Thiopental Anesthesia and Tannic Acid Diagnostic Enemas

The administration to albino rats of tannic acid as a retention enema (in doses of 0.2 g./kg. body weight and over) prolonged the duration of anesthesia induced by thiopental given immediately before, or 72 hours after, the tannic acid. This dose of tannic acid corresponds, on the basis of body weight, to a radiodiagnostic enema of 2 1. of 0.25% tannic acid in barium sulfate suspension given to a child weighing 25 kg. By excluding certain hypothermic effects of tannic acid, it was concluded that thiopental potentiation was probably due to impairment by the tannic acid of the liver''s ability to detoxify the barbiturate. The results suggest that a drug which is detoxified in the liver should be administered three to five days after a tannic acid-barium sulfate radiodiagnostic enema only with considerable caution.     

Suppressing effect of tannic acid on the frequencies of mutagen-induced sister-chromatid exchanges in mammalian cells

The effects of tannic acid (m-galloyl gallic acid) and 7 of its analogues on the frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were investigated in cultured Chinese hamster cells. SCEs induced by UV-light or mitomycin C (MMC) were suppressed by post-treatment with tannic acid and 5 of its analogues. These effects were independent of the extension of the cell cycle. The compounds which showed an SCE-suppressing effect have a common structure of 3 neighboring hydroxy or methoxy groups substituted on the phenyl group in benzoic acid or ester. These decreasing effects of tannic acid were observed in the G1 phase but not in the S or G2 phase of the cell cycle and a greater decline of the frequencies of UV-induced SCEs during liquid holding was seen in the presence of tannic acid. However, cells irradiated with X-rays were not influenced by tannic acid. In cells from a xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patient, a Fanconi's anemia (FA) patient, and a normal human embryo, MMC-induced SCEs were also decreased by post-treatment with tannic acid. Tannic acid reduced the SCE frequencies in UV-irradiated FA and normal human cells but not in UV-irradiated XP cells. Our results suggest that tannic acid modifies DNA-excision repair and that the decrease in the amount of unrepaired DNA damage might cause the reduction of induced SCEs.     

Inhibitory effects of tannic acid on fatty acid synthase and 3T3-L1 preadipocyte

Tannic acid is a hydrolyzable tannin that exists in many widespread edible plants with a variety of biological activities. In this study, we found that tannic acid potently inhibited the activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in a concentration-dependent manner with a half-inhibitory concentration value (IC₅₀) of 0.14 μM. The inhibition kinetic results showed that the inhibition of FAS by tannic acid was mixed competitive and noncompetitive manner with respect to acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, but uncompetitive to NADPH. Tannic acid prevented the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, and thus repressed intracellular lipid accumulation. In the meantime, tannic acid decreased the expression of FAS and down-regulated the mRNA level of FAS and PPARγ during adipocyte differentiation. Further studies showed that the inhibitory effect of tannic acid did not relate to FAS non-specific sedimentation. Since FAS was believed to be a therapeutic target of obesity, these findings suggested that tannic acid was considered having potential in the prevention of obesity.     

A study of tolerance of ingested tannin in Schistocerca gregaria

A study has been made on the effects of ingestion of tannic acid on growth and development of Schistocerca gregaria. No deleterious effects were found on digestion or utilisation of food, even when food protein levels were very low. At high concentrations consumption rates were relatively low over the first day, but this effect was not sustained. The lack of ‘antidigestive’ effects is shown to be due partly to the hydrolysis of tannic acid to gallic acid and glucose, and partly to the adsorptive properties of the peritrophic membrane. Insects reared on food with high levels of tannic acid took a longer time to reach sexual maturity than did the controls, although fecundity was not affected thereafter.     

