桂西北喀斯特区域景观结构特征与石漠化的关系

采用典范对应分析方法（CCA）,从景观类型和景观两个层次选取了16个景观格局指数来表征景观结构特征,分析了广西省环江县喀斯特区域的景观结构与石漠化强度的关系.结果表明,平均斑块面积、平均旱地斑块面积、景观形状指数和聚集度指数与CCA排序的前两个排序轴相关性强,对区域石漠化过程具有重要影响.研究区潜在石漠化主要与平均旱地斑块面积、平均旱地斑块分维数和平均灌木林地斑块分维数呈较强的正相关,与旱地斑块数呈负相关;轻度石漠化与分维数、平均未利用地斑块分维数和灌木林地斑块数的正相关性较强;中度石漠化和重度石漠化主要与平均未利用地斑块面积呈正相关、与平均灌木林地斑块分维数呈负相关,说明景观结构特征对土地石漠化程度具有一定的指示意义.排序分析结果较清晰地解释了研究区石漠化程度沿景观结构特征梯度的变化规律.     

Accumulation characteristics of heavy metal Pb, Cu, Zn in Wanggang tidal flat based on Renyi theory

The vertical accumulation of heavy metals and the pollution status in Wanggang China tidal flat were studied. The base value of 210Pb in Wanggang area was obtained as 1.16 dpm/g. The fractal theories were led into the quantitative study of pollution issues. The modern average deposition rate in Wanggang area is 4.13 cm/a, according to the ²¹⁰Pb analysis. Through the correlation analysis between heavy metals, it is educed that the Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and Li have better correlation coefficients in the area. After normalization, the nomalization values of Cu and Zn remain stable in the past 15 years. Cu shifts its value from 0.4 to 2, and Zn from 1.5 to 2.6. The information dimension of the normalized heavy metals is high in the area with loose systematic structure and lower organizational degree. The fractal dimension value of Zn moves from 3 to 6.5 with an average of 4.68; contemporary Cu from 5 to 6.5 with an average of 5.8085. The study shows that the heavy metal distribution in the area is mainly controlled by local geochemistry character with limited contribution from human activities. Meanwhile, the fractal dimension value of Pb normalization is lower, and its fractal dimension varies from 2 to 5.5 with an average of 3.608. Higher levels of self-organization of Pb mean a certain degree of lead contamination.     

Accumulation characteristics of heavy metal Pb, Cu, Zn in Wanggang tidal flat based on Renyi theory

The vertical accumulation of heavy metals and the pollution status in Wanggang China tidal flat were studied. The base value of 210Pb in Wanggang area was obtained as 1.16 dpm/g. The fractal theories were led into the quantitative study of pollution issues. The modern average deposition rate in Wanggang area is 4.13 cm/a, according to the ²¹⁰Pb analysis. Through the correlation analysis between heavy metals, it is educed that the Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and Li have better correlation coefficients in the area. After normalization, the nomalization values of Cu and Zn remain stable in the past 15 years. Cu shifts its value from 0.4 to 2, and Zn from 1.5 to 2.6. The information dimension of the normalized heavy metals is high in the area with loose systematic structure and lower organizational degree. The fractal dimension value of Zn moves from 3 to 6.5 with an average of 4.68; contemporary Cu from 5 to 6.5 with an average of 5.8085. The study shows that the heavy metal distribution in the area is mainly controlled by local geochemistry character with limited contribution from human activities. Meanwhile, the fractal dimension value of Pb normalization is lower, and its fractal dimension varies from 2 to 5.5 with an average of 3.608. Higher levels of self-organization of Pb mean a certain degree of lead contamination.     

异质景观条件下江汉平原土壤的空间分异

景观异质与土壤分异息息相关。以DEM数据为基础,以海拔50m、100m为界,将江汉平原划分为平原湖区景观、平缓岗地景观及起伏丘陵景观3种类型。在ArcG IS 10支持下,将江汉平原土壤图与景观类型图进行叠置分析,提取不同景观类型片区各土壤亚类斑块周长、面积等信息,计算了各景观类型片区各土壤亚类的分维数、平均斑块面积、稳定度等信息,定量分析了江汉平原各景观类型片区土壤空间分异特征,结论如下:(1)不同景观类型区各土壤亚类分布差异明显,起伏丘陵景观区主要以红壤和黄棕壤地带性土壤为主;平原湖区潮土和水稻土等耕作土非常发育;平缓岗地区地带性土壤和耕作土壤平分秋色。(2)连片性较好的土壤亚类呈现不同的景观选择性:耕作土集中分布于平原湖区景观片区;地带性土壤多集中分布于丘陵和岗地景观片区。(3)平原湖区面积很大,各类土壤都有发育的空间,土壤亚类之间分维数和稳定度差别比较大;平缓岗地景观区由于面积非常局限,土壤亚类发生发育受到空间的限制,边界破碎化,分维数平均都比较大,斑块镶嵌结构均比较复杂,稳定度差别较小。(4)主要土壤亚类的分维数和稳定性指数值一定程度地反映了各主要土壤亚类的最匹配的景观类型,即能够提供其发生发育的最佳条件。研究有利于深入认识土壤形成和演化规律,为土壤资源的合理利用及定向培育服务。     

