Induction of activated macrophages by intraperitoneal injection of mitomylin C in mice

Summary The host cellular response to IP injection of mitomycin C was studied in C3H/HeN mice. As assessed by in vitro cytolysis assay using ¹²⁵I-iododeoxyuridine-labelled tumour target cells, mitomycin C-induced peritoneal macrophages showed the maximum tumouricidal activity 4 days after the IP injection. The tumouricidal activity was dependent on the dose of mitomycin C injected and it was detectable against syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic tumour target cells. In addition, these tumouricidal macrophages were found to be augmented in functions of both incorporation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells. Among the other anti-cancer drugs, which were used at a dose of three-fifths of LD₅₀, only adriamycin (7.5 mg/kg) was capable of inducing activated macrophages as much as mitomycin C (3 mg/kg). Cyclophosphamide (225 mg/kg), methotrexate (60 mg/kg) and vincristin (1.5 mg/kg) were able to augment incorporation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells, but not tumouricidal actvity. Differential cytolysis assay was performed for two cell lines of P 388 tumour target cells, the mitomycin C-sensitive original cell line and the mitomycin C-resistant subline, demonstrating no significant difference in macro-phage-mediated tumour cell lysis between these cell lines. Based on these results, it was concluded that mitomycin C, when injected IP induced activated macrophages in the peritoneal cavity. A better understanding of the effect of anti-cancer drugs on macrophage tumouricidal activity may be useful in designing more effective local chemotherapy for malignant peritoneal effusions.     

Induction of early alveolar injury by inhaled asbestos and silica

Inhaled asbestos fibers and silica crystals are known to cause interstitial fibrotic lung disease in animals and humans. The initial cellular events and biochemical mechanisms that lead to development of disease are poorly understood. In ongoing studies reviewed here it has been shown that inhaled particulates small enough to pass through the conducting airways are deposited initially at the bifurcations of alveolar ducts. Within hours after brief exposure, alveolar epithelial cells phagocytose inhaled particles that subsequently are translocated to interstitial matrix and fibroblasts. Within 48 h after exposure, inhaled asbestos on alveolar surfaces activates a complement-dependent chemotactic factor for macrophages that accumulate at duct bifurcations. Epithelial cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and the interstitial matrix are significantly altered by brief (1- 5-h) exposure to chrysotile asbestos. The basic mechanisms that mediate these initial events remain to be defined.     

Chrysotile asbestos fibers mediate transformation of Escherichia coli by exogenous plasmid DNA

The ability of chrysotile asbestos fibers to introduce the exogenous plasmid pUC18 into Escherichia coli JM109 cells was tested. Cells were transformed with pUC18 DNA although the frequency of transformation was quite low: 759+/-301 transformants were obtained per microgram of pUC18. Plasmids were purified from E. coli which had been transformed by mediation with chrysotile asbestos. Following this, the plasmids were confirmed to be pUC18 by Southern hybridization. This asbestos-mediated transformation was optimal within 5 min when 10 mg ml(-1) of asbestos was used. Plasmids up to 7.69 kb were introduced by this method.     

Induction of angiogenesis by a fragment of human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase

The first step of protein synthesis is catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. In addition, certain mammalian tRNA synthetases link protein synthesis to cytokine signaling pathways. In particular, human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) can be split by proteolysis into two fragments having distinct cytokine activities. One of the TyrRS fragments (mini TyrRS) contains features identical to those in CXC chemokines (like interleukin-8) that also act as angiogenic factors. Here mini TyrRS (but not full-length TyrRS) is shown to stimulate chemotaxis of endothelial cells in vitro and stimulate angiogenesis in each of two in vivo animal models. The angiogenic activity of mini TyrRS can be opposed by anti-angiogenic chemokines like IP-10. Thus, a biological fragment of human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase links protein synthesis to regulation of angiogenesis.     