Differential fixation of poly(L-arginine) and poly(L-lysine) by tannic acid and its application to the fixation of collagen in electron microscopy

A differential fixation of poly(L-arginine) and poly(L-lysine) has been demonstrated by means of cellulose acetate electrophoresis and colorimetric titration. Electrophoresis showed that at pH 3.0 and concentrations between 0.025% and 2% the reagent interacts with poly(L-arginine) but not with poly(L-lysine). at pH 7.5, however, poly(L-lysine) also reacts, although at a higher concentration of tannic acid than was required to fix poly(L-arginine) at this pH. Colorimetric titration revealed that for poly(L-arginine) the reaction with tannic acid commences at pH 3.0 and is complete at pH 4.1 whereas for poly(L-lysine) the reaction commences at pH 3.5 and is complete at pH 4.9. It is suggested that the reaction is predominantly electrostatic. The results are discussed in relation to the use of tannic acid as a protein fixative in electron microscopy.     

Barium swallows after free jejunal transfer: should they be performed routinely?

Fistula formation after free jejunal transfer for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction is a serious complication with potentially critical consequences. Barium swallow is used postoperatively to check for anastomotic competence before feeding but has been unreliable as a predictor of leak at our institution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of routine postoperative barium swallow in 41 consecutive jejunal transfers. Thirty-nine patients who underwent 41 consecutive free jejunal transfers had a routine barium swallow performed between postoperative days 12 and 17. Radiologic findings and clinical outcome were evaluated and correlated. All barium swallows were reviewed by a single experienced radiologist in a blinded fashion. One total and one partial flap failure necessitated a second free jejunal transfer. Pharyngocutaneous fistulae developed after nine free jejunal transfers, of which the barium swallow was normal in four (44 percent) and showed a leak in five (56 percent). In the 32 free jejunal transfers with no clinical leaks, 6 (19 percent) had radiologic leakage of contrast. Thus, barium swallow was normal in 30 patients and showed leakage in 11 patients. Normal barium swallow correlated with uncomplicated clinical course in 26 of 30 cases. In the remaining four cases (13 percent), however, a delayed fistula developed, which was secondary to flap necrosis in one case (negative predictive value 87 percent). On the other hand, radiologic leaks corroborated clinical fistula in 5 of 11 cases (45 percent), whereas no fistula developed in 6 cases (positive predictive value 46 percent). Of the five patients with clinical fistulae, four had early leaks (within 1 week), and the barium swallow did not provide additional information. The fifth patient developed a delayed leak 2 weeks after the barium swallow. Review of these barium swallows at the time of this study reversed the initial report of leakage in three patients, improving the predictive value to 63 percent. These patients had an uncomplicated clinical course. The positive predictive value of clinical assessment alone was 63 percent. We conclude that barium studies following free jejunal transfers can be difficult to interpret, but an experienced radiologist can improve their accuracy. A normal barium swallow, however, does not ensure an uneventful clinical course. Similarly, radiologic leaks do not imply a clinical complication of fistula. Clinical judgment should therefore be exercised in initiating oral intake after free jejunal transfer. Barium swallow should be used only as an adjunct to aid in patient management.     

Effect of salivary proline-rich proteins on ingestive responses to tannic acid in mice