Fractal dimensions and porosities of Zoogloea ramigera and Saccharomyces cerevisae aggregates

The fractal nature microbial aggregates is a function of the type of microorganism and mixing conditions used to develop aggregates. We determined fractal dimensions from length-projected area (D(2)) and length-number scaling (D(3)) relationships. Aggregates of Zoogloea ramigera developed in rotating test tubes were both surface and mass fractals, with fractal dimensions of D(2) = 1.69 +/- 0.11 and D(3)= 1.79 +/- 0.28 (+/-standard deviation), respectively. When we grew this bacteria in a bench-top fermentor, aggregates maintained their surface fractal characteristics (D(2) = 1.78 +/- 0.11) but lost their mass fractal characteristics (D(3) = 2.99 +/- 0.36). Yeast aggregates (Saccharomyces cerevisae) grown in rotating tests tubes had higher average fractal dimensions than bacterial aggregates grown under physically identical conditions, and were also considered fractal (D(2) = 1.92 +/- 0.08 and D(3) = 2.66 +/- 0.34). Aggregates porosity can be expressed in term of a fractal dimensions, but average porosities are higher than expected. The porosities of yeast aggregates (0.9250-0.9966) were similar to porosities of bacterial aggregates (0.9250-0.9966) cultured under the same physical conditions, although bacterial aggregates developed in the reactor had higher average porosities (0.9857-0.9980). These results suggest that that scaling relationships based on fractal geometry may be more useful than equations derived from Euclidean geometry for quantifying the effects of different fluid mechanical environments on aggregates morphology and characteristics such as density, porosity, and projected surface area.     

不同尺度流域日径流分形特征

基于分形理论和实测流域日径流长序列资料,研究了中尺度流域（武水流域）和小尺度流域（贞福流域和双溪流域）日径流的分形特征.结果表明：相同时间尺度和不同日径流门限值条件下,相同空间尺度流域间和不同空间尺度流域间日径流均具有显著的分形特征,具有自相似性.随着门限值的增大,不同空间尺度流域间日径流的分形盒维数均逐步减小;当时间尺度在120～150 d时,不同空间尺度流域日径流的分形维数点集均逐渐趋向饱和,当时间尺度大于该值时,就有出现一定门限值径流的可能性.     

红树植物木榄幼树斑块形状的分形分析

应用分形理论分析了山口国家级红树林自然保护区木榄幼树斑块形状的分形特征。木榄幼树斑块在整体水平上的分形维数为 1 .1 2 ,而单个斑块的分形维数介于 1 .1 7～ 1 .3 7之间。分形维数的大小与斑块形状的复杂程度密切相关。频谱法和周长 -面积法都适用于分析幼树斑块形状的分形特征。     

王港潮滩重金属Pb、Zn和Cu的积累特征

对15a来王港潮滩重金属积累规律和污染状况进行了研究,第1次测到了王港地区210Pb的本底值为1.16dpm/g,校正了前人对王港地区沉积速率的研究。尝试性地把分形理论引入到环境压力的定量研究中。研究表明,王港潮滩现代平均沉积速率为4.13cm/a;从重金属相关性分析得出:王港潮滩Fe、Zn与Li相关系数非常显著,归一化后,Cu、Zn的归一化值在15a内相对稳定,其中Cu的波动范围在0.4～2之间,Zn在1.5～2.6之间狭小的范围内波动。分形回归分析结果表明,王港潮滩重金属Cu、Zn归一化值的信息维数高,系统的结构松散,自组织程度低。Cu的分维值范围在5～6.5,平均值为5.8085,Zn的分维值范围在在3～6.5,平均值为4.68。王港潮滩重金属的人为污染较轻,主要受地球化学元素的控制;同时,Pb的归一化值的分维值较低,其分维值范围在2～5.5,平均值为3.608,自组织程度较高,说明存在一定程度的Pb污染。     

Effect of salt addition on the fractal structure of aggregates formed by heating dilute BSA solutions

The fractal dimension, Df, of aggregates in a dilute BSA system with added salt was evaluated by static light scattering (SLS). A fractal structure was observed for the system with NaCl addition. The values of Df increased with increasing heating time and ionic strength. The values of Df were larger than those (Df = 1.8 or 2.1) predicted by the conventional cluster-cluster aggregation model, probably due to a "restructuring" of aggregates during the aggregation process. On the other hand, a fractal structure was not apparent for the system with added CaCl2.     

