Structural analysis of a set of proteins resulting from a bacterial genomics project

The targets of the Structural GenomiX (SGX) bacterial genomics project were proteins conserved in multiple prokaryotic organisms with no obvious sequence homolog in the Protein Data Bank of known structures. The outcome of this work was 80 structures, covering 60 unique sequences and 49 different genes. Experimental phase determination from proteins incorporating Se-Met was carried out for 45 structures with most of the remainder solved by molecular replacement using members of the experimentally phased set as search models. An automated tool was developed to deposit these structures in the Protein Data Bank, along with the associated X-ray diffraction data (including refined experimental phases) and experimentally confirmed sequences. BLAST comparisons of the SGX structures with structures that had appeared in the Protein Data Bank over the intervening 3.5 years since the SGX target list had been compiled identified homologs for 49 of the 60 unique sequences represented by the SGX structures. This result indicates that, for bacterial structures that are relatively easy to express, purify, and crystallize, the structural coverage of gene space is proceeding rapidly. More distant sequence-structure relationships between the SGX and PDB structures were investigated using PDB-BLAST and Combinatorial Extension (CE). Only one structure, SufD, has a truly unique topology compared to all folds in the PDB.     

ProtBuD: a database of biological unit structures of protein families and superfamilies

MOTIVATION: Modeling of protein interactions is often possible from known structures of related complexes. It is often time-consuming to find the most appropriate template. Hypothesized biological units (BUs) often differ from the asymmetric units and it is usually preferable to model from the BUs. RESULTS: ProtBuD is a database of BUs for all structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). We use both the PDBs BUs and those from the Protein Quaternary Server. ProtBuD is searchable by PDB entry, the Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) designation or pairs of SCOP designations. The database provides the asymmetric and BU contents of related proteins in the PDB as identified in SCOP and Position-Specific Iterated BLAST (PSI-BLAST). The asymmetric unit is different from PDB and/or Protein Quaternary Server (PQS) BUs for 52% of X-ray structures, and the PDB and PQS BUs disagree on 18% of entries. AVAILABILITY: The database is provided as a standalone program and a web server from http://dunbrack.fccc.edu/ProtBuD.php.     

Statistical potential for assessment and prediction of protein structures

Protein structures in the Protein Data Bank provide a wealth of data about the interactions that determine the native states of proteins. Using the probability theory, we derive an atomic distance-dependent statistical potential from a sample of native structures that does not depend on any adjustable parameters (Discrete Optimized Protein Energy, or DOPE). DOPE is based on an improved reference state that corresponds to noninteracting atoms in a homogeneous sphere with the radius dependent on a sample native structure; it thus accounts for the finite and spherical shape of the native structures. The DOPE potential was extracted from a nonredundant set of 1472 crystallographic structures. We tested DOPE and five other scoring functions by the detection of the native state among six multiple target decoy sets, the correlation between the score and model error, and the identification of the most accurate non-native structure in the decoy set. For all decoy sets, DOPE is the best performing function in terms of all criteria, except for a tie in one criterion for one decoy set. To facilitate its use in various applications, such as model assessment, loop modeling, and fitting into cryo-electron microscopy mass density maps combined with comparative protein structure modeling, DOPE was incorporated into the modeling package MODELLER-8.     

RosettaHoles2: A volumetric packing measure for protein structure refinement and validation

We present an improved version of RosettaHoles, a methodology for quantitative and visual characterization of protein core packing. RosettaHoles2 features a packing measure more rapidly computable, accurate and physically transparent, as well as a new validation score intended for structures submitted to the Protein Data Bank. The differential packing measure is parameterized to maximize the gap between computationally generated and experimentally determined X‐ray structures, and can be used in refinement of protein structure models. The parameters of the model provide insight into components missing in current force fields, and the validation score gives an upper bound on the X‐ray resolution of Protein Data Bank structures; a crystal structure should have a validation score as good as or better than its resolution.     

IPSA-Inductive Protein Structure Analysis.