This study provides direct evidence for a robust effect of salivaproteins on ingestive responses to tannic acid. Proline-richproteins (PRPs) were elevated in the saliva of mice, via chronictreatments with the ß-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol(IPR) and the effects of this manipulation on intake of tannicacid were examined. Because salivary PRPs from rodents bindreadily to tannic acid, it was hypothesized that elevated salivaryPRPs would lower the free concentration of ingested tannic acid.In experiment 1, the ingestive sensitivity of IPR- and saline-injectedmice of four strains (SW, BALB, C3H and B6) to 0.5 mM tannicacid was compared. IPR treatment significantly reduced the tannicacid sensitivity of the BALBs, but not the SWs, C3Hs or B6s,as measured by a two-choice test. Furthermore, whole-mouth salivaof mice from the four strains was compared in terms of (i) flowrate, (ii) relative PRP concentration and (iii) tannin bindingcapacity. As compared to the other mouse strains, the salivaof IPR-injected BALBs appeared to contain PRPs that had a highertannin binding capacity, and that occurred at higher concentrations,with the exception of the C3Hs. Salivary flow rate did not differamong mouse strains. In experiment 2, the effect of IPR treatmenton ingestive responses of BALBs to two concentrations of tannicacid (0.5 and 1.0 mM) was examined using a lickometer device.Intake measures (lick rate, burst duration, number of burstsand overall lick rate) indicated that the IPR-injected BALBsdrank the 0.5 mM tannic acid solution as if it was water. Saline-injectedBALBs rejected the 0.5 mM tannic acid solution almost immediately.Whereas both the IPR- and saline-injected BALBs rejected the1.0 mM tannic acid solution, the latter group rejected it morestrongly. These results suggest that salivary PRPs in the IPR-treatedBALBs bound to a significant portion of the ingested tannicacid. In so doing, the PRPs dminished the free concentrationand, hence, aversive taste quality of the tannic acid. ¹Present address: Department of Entomology and Nematology, 740IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA     

Impact of dietary allelochemicals on gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars: importance of midgut alkalinity

Midgut pH of gypsy moth larvae was depressed artificially with buffered diet to examine the impact of alkalinity on the caterpillars' ability to tolerate a dietary polyphenol and a quinone. A 2x3 factorial design was used, with 2 levels of succinate buffer and 3 dietary amendments (tannic acid, juglone, or control). Development was monitored during the third and fourth instars, with consumption, food passage rates, midgut pH, and midgut redox potential (Eh) measured in the fourth instar. Diet buffering successfully depressed midgut pH to hypothetically suboptimal acidic levels without reductions in survivorship, but it did reduce larval growth and impede development. Buffering dramatically reduced survivorship of fourth instar larvae eating diets containing tannic acid or juglone. Growth increased on unbuffered diet amended with tannic acid, but not with juglone. Caterpillars passed food through the gut more slowly when feeding on buffered tannic acid diet or on unbuffered juglone diet. These results indicate that maintenance of midgut alkalinity is critical to tolerance of dietary tannic acid and juglone, and that these allelochemicals have very different activities in the caterpillar gut.     

Captive roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) select for low amounts of tannic acid but not quebracho: fluctuation of preferences and potential benefits

Browsing ruminants have been shown to tolerate a certain amount of tannins in their natural diet, and preference trials with captive roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) have suggested an active selection for a low dose of hydrolysable tannins. In this study, we investigated the preference patterns for tannic acid, a source of hydrolysable tannins, and quebracho, a source of condensed tannins, in a series of preference trials with captive roe deer over time, using a pelleted feed that differed only in the respective tannin content. Additionally, two groups of four hand-raised roe deer fawns were fed either a control or a 3% tannic-acid containing diet and physiological parameters were compared after 7.5 months. There were large differences in preference patterns between the individual roe deer groups; quebracho was mostly avoided, whereas tannic acid was actively included in the diet in differing, low proportions. However, one group consistently preferred the quebracho diet over both the control or the tannic acid diet. For the tannic acid, the preference pattern often revealed an initial period of high preference, followed by a stable period of a moderate preference. The fawns on the tannic acid diet had a lower pellet intake and a higher relative mass gain than the fawns on the control diet; differences in salivary tannin-binding capacity and in blood antioxidant status were below significance. These results are the first indications of potential benefits of a low-dose tannin diet, which need further confirmation. The results of the preference trials demonstrate that the time pattern of tannin intake is not constant, and pose the question about the validity of short-term preference trials in general.     

The gamma-carboxy glutamic acid content of human and bovine prothrombin following warfarin treatment.

A form of prothrombin induced by Warfarin therapy, has been isolated which is adsorbed onto insoluble barium salts, but has a reduced biological activity. This protein contains, on average, seven out of a possible ten gamma-carboxy glutamic acid residues. A second form of prothrombin is also described, which is not adsorbed into barium slats, and has less than 1% the activity of the normal protein, contains only four gamma-carboxy glutamic acid residues. The significance of these results is discussed.     