Immunisation of Indian major carps against Aeromonas hydrophila by intraperitoneal injection

The Indian major carps Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were immunised against the potent bacterial fish pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila by the intraperitoneal route, in field conditions. Two different polyvalent antigen preparations namely, whole cell and extracellular products (ECP) were used. Immunisation schedule consisting of a single booster dose given 28 days after priming resulted in a good agglutinating antibody response in the carps. Kinetics of the response were similar in the three carp species with both whole cell and ECP. Upon challenge with virulent strains, relative percent survival as high as 80-90% was recorded. Indian major carps are the most important freshwater species cultured in India and it is essential that they are protected against infections of A. hydrophila, a scourge of freshwater fish worldwide.     

Micronucleus test with vincristine administered by intraperitoneal injection and oral gavage

The effects of vincristine sulfate (VINC) on micronucleus induction were studied in 2 strains of mice (MS/Ae: CD-1) following intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral administration (p.o.) of the chemical. On the basis of a small-scale acute toxicity study and a pilot micronucleus experiment, the full-scale micronucleus test was performed with a sampling time of 24 h at doses of 0.063, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg (i.p.) and 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg (p.o.). The maximum frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was 7.15% in MS/Ae mice and 4.98% in CD-1 mice at 5.0 mg/kg p.o. in both cases. The maximum frequencies by the i.p. route (9.93% in MS/Ae mice; 11.68% in CD-1 mice) occurred at 0.25 mg/kg and 0.125 mg/kg, respectively. Although the doses showing a positive response were different between the 2 routes, VINC induced micronuclei very efficiently at all doses tested by both administration routes in both strains.     

Micronucleus test with 2-acetylaminofluorene by intraperitoneal injection and oral administration

The effect of route of administration on the outcome of the mouse micronucleus test was evaluated in 2 laboratories by administering 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) and oral gavage (p.o.) to 2 mouse strains, MS/Ae and CD-1. On the basis of a small-scale acute toxicity study and a pilot micronucleus test, the full-scale experiment was performed with a 24-h sampling time at doses ranging from 75 to 600 mg/kg by both routes. The results indicated that 2-AAF induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) at all doses tested by both routes. In the MS/Ae strain, higher doses were required by p.o. than by i.p. to reach a similar level of MNPCE incidence. On the other hand, similar responses were recorded by both administration routes with CD-1 mice. Since the LD50 for the p.o. route was higher than that for the i.p. route in both strains, the route-related difference with MS/Ae mice became small when the comparison between i.p. and p.o. was made on the basis of the LD50. Thus both i.p. and p.o. routes are acceptable in the micronucleus test of this chemical.     

Micronucleus test with cyclophosphamide administered by intraperitoneal injection and oral gavage

The effect of route of administration on the micronucleus test was examined in 2 laboratories: cyclophosphamide (CYP) was administered by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) or oral gavage (p.o.) to 2 strains of mice. MS/Ae and CD-1. On the basis of a small-scale acute toxicity study and a pilot micronucleus experiment, the final micronucleus test was performed with a 48-h sampling time at doses of 25-200 mg/kg i.p. and 50-400 mg/kg p.o. CYP via the i.p. route was more toxic and induced more micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in MS/Ae mice than in CD-1 mice. Administration-route-related differences were not distinctly shown in the MS/Ae strain. In CD-1, however, higher doses were required for the p.o. route than for the i.p. route to induce about equal amounts of clastogenic damage.     

腹腔注射法制备一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病大鼠模型

目的:建立可靠的急性一氧化碳(CO)中毒迟发性脑病的动物模型。方法:雄性SD大鼠,分次腹腔注射CO染毒制备模型,动态监测尾血碳氧血红蛋白(HbCO)浓度;Morris水迷宫检测大鼠1-5w逃避潜伏期;尼氏染色及TUNEL原位末端凋亡染色检测大脑皮质及海马细胞损伤及凋亡。结果:染毒后,大鼠出现典型的CO重度中毒症状,体内血液HbCO浓度迅速升高,使用分次腹腔注射法,大鼠可维持长时间(>12h)高HbCO状态(HbCO>48%);中毒组大鼠水迷宫检测认知功能较对照组下降,病理学检查显示大鼠出现脑细胞损伤、凋亡明显。结论:本研究建立了一种较为符合迟发性脑病临床特征的动物模型,具有简单、可靠、重复性好的特点,为深入研究急性CO中毒致迟发性脑损伤的机制提供可靠基础。     