The Inductive Structure Protein Analysis (IPSA) project presents a new method for investigating protein structure. IPSA includes the creation of a new database which was designed specifically for the analysis of protein structure by statistics and machine learning. The Protein Representation Language (PRL) database includes explicit and symbolic representations of geometrical, topological and chemophysical information about secondary structures and the relationships between secondary structures. The IPSA methodology consists of: the use of PRL information to produce a new database of examples of secondary structures which associate together (examples of possible super-secondary structures); then the use of a variety of clustering techniques to produce a consensus clustering of these examples (super-secondary structures); these super-secondary structures are finally examined to uncover any biological features of significance. We have applied this method to find simple super-secondary structures consisting of pairs of alpha-helices. We found four well-defined super-secondary structures, one formed exclusively by long range interactions, and another in association with an additional element of secondary structure (alpha t alpha-motif). Examinations were carried out using homologous pairs and conformational fits which confirm our clustering.     

A short survey on protein blocks

Protein structures are classically described in terms of secondary structures. Even if the regular secondary structures have relevant physical meaning, their recognition from atomic coordinates has some important limitations such as uncertainties in the assignment of boundaries of helical and β-strand regions. Further, on an average about 50% of all residues are assigned to an irregular state, i.e., the coil. Thus different research teams have focused on abstracting conformation of protein backbone in the localized short stretches. Using different geometric measures, local stretches in protein structures are clustered in a chosen number of states. A prototype representative of the local structures in each cluster is generally defined. These libraries of local structures prototypes are named as "structural alphabets". We have developed a structural alphabet, named Protein Blocks, not only to approximate the protein structure, but also to predict them from sequence. Since its development, we and other teams have explored numerous new research fields using this structural alphabet. We review here some of the most interesting applications.     

3D complex: a structural classification of protein complexes

Most of the proteins in a cell assemble into complexes to carry out their function. It is therefore crucial to understand the physicochemical properties as well as the evolution of interactions between proteins. The Protein Data Bank represents an important source of information for such studies, because more than half of the structures are homo- or heteromeric protein complexes. Here we propose the first hierarchical classification of whole protein complexes of known 3-D structure, based on representing their fundamental structural features as a graph. This classification provides the first overview of all the complexes in the Protein Data Bank and allows nonredundant sets to be derived at different levels of detail. This reveals that between one-half and two-thirds of known structures are multimeric, depending on the level of redundancy accepted. We also analyse the structures in terms of the topological arrangement of their subunits and find that they form a small number of arrangements compared with all theoretically possible ones. This is because most complexes contain four subunits or less, and the large majority are homomeric. In addition, there is a strong tendency for symmetry in complexes, even for heteromeric complexes. Finally, through comparison of Biological Units in the Protein Data Bank with the Protein Quaternary Structure database, we identified many possible errors in quaternary structure assignments. Our classification, available as a database and Web server at http://www.3Dcomplex.org, will be a starting point for future work aimed at understanding the structure and evolution of protein complexes.     

Enlarged representative set of protein structures.

To reduce redundancy in the Protein Data Bank of 3D protein structures, which is caused by many homologous proteins in the data bank, we have selected a representative set of structures. The selection algorithm was designed to (1) select as many nonhomologous structures as possible, and (2) to select structures of good quality. The representative set may reduce time and effort in statistical analyses.     

A New Combination: Anti Glypican-3 scFv and Diphtheria Toxin with the Best Flexible Linker

The Protein Journal - Along with all cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, targeting therapy is a new treatment manner. Immunotoxins are new recombinant structures...     