The preservation of ultrastructure in saturated phosphatidyl cholines by tannic acid in model systems and type II pneumocytes

The preservation for electron microscopy of saturated phospholipids in general, and phosphatidyl choline (PC)in particular, remains and unsolved problem since OsO(4) and glutaraldehyde are incapable of interacting with PC directly. However, by introducing tannic acid preceding osmication, we were able to demonstrate highly ordered, preserved lamellar structures in model experiments with saturated PC, and in vivo experiments type II pneumocytes of lung tissue. The secretory bodies of the latter are known to contain a high proportion of these saturated phospholipids. In both cases, the repeating periodicity approximated 45 A. It was determined that tannic acid interacts with the choline component of PC to form a "complex," which then could be stabilized by treatment with OsO(4). In the absence of osmication, the PC-tannic acid complex acid did not survive conventional dehydration techniques, but osmication permitted conventional Epon embedment. Sphingomyelin (SPH), which contains choline, behaved similarly in model experiments. But there was no evidence of a comparable reaction with tannic acid using phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PEA), phosphatidyl serine (PS), or phosphstidy inositol (PI). Chemical studies indicted a high pH dependency for the formation of the PC- tannic acid complex. Also, experiments demonstrated its dissociation in various organic solvents. Sharp delineation and great contrast of the polar zones in the ordered lamellar structures was achieved by additional staining with lead citrate thus leading to the conclusion that tannic acid serves as a multivalent agent, capable of simultaneous interaction with saturated PC, OsO(4), and lead citrate stains.     

蛋白质,纤维素和单宁酸对东方田鼠摄食的影响

食物选择性是动物对取食生境中现存的食物种类做出的选择,是一个复杂的生态适应过程,与动物自身生理状及环境中食物的可利用量密切相关。单宁酸、蛋白质和纤维素是影响植食性动物食物选择的重要因素。在控制其它营养因子的条件下,设置10%蛋白质+2.25%纤维素+3%单宁酸(食物1)/6%单宁酸(食物2)和20%蛋白质+4.51%纤维素+3%单宁酸(食物3)/6%单宁酸(食物4)4个处理组,通过自助餐式选择笼内的喂养实验,测定单宁酸、蛋白质和纤维素对东方田鼠食物选择的影响。结果表明,东方田鼠对3%单宁酸处理组食物摄食量显著高于对6%单宁酸处理组(P0.001);但东方田鼠对6%单宁酸食物摄食量依蛋白质浓度变化,在20%蛋白质处理组的摄食量显著高于10%蛋白质处理组(P0.05);在含3%单宁酸处理组中,纤维素成为影响东方田鼠摄食的主要因素,而当单宁酸浓度增加到6%时,纤维素和蛋白质对东方田鼠摄食影响差异不显著;总之,单宁酸、蛋白质和纤维素对东方田鼠的摄食都产生重要影响,单宁酸对东方田鼠食物选择的影响程度最大,纤维素次之,蛋白质对东方田鼠摄食的影响会随单宁酸浓度的升高而增大。     

The use of tannic acid for the ultrastructural visualization of hyaluronic acid

Summary This study describes a method, which makes use of tannic acid (2%) as a component of a paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde based fixative, to reveal the presence and ultrastructure of glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix. The ultrastructure of the extracellular matrix in the stage 24 chick embryo wing is examined after fixation by several procedures. After fixation in the absence of tannic acid, the intercellular spaces contain little extracellular matrix, except for occasional fibrils (collagen?). On the other hand, when tannic acid is included in the primary fixative, the intercellular spaces contain considerable amounts extracellular matrix which includes 3±0.5 nm filaments, ±30 nm granules, as well as putative collagen fibrils. The 3±0.5 nm diameter fibrils are not observed when the limbs had been injected in ovo with Streptomyces hyaluronidase (specific for hyaluronic acid) prior to fixation. Furthermore, the 3±0.5 nm fibrils resemble authentic hyaluronic acid that had been fixed by the same procedure in the presence of tannic acid. Limbs treated with tannic acid after osmication contained only small amounts of extracellular material, which was confined largely to cell surfaces. These results demonstrate that the use of tannic acid in the primary fixative can serve as a useful method for the ultrastructural visualization of several extracellular matrix materials, including hyaluronic acid.This study was supported by NIH grant HD 05505     

