapidly beat the antennae on the rims of nest cells, is described in detail for P. fuscatus and shown to be performed in the context of feeding prey to the larvae. Following the distribution of solid food to the larvae, the queen goes from cell to cell on the nest, drumming her antennae on the cell rims, producing an audible sound. After several min of this, each drum on a cell is followed by contact with a larva, usually the one in the drummed cell, during which the queen regurgitates prey juice to the larva. The average burst of drumming lasts just under one s. The two antennal flagella strike the cell rim together at an average frequency of 29 strokes per s. Similar behavior is documented in 10 other Polistes species. We hypothesize that antennal drumming communicates to the larva that it is about to receive liquid food from the adult and should withhold the release of salivary secretion. This predicts that a larva that has received the drumming signal will exude less secretion than if it has not been recently signaled. An experimental test of this hypothesis yielded the predicted result, and we therefore conclude that our hypothesis is supported.     

Substrate-borne Vibrations as a Component of Intraspecific Communication in the Groundhopper <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetrix ceperoi</Emphasis>

Substrate-borne vibrational signals used in communication of Tetrix ceperoi (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) are described for the first time. Among all studied Tetrix species, T. ceperoi use the richest repertoire of vibrational signals. These signals consist of isolated pulses or pulses united into rhythmically repeated or irregularly repeated groups and are used in rivalry, pre-copulation, and copulation behaviour (1st, 3rd, and 4th structural types of signals), and are also used by single males or females (2nd type of signal). A 5th type of vibrational signal is produced by wing tremulation, which was unknown Tetrigidae. Based on the results of this study, the vibrational signalisation seems to play an important role in species-specific mate recognition of T. ceperoi. The significance of individual signals is discussed based on results of manipulative contact experiments.     

Traffic noise differentially impacts call types in a Japanese treefrog (Buergeria japonica)

Acoustic noise from automobile traffic impedes communication between signaling animals. To overcome the acoustic interference imposed by anthropogenic noise, species across taxa adjust their signaling behavior to increase signal saliency. As most of the spectral energy of anthropogenic noise is concentrated at low acoustic frequencies, species with lower frequency signals are expected to be more affected. Thus, species with low-frequency signals are under stronger pressure to adjust their signaling behaviors to avoid auditory masking than species with higher frequency signals. Similarly, for a species with multiple types of signals that differ in spectral characteristics, different signal types are expected to be differentially masked. We investigate how the different call types of a Japanese stream breeding treefrog (Buergeria japonica) are affected by automobile traffic noise. Male B. japonica produce two call types that differ in their spectral elements, a Type I call with lower dominant frequency and a Type II call with higher dominant frequency. In response to acoustic playbacks of traffic noise, B. japonica reduced the duration of their Type I calls, but not Type II calls. In addition, B. japonica increased the call effort of their Type I calls and decreased the call effort of their Type II calls. This result contrasts with prior studies in other taxa, which suggest that signalers may switch to higher frequency signal types in response to traffic noise. Furthermore, the increase in Type I call effort was only a short-term response to noise, while reduced Type II call effort persisted after the playbacks had ended. Overall, such differential effects on signal types suggest that some social functions will be disrupted more than others. By considering the effects of anthropogenic noise across multiple signal types, these results provide a more in-depth understanding of the behavioral impacts of anthropogenic noise within a species.     

Discrimination of the sign of frequency differences bySternopygus,an electric fish without a jamming avoidance response

Several species of weakly electric fish reflexively change their frequency of electric organ discharge (EOD) in response to sensing signals of similar frequency from conspecifics; that is, they exhibit jamming avoidance responses (JAR).Eigenmannia increases its EOD frequency if jammed by a signal of lower frequency and decreases its EOD frequency if jammed by a signal of higher frequency. This discrimination is based on an analysis of the patterns of amplitude modulations and phase differences resulting from signal interference. Fish of the closely related genus,Sternopygus, however, do not exhibit a JAR. Here we show that despite lacking this behavior,Sternopygus shares many sensory processing capacities withEigenmannia: