NOD1和NOD2基因在牦牛雄性生殖器官中的表达检测

为了解NOD1和NOD2基因在牦牛生殖系统中的表达情况,从脾脏组织总RNA中RT-PCR扩增牦牛NOD1和NOD2基因,半定量RT-PCR分析NOD1和NOD2 mRNA在牦牛雄性生殖组织的表达水平。结果显示,NOD1在脾脏、睾丸、附睾头、附睾体、附睾尾、输精管和阴茎中均相对低表达,而NOD2在脾脏、睾丸、附睾头、附睾体、附睾尾、输精管和阴茎中均相对高表达。结果表明,NOD1和NOD2在牦牛雄性生殖组织中广泛表达,提示其在牦牛生殖过程中可能发挥一定的作用。     

NOD1和NOD2：介导天然免疫的两种胞浆蛋白

NOD1和NOD2是新发现的一类参与天然免疫的胞浆蛋白质家族—核苷酸结合寡聚域样受体（the nucleotide bindingolig omerization domain-like receptor,NLRs）中的两个重要蛋白受体,它们通过识别外源病原菌的模式抗原分子而激活NF-κB等核转录因子,启动相关细胞因子的基因表达,释放炎性因子和抗菌肽等,其介导的信号通路在宿主抵御病原体感染的天然免疫中发挥着重要作用。     

干燥综合征NOD小鼠模型研究进展

回顾国外NOD小鼠模型研究干燥综合征病理所取得的成果.查阅PUBMED上自2000年以来的相关文献,发现研究成果为疾病早期的细胞凋亡和疾病期的自身免疫反应提供了有利的证据.说明NOD小鼠模型在干燥综合征的病理机制研究中具有重要的作用,同时新抗原受体的发现为今后的研究提供了方向.     

Genome-wide end-sequenced BAC resources for the NOD/MrkTac☆ and NOD/ShiLtJ☆☆ mouse genomes

Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop type 1 diabetes (T1D) due to the progressive loss of insulin-secreting β-cells by an autoimmune driven process. NOD mice represent a valuable tool for studying the genetics of T1D and for evaluating therapeutic interventions. Here we describe the development and characterization by end-sequencing of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries derived from NOD/MrkTac (DIL NOD) and NOD/ShiLtJ (CHORI-29), two commonly used NOD substrains. The DIL NOD library is composed of 196,032 BACs and the CHORI-29 library is composed of 110,976 BACs. The average depth of genome coverage of the DIL NOD library, estimated from mapping the BAC end-sequences to the reference mouse genome sequence, was 7.1-fold across the autosomes and 6.6-fold across the X chromosome. Clones from this library have an average insert size of 150 kb and map to over 95.6% of the reference mouse genome assembly (NCBIm37), covering 98.8% of Ensembl mouse genes. By the same metric, the CHORI-29 library has an average depth over the autosomes of 5.0-fold and 2.8-fold coverage of the X chromosome, the reduced X chromosome coverage being due to the use of a male donor for this library. Clones from this library have an average insert size of 205 kb and map to 93.9% of the reference mouse genome assembly, covering 95.7% of Ensembl genes. We have identified and validated 191,841 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for DIL NOD and 114,380 SNPs for CHORI-29. In total we generated 229,736,133 bp of sequence for the DIL NOD and 121,963,211 bp for the CHORI-29. These BAC libraries represent a powerful resource for functional studies, such as gene targeting in NOD embryonic stem (ES) cell lines, and for sequencing and mapping experiments.     

细胞内模式识别受体NOD2信号转导及其调节

近年新发现的NOD2被证实是一细胞内模式识别受体,广泛参与宿主对病原体的多种免疫和炎症应答。与Toll样受体一样,它在调节天然免疫和获得性免疫方面具有重要意义,是联系天然免疫与特异性免疫的重要桥梁。该文着重介绍NOD2识别的配体及其方式、NOD2信号转导通路及其调节机制方面的有关进展。     

NOD/SCID雌性小鼠动情周期的观察

目的观察NOD/SCID小鼠动情周期及卵巢切除术后阴道涂片的变化。方法连续观察9 d NOD/SCID鼠,每日进行两次阴道涂片,计算动情周期时间及发生率。卵巢切除后,阴道涂片并观察阴道涂片变化。结果NOD/SCID小鼠动情周期为4~6 d。有规律动情的小鼠占80%。阴道口状态与动情周期无明显相关。卵巢切除术后,阴道涂片呈动情后期或动情间期改变。结论采用阴道脱落细胞涂片法可判断NOD/SCID雌性小鼠的动情周期及特点,NOD/SCID雌性小鼠卵巢切除手术有效。     

根瘤菌NOD因子的感知与信号传导

根瘤菌是一类引起豆科植物结瘤固氮的土壤细菌。根瘤中的类菌体固定空气中的氮气为宿主植物提供充足的氮源。共生体系的建立始于细菌与宿主植物间复杂的信号交换过程。植物产生类黄酮诱导相应的根瘤菌合成分泌结瘤因子 ,后者进而诱导宿主植物根系形态变化以及早期根瘤素基因表达。以下将就宿主植物结瘤因子的特异识别和早期信号传导进行讨论。     

NOD:一类新的固有免疫模式识别受体

哺乳动物主要通过Toll样受体(TLR)识别微生物。最近,发现一个新的蛋白质家族,核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(NOD),参与胞内微生物的模式识别。NOD是一类位于胞质有典型的LRR-NBS结构的蛋白质家族,可以识别细菌细胞壁成分——细菌肽聚糖(peptidoglycan,PGN),活化NF-κB,参与固有免疫应答并诱导炎症反应和细胞凋亡。其中最有代表性的是NOD1和NOD2。最近的研究发现,NOD1和NOD2能识别细菌特殊结构。对该家族的研究将有助于防治胞内病原体感染、探索炎症性疾病的发病机制和治疗方案。     

How NOD2 mutations predispose to Crohn's disease?

NOD2 mutations are associated with the development of granulomatous inflammatory diseases, such as early-onset sarcoidosis (EOS), Blau syndrome (BS) and Crohn's disease (CD). As a pathogen-recognition molecule for muramyl dipeptide (MDP), NOD2 controls both innate and adaptive immune responses, through the regulation of cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides production. Notably, Nod2-deficient mice experienced increased susceptibility to enteric infection and to antigen-specific colitis. Furthermore, mutant mice bearing the orthologue of the major CD-associated NOD2^3020ins allele showed increased susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. However, many questions remain open. (i) Is antimicrobial function deficiency sufficient to initiate the development of CD? (ii) How impaired and mutant NOD2 might lead to increased adaptive immune response? (iii) How do the other disease-associated NOD2 mutations contribute to the development of chronic intestinal inflammation? Whatever the relevant mechanism(s), it provides a casual link between abnormal bacterial sensing and development of inflammatory disorders. Further work should now focus on restoring abnormal NOD2 function by modulating antimicrobial function and regulatory mechanisms of the adaptive immune system.     

NOD1真核表达质粒的构建及表达

目的:构建天然免疫胞内识别受体核苷酸寡聚域1(NOD1)真核表达质粒。方法:NOD1基因片段经PCR扩增获得,经酶切后连接到真核表达载体pcDNA3/flag中,对挑选出的阳性克隆测序,将序列正确的重组质粒pflag-NOD1转染293T细胞,用Western印迹检测目的蛋白的表达,同时用NF-κB的萤光素酶报告基因检测NOD1蛋白的活性。结果:pflag-NOD1可以在真核细胞293T中表达,并可以增强NF-κB报告基因的转录活性。结论:构建了重组质粒pflag-NOD1,在细胞中表达NOD1后能够提高NF-κB转录的生物活性,为进一步研究NOD1的功能奠定了基础。     

NOD样受体在炎症反应中的调控作用

天然免疫(innate immunity)是机体免疫系统直接抵御病原体入侵的最初阶段,通过机体自身的特异性模式识别受体(pattern-recognition receptors,PRRs)来识别病原体特有的保守结构病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)。细胞内NOD样受体(NLRs)是胞浆型PRRs中的一个重要家族,病原体侵袭细胞可上调其表达,启动机体的免疫应答和炎症反应,在机体天然免疫应答中发挥独特的功能。最近有研究证明,NLRs的突变与一些人类免疫性疾病相关,并且在细菌感染和炎症反应的控制中起重要作用。该文将讨论NLRs在炎症疾病中的调控作用。     

NOD2信号传导负调控相关因子的研究进展

核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白2(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2, NOD2)是一类参与先天性免疫应答的受体,属于核苷酸寡聚NOD样受体家族(NOD-like receptors, NLRs)。NOD2通过识别病原菌表面的模式抗原分子从而激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)和核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)等信号通路诱导炎症因子以及抗菌肽等物质,抵抗病原微生物的入侵。NOD2的负调控因子(去泛素化酶以及与通路相关的负调控蛋白等)可以阻断NOD2的信号传导从而削弱由NOD2引起的炎症反应并缓解炎症性疾病。该文总结了NOD2的负调控因子的种类以及相关作用机制,为进一步研究NOD2的调控机制以及临床干预NOD2相关性疾病提供参考。     

沙眼衣原体感染活化NOD1信号通路的研究

目的:探索沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis,Ct)持续感染状态下,NOD1、IL-6及STAT3分子的表达情况和相互关系。方法:利用HeLa229细胞或STAT3基因沉默的HeLa229细胞,分别建立沙眼衣原体的急性感染和持续感染模型;应用Western Blot及ELISA等方法检测不同感染状态下STAT3及NOD1蛋白表达水平以及细胞因子IL-6的分泌水平。结果:HeLa229细胞在Ct感染状态下,STAT3和NOD1以及IL-6表达水平均升高,且于持续感染状态下的升高较急性感染状态下的升高更明显;沉默STAT3基因后,Ct感染的细胞NOD1及IL-6的表达水平下降明显。结论:HeLa229细胞在Ct持续感染状态下,STAT3能上调NOD1及IL-6表达水平,上述分子间存在NOD1-IL-6-STAT3正反馈信号通路。     

NOD/SCID小鼠模型在实验血液学研究中的应用

NOD/SCID（非肥胖糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷）小鼠是在SCID（重症联合免疫缺陷）小鼠的基础上与非肥胖性糖尿病小鼠（NOD/Lt）品系回交的免疫缺陷鼠。NOD/SCID小鼠既有先天免疫缺陷,又有T和B淋巴细胞缺乏,各种肿瘤细胞可以植入,且较少发生排斥反应及移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）,所以NOD/SCID小鼠逐渐成为血液学实验研究的有用工具。本文从NOD/SCID小鼠的生物学特性、建立人类白血病模型、干细胞移植、药物研究及NOD/SCID小鼠应用中存在的不足和改良等方面综合述评。     

Involvement of ayu NOD2 in NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways: Insights into functional conservation of NOD2 in antibacterial innate immunity

Nucleotide oligomerization domain 2(NOD2) is a major cytoplasmic sensor for pathogens and is critical for the clearance of cytosolic bacteria in mammals.However, studies regarding NOD2, especially the initiated signaling pathways, are scarce in teleost species. In this study, we identified a NOD2 molecule(PaNOD2) from ayu(Plecoglossus altivelis).Bioinformatics analysis showed the structure of NOD2 to be highly conserved during vertebrate evolution. Dual-luciferase reporter assays examined the activation of NF-κB signaling and Western blotting analysis detected the phosphorylation of three MAP kinases(p-38, Erk1/2, and JNK1/2).Functional study revealed that, like its mammalian counterparts, PaNOD2 was the receptor of the bacterial cell wall component muramyl dipeptide(MDP), and the leucine-rich repeat motif was responsible for the recognition and binding of Pa NOD2 with the ligand. Overexpression of PaNOD2 activated the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β in HEK293 T cells and ayu head kidney-derived monocytes/macrophages(MO/MΦ).Particularly, we found that PaNOD2 activated the MAPK signaling pathways, as indicated by the increased phosphorylation of p-38, Erk1/2, and JNK1/2, which have not been characterized in any teleost species previously. Our findings proved that the NOD2 molecule and initiated pathways are conserved between mammals and ayu. Therefore, ayu could be used as an animal model to investigate NOD2-based diseases and therapeutic applications.     

NOD小鼠胰岛的分离及其在体内外的生物学特性

目的 建立分离纯化非肥胖性糖尿病(NOD)小鼠胰岛的方法,并对其体内外生物学特性进行研究。方法 采用改良的胶原酶消化结合Ficoll密度梯度离心方法,分离纯化NOD小鼠胰岛。应用体外糖刺激实验检测分离纯化的胰岛功能,以及通过监测移植小鼠的血糖、体重变化及糖耐量实验对移植胰岛的体内生物学功能进行分析,并通过HE染色和免疫荧光染色检测肾被膜下移植胰岛的存活情况。结果 胰岛产率为(116±12)个胰岛/胰腺,纯度90%。体外糖刺激实验结果显示,NOD小鼠胰岛的糖刺激胰岛素释放水平明显低于KM小鼠胰岛。胰岛移植实验显示,移植胰岛能有效改善糖尿病小鼠的血糖、体重和糖耐量,但改善作用一般仅能维持2周左右。HE染色和免疫荧光染色结果显示,肾被膜下可见胰岛素阳性的胰岛细胞团,并且在残存的移植胰岛细胞团周围存在大量淋巴细胞浸润。结论 通过改良的小鼠胰岛分离方法可由NOD小鼠分离得到大量较高纯度的胰岛,可用于今后探索如何阻断自身免疫损伤保护移植胰岛的研究。     

青春双歧杆菌对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病的免疫调节作用

目的 探讨早期应用青春双歧杆菌对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病发病的影响.方法 给予NOD小鼠口服青春双歧杆菌,观察实验组和对照组(PBS)糖尿病发病率,HE染色观察胰岛炎,免疫组化检测胰岛Bcl-2和Bax的表达,RT-PCR测定TNF-α、IFN-γ和IL-10 mRNA表达.结果 实验组胰岛炎程度较对照组明显减轻(P＜0.01),胰岛Bcl-2的表达高于对照组,而Bax的表达低于对照组(P＜0.05);胰腺TNF-α、IFN-γ mRNA表达实验组明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),而IL-10 mRNA表达差异无显著性;实验组发病率低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 青春双歧杆菌对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病有预防作用,其机制可能与调节Th1/Th2型细胞因子的免疫失衡有关.     

Tfh 细胞在NOD小鼠糖尿病发病过程中的作用机制的研究

目的:研究滤泡辅助性T细胞(Follicular Helper T cell,Tfh)在非肥胖性糖尿病小鼠(Non-obese Diabetic mice,NOD)发病过程中的作用机制。方法:实验动物NOD小鼠按血糖值分为胰岛炎组(血糖浓度≤9 mmol/L)及糖尿病组(血糖浓度≥20 mmol/L)。ELISA法检测各组中糖尿病自身抗体谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(65-kda glutamate decarboxylase antibody,GAD65Ab)、抗胰岛素自身抗体(Insulin autoantibody,IAA)表达水平,Western blot检测B细胞型淋巴瘤6蛋白(B-cell lymphoma 6 protein,Bcl-6)及可诱导共刺激分子(Inducible costimulatory molecule,ICOS)表达,流式细胞仪检测各组外周血及脾脏Tfh细胞水平。结果:糖尿病组NOD鼠自身抗体GAD65Ab(1.21±0.23 nmol/L)、IAA(0.96±0.12 nmol/L)浓度较胰岛炎组(0.32±0.09 nmol/L,0.25±0.06 nmol/L)均有明显升高;糖尿病组NOD鼠Bcl-6及ICOS表达较胰岛炎组NOD鼠有明显升高,外周血和脾脏Tfh细胞水平糖尿病组NOD鼠(24.55%)较胰岛炎组NOD鼠(4.27%)升高明显。结论:NOD小鼠自发糖尿病与自身抗体浓度升高相关,Tfh细胞可能参与NOD鼠糖尿病发生及发展过程。