Tannic acid in histology: an historical perspective

The development of tannic acid as a reagent in histological methods is traced against a background of widespread use in science and technology from times of antiquity. Numerous light microscopic methods involving tannic acid, particularly in conjunction with iron and silver, have been described for a variety of tissue components. In most applications, tannic acid functions as a mordant. Current use is generally restricted to methods based on its affinity for collagen. The most significant histological use of tannic acid in contemporary times is as an adjunct to conventional glutaraldehyde-osmium-heavy metal fixation and staining for ultrastructural studies of tissue structures not normally clearly demonstrated. Tannic acid reacts with various components by mechanisms which are often not fully understood.     

In vivo anticlastogenic and antimutagenic effects of tannic acid in mice

The anticlastogenic effect of tannic acid was studied in vivo in the mouse micronucleus test. The frequencies of micronuclei induced by mitomycin C, ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) or 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide in mouse bone marrow cells were decreased by the oral administration of tannic acid 6 h before the mutagen injection. The observed suppressing effect was not a reflection of a delay in the formation of micronuclei by the cytotoxic effect of tannic acid. The antimutagenic effect of tannic acid was also investigated in vivo in the mouse spot test using male PW and female C57BL/10 mice. Tannic acid was given orally to pregnant females 6 h before the intraperitoneal injection of ENU on the 10th day of pregnancy. The frequency of pups with recessive color spots induced by ENU was decreased by the administration of tannic acid. The observed decrease was not due to toxic effects on the embryo. These results indicate that tannic acid acts as an anticlastogen and antimutagen in vivo.     

Formation of insoluble and colloidally dispersed tannic acid complexes in the midgut fluid of Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): An explanation for the failure of tannic acid to cross the peritrophic envelopes of lepidopteran larvae

Magnesium and calcium ions, in concentrations comparable to those reported in the midgut fluids of lepidopteran larvae, bring about the precipitation of most of the tannic acid present in simple solutions buffered at pH 8.0 and 10.0, but not at pH 6.5. In contrast, when tannic acid is added to Manduca sexta midgut fluid, less than 31% of the tannic acid added to the gut fluid is converted to a form that can be centrifuged into a pellet. The rest remains in the supernatant solution in the form of a colloidal suspension. Very little of the tannic acid, if any, remains in true solution. We suggest that the tannic acid-containing phase that is produced when tannic acid is added to midgut fluid is a complex multi-molecular aggregate of indefinite chemical composition, incorporating varying amounts of tannic acid, surface-active phospholipids, proteins, and polyvalent metal ions. On the basis of this study, we further suggest that the failure of tannins to diffuse across the peritrophic envelopes of lepidopteran larvae is a result of the capacity of the peritrophic envelope to act as a physical barrier to insoluble and colloidally dispersed particles, not the presence of substances in the matrix that strongly adsorb polyphenols or the presence of an extensive network of fixed anionic sites in the matrix that acts as an electrostatic barrier to the passage of polyphenolate anions. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 39:109–117, 1998.© 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Influence of tannic acid and Cry1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis on larval survival, growth, and development of Helicoverpa armigera