Structural templates for modeling homodimers

Oligomeric proteins are more abundant in nature than monomeric proteins, and involved in all biological processes. In the absence of an experimental structure, their subunits can be modeled from their sequence like monomeric proteins, but reliable procedures to build the oligomeric assembly are scarce. Template‐based methods, which start from known protein structures, are commonly applied to model subunits. We present a method to model homodimers that relies on a structural alignment of the subunits, and test it on a set of 511 target structures recently released by the Protein Data Bank, taking as templates the earlier released structures of 3108 homodimeric proteins (H‐set), and 2691 monomeric proteins that form dimer‐like assemblies in crystals (M‐set). The structural alignment identifies a H‐set template for 97% of the targets, and in half of the cases, it yields a correct model of the dimer geometry and residue–residue contacts in the target. It also identifies a M‐set template for most of the targets, and some of the crystal dimers are very similar to the target homodimers. The procedure efficiently detects homology at low levels of sequence identities, and points to erroneous quaternary structures in the Protein Data Bank. The high coverage of the target set suggests that the content of the Protein Data Bank already approaches the structural diversity of protein assemblies in nature, and that template‐based methods should become the choice method for modeling oligomeric as well as monomeric proteins.     

A comparative view at comprehensive information resources on three-dimensional structures of biological macro-molecules.

The rapidly increasing amount of information on three-dimensional (3D) structures of biological macro-molecules has still an insufficient impact on genome analysis, functional genomics and proteomics as well as on many other fields in biomedicine including disease-related research. There are, however, attempts to make structural data more easily accessible to the bench biologist. As members of the world-wide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB), the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB), the Protein Data Bank Japan and the Macromolecular Structure Database are the primary information resources for 3D structures of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and complexes thereof. In addition, a number of secondary resources have been set up that also provide information on all currently known structures in a relatively comprehensive manner and not focusing on specific features only. They include PDBsum, the OCA browser-database for protein structure/function, the Molecular Modeling Database and the Jena Library of Biological Macromolecules--JenaLib. Both the primary and secondary resources often merge the information in the PDB files with data from other resources and offer additional analysis tools thereby adding value to the original PDB data. Here, we briefly describe these resources from a user's point of view and from a comparative perspective. It is our aim to guide researchers outside the structure biology field in getting the most out of the 3D structure resources.     

Uniformity,ideality, and hydrogen bonds in transmembrane alpha-helices

Protein environments substantially influence the balance of molecular interactions that generate structural stability. Transmembrane helices exist in the relatively uniform low dielectric interstices of the lipid bilayer, largely devoid of water and with a very hydrophobic distribution of amino acid residues. Here, through an analysis of bacteriorhodopsin crystal structures and the transmembrane helix structure from M2 protein of influenza A, some helices are shown to be exceptionally uniform in hydrogen bond geometry, peptide plane tilt angle, and backbone torsion angles. Evidence from both the x-ray crystal structures and solid-state NMR structure suggests that the intramolecular backbone hydrogen bonds are shorter than their counterparts in water-soluble proteins. Moreover, the geometry is consistent with a dominance of electrostatic versus covalent contributions to these bonds. A comparison of structure as a function of resolution shows that as the structures become better characterized the helices become much more uniform, suggesting that there is a possibility that many more uniform helices will be observed, even among the moderate resolution membrane protein structures that are currently in the Protein Data Bank that do not show such features.     

A novel force field parameter optimization method based on LSSVR for ECEPP

In this paper, we propose a novel force field parameter optimization method based on LSSVR and optimize the torsion energy parameters of ECEPP force field. In this method force field parameter optimization problem is turned into a support vector regression problem. Protein samples for regression model training are chosen from Protein Data Bank. The experiments show that the optimized force-field parameters make both α-helix and β-hairpin structures more consistent with the experimental implications than the original parameters.     

Current status of PTMs structural databases: applications,limitations and prospects

Amino Acids - Protein 3D structures, determined by their amino acid sequences, are the support of major crucial biological functions. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play an essential role...     

Families and the structural relatedness among globular proteins.

Protein structures come in families. Are families “closely knit” or “loosely knit” entities? We describe a measure of relatedness among polymer conformations. Based on weighted distance maps, this measure differs from existing measures mainly in two respects: (1) it is computationally fast, and (2) it can compare any two proteins, regardless of their relative chain lengths or degree of similarity. It does not require finding relative alignments. The measure is used here to determine the dissimilarities between all 12, 403 possible pairs of 158 diverse protein structures from the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank (PDB). Combined with minimal spanning trees and hierarchical clustering methods, this measure is used to define structural families. It is also useful for rapidly searching a dataset of protein structures for specific substructural motifs. By using an analogy to distributions of Euclidean distances, we find that protein families are not tightly knit entities.     

