果蝇心脏发育基因调控的研究进展

果蝇心脏的发育是一个受到一系列基因共同调控的复杂过程,这些基因在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物果蝇中具有惊人的相似性,对于它们功能的研究将有助于揭示人类心脏发育的过程及分子控制机理.通过将果蝇作为一种重要的模式动物,对心脏发育基因调控的研究进展作一综述.     

胚胎干细胞定向分化为心肌细胞研究进展

胚胎干细胞在体外可分化为 3个胚层的所有组织细胞。诱导人类胚胎干细胞定向分化为心肌细胞可为心肌梗死、心肌坏死等重大心脏疾病患者实施细胞治疗 ,也可作为种子细胞 ,用于构建供器官移植用的人造心脏 ;进一步可研究心肌细胞发育分化的分子机理及更直观的用于体外筛选人类心血管药物等。对人类胚胎干细胞及其定向分化为心肌细胞分子机理的研究进展及其所面临的问题作一综述。     

利用果蝇模型研究人类心脏早期发育的分子机理

近年来,果蝇心脏转化的遗传机制已初步研究清楚,但控制人类心脏早期发育的基因尚待鉴定。因为调控果蝇和脊椎动物早期心脏细胞命运定型的途径具有保守性,果蝇是一种探讨人类心脏早期发育的分子机理的理想动物模型。为此目的,我们采用P转座子和EMS诱变技术建立了约3000个隐性致死基因平衡系。通过心脏前体细胞特异性抗体免疫组化筛选,我们选出200余个表现心脏突变表型的平衡致死系。我们进一步利用RNAi技术对一些基因的功能进行了初步的研究,证明这些基因表现RNAi的突变表型,该类突变表型与基因突变时表现的表型相似,即心管呈缺陷型或无心脏前体细胞形成。利用果蝇和人类基因组计划获得的成果,我们从果蝇心脏侯选基因中初步克隆和鉴定了50个人类同源基因,其中20个是新基因。Northen印迹分析表明,一部分人类基因在心脏组织中有表达,从而为研究这些基因在人类心脏早期发育中的作用提供了信息。目前,我们正在建立转基因果蝇,以此为模型研究这些基因是否对心肌细胞发生或心肌功能起调控作用。产生心肌细胞突变类型的基因如果类似于人类心脏病综合症,则可以作为人类心脏疾病侯选基因作进一步的分析。     

利用果蝇模型研究人类心脏早期发育的分子机理(英文)

近年来 ,果蝇心脏特化的遗传机制已初步研究清楚 ,但控制人类心脏早期发育的基因尚待鉴定。因为调控果蝇和脊椎动物早期心脏细胞命运定型的途径具有保守性 ,果蝇是一种探讨人类心脏早期发育的分子机理的理想动物模式。为此目的 ,我们采用P转座子和EMS诱变技术建立了约 3 0 0 0个隐性致死基因平衡系。通过心脏前体细胞特异性抗体免疫组化筛选 ,我们检出 2 0 0余个表现心脏突变表型的平衡致死系。我们进一步利用RNAi技术对一些基因的功能进行了初步的研究 ,证明这些基因表现RNAi的突变表型 ,该类突变表型与基因突变时表现的表型相似 ,即心管呈缺陷型或无心脏前体细胞形成。利用果蝇和人类基因组计划获得的成果 ,我们从果蝇心脏侯选基因中初步克隆和鉴定了 5 0个人类同源基因 ,其中 2 0个是新基因。Northen印迹分析表明 ,一部分人类基因在心脏组织中有表达 ,从而为研究这些基因在人类心脏早期发育中的作用提供了信息。目前 ,我们正在建立转基因果蝇 ,以此为模型研究这些基因是否对心肌细胞发生或心肌功能起调控作用。产生心肌细胞突变类型的基因如果类似于人类心脏病综合症 ,则可以作为人类心脏疾病侯选基因作进一步的分析。     

控制果蝇心脏早期发育的基因研究进展

果蝇心脏早期发育与脊椎动物乃至人具有相似的分子机理,自90年代以来,通过P转位子诱变方法已鉴定出20多个与果蝇早期发育相关基因,这为揭示人体心脏发育的基因调控机理提供了重要的依据。     