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) causes huge economic losses in cotton production around the world. Tannin, one of the important secondary substances in cotton plants, can increase the δ‐endotoxin activity of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki. The mechanism of interaction between tannin and Bt toxin on H. armigera is unclear. We investigated the interaction between tannic acid and Cry1Ac toxin in H. armigera, and monitored survival, growth, and development during the larval period after treating the larvae with four concentrations of Cry1Ac toxin (0, 2, 8, and 14 μg^?1) alone or in combination with four concentrations of tannic acid (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg g^?1). Mortality of larvae treated with both tannic acid and Cry1Ac was higher than the mortality of larvae treated with tannic acid or Cry1Ac alone. Mortality was 47.5 and 51.5% in larvae treated with 14 μg g^?1 Cry1Ac alone or 2 mg g^?1 tannic acid alone, respectively. In contrast, larval mortality was 75% when treated with the mixture of 14 μg g^?1 Cry1Ac and 2 mg g^?1 tannic acid, suggesting that a mixture of the two enhanced the effectiveness of each one alone. The developmental time of larvae treated with the combination of tannic acid and Cry1Ac was significantly longer than when they were treated with Cry1Ac or tannic acid alone. Larval weight, pupal weight, and pupation rate were also significantly reduced in larvae treated with both toxins, compared with the larvae treated with either toxin alone. These results showed that the interactive effect of tannic acid and Cry1Ac on larval growth inhibition is additive, and that tannic acid improves Cry1Ac toxicity to insects. Tannic acid used in combination with B. thuringiensis might potentially reduce overall insecticide use, thus delaying development of insecticide resistance.     

单宁对苏云金芽孢杆菌库斯塔克变种杀棉铃虫效力的作用(英文)

本文报道棉铃虫、苏云金芽孢杆菌库斯塔克变种和单宁三者间的相互作用。苏云金芽孢杆菌芽孢晶体混合粉以6个不同的浓度（0％,0．005％,0．01％,0．015％,0．02％,0．025％湿重）分别加入含0．025％单宁和不含单宁的人工饲料中。初孵幼虫分别在上述饲料中饲养48h后,转入相应的不含苏云金芽孢杆菌的人工饲料上饲养,直到留存的幼虫化蛹。结果表明,单宁与苏云金芽孢杆菌混用可提高苏云金芽孢杆菌对棉铃虫的毒力,LD50降低45％,并可显著抑制该虫的生长发育,但二者在抑制生长发育方面无交互作用。选择取食试验显示,苏云金芽孢杆菌对五龄幼虫有显著的抑食性,但单宁无此作用,单宁与苏云金芽孢杆菌混用不会增强抑食性,但单宁能抑制苏云金芽孢杆菌菌落的生长,浓度高于15mg／100ml还能抑制芽孢的萌发。     

The use of glutaraldehyde and tannic acid to preserve reconstituted collagen for electron microscopy

Summary The effects of glutaraldehyde and tannic acid on the axial periodicity of collagen have been measured. Both fixatives produce axial shrinkage of the collagen but whereas glutaraldehyde produces 7% shrinkage, tannic acid produces only 2% shrinkage. The technique of carbon/platinum shadowing was used to estimate the extent to which the collagen fibrils flatten down when they are dried onto grids for electron microscopy without prior embedding and sectioning. The influence of fixation was studied and it was found that minimum distortion occurred when both tannic acid and glutaraldehyde were used to preserve the protein structure.     

Streptococcus caprinus sp.nov., a tannin-resistant ruminal bacterium from feral goats

An undescribed bacterium capable of clearing tannic acid-protein complexes has been isolated from ruminal contents of feral goats browsing tannin-rich Acacia species. The bacterium is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe, characterized as a Streptococcus , but DNA-DNA hybridization and 16S rDNA sequencing show that it is distinct from the common ruminal species Strep. bovis. We propose the name Streptococcus caprinus for this species. The type strain is Strep. caprinus 2.3, Australian Collection of Microorganisms (ACM) 3969. The bacterium grows in media containing at least 2.5% w/v tannic acid or condensed tannin and produces zones of clearing around colonies on nutrient agar plates with added tannic acid. Streptococcus caprinus is not a major inhabitant of domestic livestock, but is found in feral goats browsing tannin-rich Acacia species, at a population of up to 2 times 10⁶ cfu ml^-1 of rumen fluid.