保安湖—湖湾大型水生植物群落格局的研究

用地质统计学中的半方差和双对数半方差图对保安湖-湖湾(黄风口)的大型水生植物群落格局进行了研究,在不同的尺度上对群落及其主要组成种类的空间异质性进行了定量的描述。结果表明:保安湖黄风口大型水生植物群落的双对数半方差图存在线性区域,群落具有分形特征(自相似性).在不同的尺度下,群落和各组成种类空间格局具有不同的分形维数值,异质性程度存在差异。但其异质性程度不高,建议进行群落调查时,样方尺度应取520m;单一种群调查时的样方尺度取380m.       

河西走廊中部两种荒漠植物根系构型特征

在河西走廊中部,采用挖掘法挖取红砂和白刺根系,应用拓扑学与分形理论分析了根系构型的特征.结果表明: 2种荒漠植物根系的拓扑指数均较小,根系分支模式均近似为叉状分支结构.红砂和白刺根系具有较好的分形特征,其分形维数分别为(1.18±0.04)和(1.36±0.06);分形维数、分形丰度与根系平均连接长度均呈显著正相关.2种荒漠植物根系的平均连接长度均较大,以扩大植物的有效营养空间,从而适应干旱贫瘠的土壤环境.2种荒漠植物根系分支前的横截面积等于根系分支后的横截面积之和,验证了Leonardo da Vinci法则.对17个根系构型参数进行主成分分析,根系拓扑指数、根系连接数量、逐步分支率和根系直径4个根系构型参数能很好地表示2种荒漠植物根系构型特征.     

Fractal and periodic heart rate dynamics in fetal sheep: comparison of conventional and new measures based on fractal analysis

The physiological significance of spectral and fractal components of spontaneous heart rate (HR) variability in the fetus remains unclear. To examine the relationship between circadian rhythms in different measures of HR variability, R-R interval time series obtained by fetal ECGs were recorded continuously over 24 h in five pregnant sheep at 116-125 days gestation. Conventional measures of short-term (STV) and long-term variability (LTV), low-frequency (LF; 0.025-0.15 cycles/beat) and high-frequency (HF; 0.2-0.5 cycles/beat) spectral powers, the LF-to-HF ratio, and fractal dimension values were calculated from 24-h ECG recordings and quantified every 60 min. STV, LTV, and LF and HF spectral powers were minimal during the day but increased significantly to their highest values at night. We found a significant positive correlation between these measures, whereas the cosinor method showed significant similarity between their circadian rhythm patterns. Fetal R-R intervals also exhibited fractal structures. Fetal HR variability had a fractal structure, which was similar between day and night. These results suggested that the circadian rhythms exhibited by STV and LTV during the day were mainly due to changes in frequency components rather than to fractal components of fetal HR fluctuation.     

Self-similar colony morphogenesis by gram-negative rods as the experimental model of fractal growth by a cell population.

The ability to form a fractal colony was shown to be common among several species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Bacterial spreading growth in a two-dimensional field of nutrient concentration was indicated to be important for this experimental self-similar morphogenesis. As a basic analogy, the diffusion-limited aggregation model was suggested. Fractal dimensions of colonies were mostly in the range of values from 1.7 to 1.8, similar to those of the two-dimensional diffusion-limited aggregation model. Bacterial characteristics and culture conditions inducing changes in fractal patterns and growth rates were identified. The contribution of the bacterial multicellular nature to fractal morphogenesis is discussed.     

南京市城乡交错带景观格局研究

依据景观生态学理论,选取典型样区,在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下。分析了南京市城乡交错带的景观生态特征．结果表明。东部样区以景观多样性、优势度和破碎度较低为基本特征。林地等自然嵌块体的面积和平均周长较大,而平均分维数、平均伸长指数和分离度较低,菜地和水田嵌块体的平均面积也高于南部样区;南部样区景观多样性及优势度高,嵌块体数目多,景观破碎化较严重。居民点及工矿用地和水域的密度高、总面积及周长大。居民点及工矿用地和道路的平均面积也较高．探讨了两个样区嵌块体面积与分维数、嵌块体数目之间的关系,指出城乡交错带不同类型嵌块体景观特征及生态意义．     

Self-similar colony morphogenesis by gram-negative rods as the experimental model of fractal growth by a cell population.