腹腔注射法制备一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病大鼠模型

目的：建立可靠的急性一氧化碳（CO）中毒迟发性脑病的动物模型。方法：雄性SD大鼠,分次腹腔注射CO染毒制备模型,动态监测尾血碳氧血红蛋白（HbCO）浓度;Morris水迷宫检测大鼠1-5w逃避潜伏期;尼氏染色及TUNEL原位末端凋亡染色检测大脑皮质及海马细胞损伤及凋亡。结果：染毒后,大鼠出现典型的CO重度中毒症状,体内血液HbCO浓度迅速升高,使用分次腹腔注射法,大鼠可维持长时间（〉12h）高HbCO状态（HbCO〉48%）;中毒组大鼠水迷宫检测认知功能较对照组下降,病理学检查显示大鼠出现脑细胞损伤、凋亡明显。结论：本研究建立了一种较为符合迟发性脑病临床特征的动物模型,具有简单、可靠、重复性好的特点,为深入研究急性CO中毒致迟发性脑损伤的机制提供可靠基础。     

Tumor cells adhere to intraperitoneal injection sites

Tumor cells injected intraperitoneally form cell plaques at injection sites in the abdominal wall of mice within a few minutes. Tumor cells appear to be transported passively and chemotactic factors are not involved. Dihydrocortisol blocks cell adherence and silica particles , assumed to destroy macrophages, abolish cell plaque formation.     

Induction of angiogenesis in NO-deficient rat heart

Angiogenesis is known to be triggered by various stimuli including hypertension. It was previously found that NO-deficient hypertension is accompanied by structural remodeling of the cardiac muscle and large coronary arteries. This study was aimed to examine the qualitative subcellular alterations of capillaries in the heart of the rats treated with L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks). The results showed that long-lasting inhibition of NO production induced an apparent activation of fibroblast function. This was associated with enhancement of fibrotization as well as with the induction of angiogenesis. Accordingly, fibroblasts were frequently located in the vicinity of capillary pericytes, which was followed by their detachment and migration. Moreover, besides inactive or even injured capillaries, the other ones exhibited extensive proteosynthetic activity linked to capillary growth, proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. The results strongly indicate enhanced triggering of the angiogenesis in L-NAME-induced NO-deficient hypertension.     

氮气气腹制作腹内高压对肝脏功能的影响

目的研究腹内压升高及持续时间对肝脏功能的影响。方法选择SD大鼠45只,随机分为正常对照组,10mmHg腹内压(IAP)模型组,20mmHg腹内压(IAP)模型组,每组15只。各IAP组大鼠以头皮针于腹腔穿刺,通过三通管连接压力计及氮气袋,运用氮气气腹法制作SD大鼠腹内高压动物模型,对照组不充气。各组动物按腹内压持续时间分别于1、2、4h处死,使用全自动生化分析仪检测每个动物的天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)。结果 10mmHg和20mmHg IAP持续4h组的血清AST、ALT含量均明显高于持续1h和2h组(P<0.01,P<0.05);20mmHg IAP 2h组血清AST、ALT含量亦明显高于1h组(P<0.05);但10mmHg IAP持续2h组血清AST、ALT含量与1h相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IAP维持1h的3组(10mmHg组,20mmHg组,对照组)大鼠的血清AST、ALT含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);IAP持续2h,20mmHg IAP组的AST、ALT含量明显高于10mmHg IAP组和对照组;IAP维持4h,20mmHg IAP组血清AST、ALT含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.01),较10mmHg IAP组血清AST含量增高(P<0.05),而ALT间比较无统计学意义(P>0.05);10mmHg IAP组持续4h组血清AST、ALT含量高于对照组4h组(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论腹内高压可致肝损伤,并与腹腔压力和时间密切相关。SD大鼠腹内高压动物模型的制作简易、稳定可靠,且可重复。     

