关于“生态保护和建设”名称和内涵的探讨

主要针对在生态保护和建设方面用词和理解上存在的差异,着重对其范畴和内涵进行了详细的分析,提出生态保护和建设与环境保护之间既有紧密联系,又有明显差别,宜于分开并列为两个领域。生态保护和建设领域宽广,内涵丰富,不仅要面对各种自然生态系统,也要面对人工生态系统以及多种生态系统复合的景观、区域和全球层次的生态问题。建议在当前情况下可以把\"生态保护\"和\"生态建设\"在不同需要的场合分别使用,也可为全面表述而合并使用。     

基于GIS识别生态保护红线边界的方法——以北京市昌平区为例

生态保护红线是中国生态保护的一项重要创新,已被列为国家监管生态环境的重要政策。国家环境保护部于2015年发布了《生态保护红线划定技术指南》,确定了生态保护红线的划定方法,但是在识别生态保护红线边界时还存在一些技术难点。针对这一问题,本文探索了生态保护红线边界的优化方法。提出了生态保护红线边界优化遵循基本原则。以北京市昌平区为例,阐明了如何利用Arc GIS软件将划定生态保护红线的技术流程,包括评价各类生态功能区和敏感区,识别生态保护红线范围,准确定位生态红线边界3个主要步骤。最后通过对比优化前后的生态保护红线划定方案,阐明了该方法的可行性和存在的问题。     

Efficiency,sufficiency, and recent change in Newfoundland subsistence horticulture

Traditional Newfoundland horticulture has been a subordinate and compensatory element of the subsistence sphere in a plural economy centered on fishing. Criticized as inefficient and ruinous to the land, this tuber-rootbrassica gardening has in fact been a valuable contribution to diet, is relatively efficient, and compensates for the inadequacies of land and weather. Field data from the Great Northern Peninsula, where some traditional practices persist, demonstrate that the practices conserve time and labor, and substitute massive applications of materials to assure a yield sufficient for household needs. The inefficiency in the tradition may be understood as a response to the constraints upon household labor and follows a kind of Leibig's law of the minimum. Recent changes in gardening practices reveal the dynamics of horticulture in the household's mixed economic strategy. As cash and land have become more common, they have been used to further reduce time while maintaining sufficiency.The research upon which this report is based was aided in 1982 by financial support from the American Philosophical Society and the State University of New York Research Foundation Faculty Awards program.     

伊犁野果林浅层土壤养分生态化学计量特征及其影响因素

对伊犁河谷野果林20个群落60个样方土壤及环境因子调查取样,研究了野果林0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)及全钾(K)的化学计量特征及其影响因素.结果表明: 伊犁野果林0～10 cm土层土壤C、N、P、K含量分别为73.15、7.00、1.14和14.74 g·kg^-1,C:N、C:P、C:K、N:P、N:K、P:K分别为10.37、62.73、5.05、6.05、0.48和0.08;除K和C:N外,0～10 cm土层均显著高于10～20 cm土层.P、K、C:N及P:K具有较高的稳定性(CV=8%～24%),其他指标具中等变异性(CV=28%～46%).土壤养分含量及化学计量比在不同取样地点、不同群落类型及不同坡向间均有显著差异.除C、N之间为幂函数关系外,土壤养分含量及其与化学计量比之间均为二次函数关系,体现了土壤养分化学计量特征之间的非线性耦合特征.坡向、降水量及温度是野果林土壤化学计量特征的主要影响因子.     

关于我国国民环境的态度调查

2004年10月随机抽取了北京、上海、河北、河南、湖南、陕西六省市对5000余位国民做了环境态度问卷调查.了解我国民众的生态观念、制约因素、以及潜在的保护环境的动机.调查结果显示,91%的被访者感到我国环境已严重恶化,78%的被访者支持政府耗资3000多亿元人民币开展退耕还林项目.居民的环境意识同经济收入、受教育水平、年龄、职业、居住环境有着密切关系,其中经济收入和受教育水平是影响居民环境意识变化的首要因素.区域差异分析结果表明,我国现阶段的环境压力主要集中在贫困的边远山区和快速崛起的城市周边地区,把发展经济、改善教育、提高居民的生活质量与环境修复有机地结合起来,是生态政策管理的根本途径.     