The ability to form a fractal colony was shown to be common among several species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Bacterial spreading growth in a two-dimensional field of nutrient concentration was indicated to be important for this experimental self-similar morphogenesis. As a basic analogy, the diffusion-limited aggregation model was suggested. Fractal dimensions of colonies were mostly in the range of values from 1.7 to 1.8, similar to those of the two-dimensional diffusion-limited aggregation model. Bacterial characteristics and culture conditions inducing changes in fractal patterns and growth rates were identified. The contribution of the bacterial multicellular nature to fractal morphogenesis is discussed.     

桂花叶片的分形特征

提供了一种叶片分形维数的测定方法,并用其测定了桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour)的叶片分形维数。通过分析发现：(1)桂花叶片具有典型的分形特征并且这种分形特征可以用分形理论的一般方法加以研究;(2)同一株桂花树的成熟叶片在统计意义上具有相同的分形维数;(3)对于桂花这个物种的成熟叶片在统计意义上具有相同的分形维数。由此推测同一种植物的成熟叶片(或者其他构件)具有相同分形维数。最后提出创建植物分形分类学的设想。     

桂花叶片的分形特征

提供了一种叶片分形维数的测定方法,并用其测定了桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour)的叶片分形维数。通过分析发现:(1)桂花叶片具有典型的分形特征并且这种分形特征可以用分形理论的一般方法加以研究;(2)同一株桂花树的成熟叶片在统计意义上具有相同的分形维数;(3)对于桂花这个物种的成熟叶片在统计意义上具有相同的分形维数。由此推测同一种植物的成熟叶片(或者其他构件)具有相同分形维数。最后提出创建植物分形分类学的设想。     

Microstructural characterization of chitosan and alginate films by microscopy techniques and texture image analysis

The aim of this work is to characterize the microstructure of chitosan and alginate edible films by microscopy techniques and texture image analysis. Edible films were obtained by solution casting and solvent evaporation. The microscopy techniques used in this work were: light, environmental scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Textural features and fractal dimension were extracted from the images. Entropy and fractal dimension were more useful to evaluate the complexity and roughness of films. The highest values of entropy and fractal dimension corresponded to alginate/chitosan, followed of alginate and chitosan films. An entropy/fractal dimension ratio, proposed here, was useful to characterize the degree of image complexity and roughness of edible films at different magnifications. It was possible to postulate that microscopy techniques combined with texture image analysis are efficient tools to quantitatively evaluate the surface morphology of edible films made of chitosan and alginate.     

Fractal Organization of Cultivated in vitro Spiculogenous Cells and Larval Spicules of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus

The morphological patterns of the cultivated cells of primary mesenchyme and the spicules of the larval skeleton of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus were quantified, and the value of their fractal dimensions (D) was determined with ImageJ 1.20s software. It was shown that during cytodifferentiation, the values of D in the fractal (fractional) dimension, which reflects the complex spatial organization of the spiculogenous mesenchyme elements in two-dimensional space, increase to values close to 1.7. The invertible treatment with cytochalasin, which destroys the system of the actin filaments, suppresses the normal control of biomineralization and causes a complex form of spicules, the fractal dimension of which varies within 1.5–1.6. Thus, the determination of the fractal dimension value serves as evidence of the fractional essence of the patterns studied, quantifies the spatially complex organization of cells and their assemblies during morphogenesis, and allows us to estimate the variation in the spicule morphology after cytochalasin treatment.     

Fractal dimension of antibody‐PEG precipitate: Light microscopy for the reconstruction of 3D precipitate structures

Protein and in particular antibody precipitation by PEG is a cost‐effective alternative for the first capture step. The 3D structure of precipitates has a large impact on the process parameters for the recovery and dissolution, but current technologies for determination of precipitate structures are either very time consuming (cryo‐TEM) or only generate an average fractal dimension (light scattering). We developed a light microscopy based reconstruction of 3D structures of individual particles with a resolution of 0.1–0.2 µm and used this method to characterize particle populations generated by batch as well as continuous precipitation in different shear stress environments. The resulting precipitate structures show a broad distribution in terms of fractal dimension. While the average fractal dimension is significantly different for batch and continuous precipitation, the distribution is broad and samples overlap significantly. The precipitate flocs were monofractal from micro‐ to nanoscale showing a random but consistent nature of precipitate formation. We showed that the fractal dimension and 3D reconstruction is a valuable tool for characterization of protein precipitate processes. The current switch from batch to continuous manufacturing has to take the 3D structure and population of different protein precipitates into account in their design, engineering, and scale up.