Micronucleus test with ethyl methanesulfonate administered by intraperitoneal injection and oral gavage

The effect of route of administration on the outcome of the micronucleus test was studied by administering ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) by oral gavage (p.o.) and intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) to males of 2 mouse strains, MS/Ae and CD-1. Based on preliminary studies, consisting of a small-scale acute toxicity test and a pilot experiment to determine the optimal sampling time and the appropriate dosages, a micronucleus test was conducted with a 24-h sampling time and doses of 50-400 mg/kg i.p. and p.o. EMS significantly induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) with a clear positive dose response by both routes in both strains. Moreover, both routes showed almost the same induction rate of MNPCEs at each dose level tested in both strains.     

Micronucleus test with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine administered by intraperitoneal injection and oral gavage

The effect of route of administration on the outcome of the micronucleus test was evaluated in 2 laboratories by administering the model chemical, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) and oral gavage (p.o.) to 2 mouse strains, MS/Ae and CD-1. On the basis of a small-scale acute toxicity study and a pilot experiment for the micronucleus test, a full-scale test was performed with a 24-h sampling time at doses of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg i.p. and 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg p.o. In both strains, MNPCEs were induced at lower dose levels by the i.p. treatment, as determined not only on the basis of mg/kg but also as a ratio of the LD50. When compared with other chemicals tested in this collaborative study, the effective dose levels of this chemical based on the LD50s were exceptionally low by both routes and in both strains, e.g., less than 0.3% of the LD50 by the i.p. treatment. The maximum frequencies of MNPCEs induced were, however, identical (MS/Ae) or even higher (CD-1) by the p.o. treatment.     

Micronucleus test with procarbazine hydrochloride administered by intraperitoneal injection and oral gavage

The difference in effect of route of administration of procarbazine hydrochloride (PCZ) in the mouse was investigated in the micronucleus test. PCZ was administered by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) and oral administration (p.o.) to 2 strains of male mice (MS/Ae and CD-1). On the basis of a small-scale acute toxicity test and a pilot micronucleus test, bone marrow preparations were prepared 24 h after the administration by the i.p. and p.o. routes of 50-400 mg/kg and 200-1600 mg/kg, respectively. The maximum incidence of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei (MNPCEs) was somewhat higher after p.o. treatment in MS/Ae mice and the same with both routes in CD-1 mice. Thus, the clastogenicity of PCZ in mouse bone marrow was revealed by both routes.     

Induction of angiogenesis by bovine brain derived class 1 heparin-binding growth factor

The angiogenic capacity of the class 1 heparin-binding growth factor from bovine brain, an anionic endothelial cell mitogen of Mr 16 000, has been evaluated. Its ability to induce the growth of new blood vessels has been assessed by means of two established assay systems. On the embryonic chick chorioallantoic membrane dose-response studies demonstrate that 160 ng (10 pmol) of mitogen is required to induce angiogenesis in greater than 50% of the eggs within 72 h. In the presence of 1 unit of exogenous heparin only 40 ng of mitogen (2.5 pmol) is needed to induce a similar response. Moreover, this occurs within 48 h, indicating that heparin also augments the angiogenic response by enhancing the rate of induction of angiogenesis. Eighty nanograms (5 pmol) of mitogen also induces the ingrowth of new blood vessels into the rabbit cornea, both in the presence and in the absence of heparin. These results establish that the class 1 heparin-binding growth factor from bovine brain is an angiogenesis factor. Importantly, the neovascularization induced by this angiogenesis factor is enhanced by heparin. The mechanistic implications for neovascularization under certain normal and pathological conditions are discussed.