Systematic analysis of short internal indels and their impact on protein folding

Background  

Protein sequence insertions/deletions (indels) can be introduced during evolution or through alternative splicing (AS). Alternative splicing is an important biological phenomenon and is considered as the major means of expanding structural and functional diversity in eukaryotes. Knowledge of the structural changes due to indels is critical to our understanding of the evolution of protein structure and function. In addition, it can help us probe the evolution of alternative splicing and the diversity of functional isoforms. However, little is known about the effects of indels, in particular the ones involving core secondary structures, on the folding of protein structures. The long term goal of our study is to accurately predict the protein AS isoform structures. As a first step towards this goal, we performed a systematic analysis on the structural changes caused by short internal indels through mining highly homologous proteins in Protein Data Bank (PDB).     

Modeling the structure of Pyrococcus furiosus rubredoxin by homology to other X-ray structures.

The three-dimensional structure of rubredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, has been modeled from the X-ray crystal structures of three homologous proteins from Clostridium pasteurianum, Desulfovibrio gigas, and Desulfovibrio vulgaris. All three homology models are similar. When comparing the positions of all heavy atoms and essential hydrogen atoms to the recently solved crystal structure (Day, M. W., et al., 1992, Protein Sci. 1, 1494-1507) of the same protein, the homology model differ from the X-ray structure by 2.09 A root mean square (RMS). The X-ray and the zinc-substituted NMR structures (Blake, P. R., et al., 1992b, Protein Sci. 1, 1508-1521) show a similar level of difference (2.05 A RMS). On average, the homology models are closer to the X-ray structure than to the NMR structures (2.09 vs. 2.42 A RMS).     

双峰驼血清IgG亚型的分离纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

双峰驼IgG亚型包含IgG1、IgG2和IgG3,其中IgG2和IgG3为重链抗体,在结构上与IgG1存在显著差异。为获取双峰驼血清中的IgG1、IgG2和IgG3,并分析其抗原特异性和抗体特异性,本文交替使用Protein A和Protein G亲和层析柱,对其分离纯化,并通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行鉴定;之后分别制备兔抗双峰驼IgG1、IgG2和IgG3的多克隆抗体,通过ELISA对制备的多克隆抗体的效价进行测定;最后应用Western blot评估这三个亚型多克隆抗体的特异性,进而对双峰驼血清中IgG1、IgG2和IgG3的抗原特异性进行分析。结果表明,应用Protein A和Protein G亲和层析柱成功分离纯化出双峰驼血清中的IgG1、IgG2和IgG3;并制备兔抗双峰驼IgG1、IgG2和IgG3的多克隆抗体效价均在1∶10000以上,并且所获得的多克隆抗体分别与IgG1、IgG2和IgG3之间均存在交叉反应,但兔抗双峰驼IgG1多克隆抗体较其它两个亚型多克隆抗体特异性低。结果证明,双峰驼IgG1、IgG2和IgG3均具有良好的免疫原性,三者结构虽存在显著差异,但其抗原特性类似。     

蛋白- 蛋白作用界面特征及界面预测研究进展

蛋白-蛋白界面与其余蛋白表面有明显的差别。本文对近年来国内外有关蛋白-蛋白界面几何学、物理学、化学、进化保守性等方面特征的研究概况及应用这些特征对单体中预测界面方法的研究进展于以综述。     

Atomic resolution structures in nuclear transport

There are currently at least 53 structures of components of nuclear transport in the Protein Databank. In addition to providing critical insights into molecular mechanisms of nuclear transport, these atomic resolution structures provide a large body of information that could guide biochemical and cell biological analyses involving nuclear transport proteins. This paper catalogs 53 crystal and NMR structures of nuclear transport proteins, with the emphasis on providing information useful for mutagenesis and overexpression of recombinant proteins.