Minireviews: Exploring the Basic Ecological Unit: Ecosystem-like Concepts in Traditional Societies

Ancient conceptualizations of ecosystems exist in several Amerindian, Asia-Pacific, European, and African cultures. The rediscovery by scientists of ecosystem-like concepts among traditional peoples has been important in the appreciation of traditional ecological knowledge among ecologists, anthropologists, and interdisciplinary scholars. Two key characteristics of these systems are that (a) the unit of nature is often defined in terms of a geographical boundary, such as a watershed, and (b) abiotic components, plants, animals, and humans within this unit are considered to be interlinked. Many traditional ecological knowledge systems are compatible with the emerging view of ecosystems as unpredictable and uncontrollable, and of ecosystem processes as nonlinear, multiequilibrium, and full of surprises. Traditional knowledge may complement scientific knowledge by providing practical experience in living within ecosystems and responding to ecosystem change. However, the “language” of traditional ecology is different from the scientific and usually includes metaphorical imagery and spiritual expression, signifying differences in context, motive, and conceptual underpinnings. Received 28 April 1998; accepted 9 July 1998.     

Conceptual Ecological Model of the Chiquibul/Maya Mountain Massif,Belize

The Chiquibul/Maya Mountain Massif (CM3) is an approximately 1.25 million-acre area in southwestern Belize and is among the most intact tropical forests north of the Amazon. The CM3 has a variety of habitats that contribute to its valuable environmental services and high aesthetic value, but despite its protected area status, the CM3 is under increasing pressure from extraction of natural and cultural resources as a result of transboundary incursions on the western border and increased land-use changes from industrial activities that include agriculture, hydropower development, logging, and mining. Conceptual ecological models (CEM) are effective planning tools for organizing existing information about natural systems for determining gaps in knowledge and research priorities, and for developing objectives and measures of success for management and monitoring programs. The CEM of the CM3 describe ecological relationships among major stressors and attributes of the system and presents performance measures to quantify potential change to attributes. Attributes were derived from defining characteristics of the massif and chosen as valuable ecological and cultural components of the massif. Ecological linkages between stressors and attributes highlight priorities for conservation, management, and research that will ensure continued protection of the CM3.     

Niche divergence and lineage diversification among closely related Sistrurus rattlesnakes

Comparing niche divergence among closely related taxa can yield important insights into the ecological distinctiveness of genetically similar forms, and identify the processes that are responsible for diversification in such organisms. Here, we apply newly developed techniques for analysing niche divergence to assess how ecologically distinct a group of closely related rattlesnakes (Sistrurus sp.) are and to explore the role that niche divergence may have played in their diversification. We find that all taxa even the most recently evolved subspecies (approximately 100,000 years old) are now ecologically distinct, implying a role for ecology in the diversification process. Statistical analysis based on comparisons with null models show that niche divergence between forms is more common than niche conservation. Finally, there is nonlinear relationship between phylogenetic and niche divergence in this group whereby niche divergence develops more rapidly between recently diverged subspecies than more distantly related forms. Overall, our results argue that ecology may play an important role in the diversification process in these snakes.     

国土尺度生态安全格局

巨大的人口压力和相对有限的资源,脆弱的生态系统,加上史无前例的城市化和经济发展速度与规模,对中华民族的可持续发展和生存问题提出了严峻的挑战.为应对这一挑战,必须明智地进行土地的规划和利用,通过国土生态安全格局的构建为明智的保护和发展提供科学的空间区划依据.国土尺度生态安全格局通过对江河源区水源涵养、洪水调蓄、沙漠化防治、水土保持和生物多样性保护5个维护生态安全最关键的自然过程进行系统分析评价而划定.首先对单一生态过程进行分析与评价,得出各自相应的生态安全格局;在此基础上通过叠加、综合,初步构建基于5种生态过程的国土尺度生态安全格局.结果表明,最低标准安全水平的生态安全格局面积占我国陆地总面积的35.7%,中等安全水平的生态安全格局面积占我国陆地面积的65.1%,高安全水平生态安全格局面积占我国陆地总面积的84.9%.将为国土与区域尺度土地利用规划、生态安全格局规划和主体功能区划工作提供借鉴.