EZH2在心脏与血管发育中的作用

Zeste基因增强子人类同源物2(enhancer of zeste homolog 2, EZH2)是多梳蛋白抑制复合物2(polycomb repressive complex 2, PRC2)的主要元件之一，利用组蛋白甲基化酶活性发挥经典作用，抑制靶基因的表达。此外，EZH2通过甲基化其他蛋白，作为蛋白支架分子募集转录相关分子介导转录激活，与lncRNA及miRNA相互作用等非经典途径调控各项生命活动，与干细胞分化和组织器官发育关系密切。EZH2及其功能相关分子在心脏发育、血管发生等过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。靶向敲除小鼠心脏Ezh2基因会影响心肌组织及内皮源性组织的正常发育，造成广泛性的心脏发育缺陷。EZH2参与调控正常组织和肿瘤组织的血管生成，维持新生血管完整性，并参与调控内皮间质化和内皮造血转化。本文探讨了EZH2在心脏和血管发生领域的影响效应、调控机制，及其与相关疾病的关系。     

心脏的左右不对称发育

心脏是脊椎动物发育过程中最早形成的器官之一,心管向右环化打破了左右对称的格局,是左右分化的第一个重要标志.不对称的心管环化和心脏腔室的形态发生是一个相当复杂的过程,人们对其分子机制,特别是心脏定位和不对称发育机理的了解还相当有限.为了探讨心脏的左右不对称发育,重点从形态学和分子水平对近期的研究作了简要的概述.     

中国科学院分子发育生物学重点实验室

中国科学院分子发育生物学重点实验室始建于1994年9月,19g8年3月建成验收.2001年,原中国科学院发育研究所和中国科学院遗传研究所整合成立中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所,之后在中国科学院分子发育生物学重点实验室基础上成立了发育生物学中心.实验室以模式生物为研究对象,运用分子生物学、细胞生物学、分子遗传学和分子系统生物学等手段探索生物个体发育和与发育相关的人类疾病的遗传调控及其分子机理,为国家重大需求如动植物遗传改良与人类遗传发育疾病防治等提供理论基础和技术支持,是发育生物学知识创新和高级研究人才培养的基地.     

脊椎动物心脏形态发育的转录调控

转录因子以组织特异性和数量的方式调节基因的表达,是胚胎发育中的主要调节因子.目前已经鉴定了一些特异性调节心脏基因的转录因子,最近又发现显性遗传转录因子的突变能引起人类先天性心脏缺陷,将心脏发育转录因子的研究直接与医学联系起来.尽管这方面的研究已经很广泛了,但心脏发育的转录调控仍不很清楚.本文对心脏转录因子及其作用研究的最新进展进行了综述.     

pygo基因对心脏功能的调控及其研究进展

Wg/Wnt信号参与调控多种组织的发育,尤其在心脏发育和心脏衰老过程中发挥重要的作用。pygo作为Wnt信号途径的一个新成员,可能依赖于Wnt信号调控心脏发育,而最新发现pygo敲低品系引起的成体心脏功能缺陷与Wnt信号缺失在心脏中的表型具有显著性差异,表明pygo调控成体心脏功能不依赖于经典Wnt信号,可能存在新的调控机制。主要对pygo基因在调控心脏发育和心脏衰老中的功能以及在果蝇和哺乳动物中pygo基因调控心脏功能分子机制的研究进展进行了综述。虽然pygo不依赖经典Wnt信号在成体心脏中发挥作用,但显性负抑制TCF突变体引起严重的成体心脏生理功能缺陷,与pygo表型一致,暗示着pygo可能依赖与TCF类似因子相互作用发挥功能。其次,pygo能跨越TCF或Lgs直接与Wnt信号靶基因相互作用。此外,Pygo蛋白能与Lgs相互作用形成Pygo-BCL9/Lgs-H3K4me复合物调节Wnt信号靶基因,且甲基转移酶HMT核心组件WDR5与Pygo蛋白的相互作用能促进PHD结构域与H3K4的结合,表明pygo调节成体心脏功能与表观遗传学修饰也具有一定的相关性。     

Identification of differentially expressed genes in human heart with ventricular septal defect using suppression subtractive hybridization

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) accounts for the largest number of birth congenital heart defects in human, but the genetic programs that control ventricular septation are poorly understood. To identify differentially expressed genes between ventricular septal defect and normal ventricular septum myocardium, we have undertaken suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and generated reciprocal cDNA collections of representative mRNAs specific to human heart with ventricular septal defect versus normal control. Following SSH, 1378 clones were sequenced and found to derive from 551 different genes. These predominately expressed genes included genes involved in energy metabolism, cell cycle and growth, cytoskeleton and cell adhesion, LIM protein, zinc finger protein, and development. It is anticipated that further study of genes identified will provide insights into their specific roles in the etiology of VSD, even in cardiac development, aging, and disease.     

Essential role for ADAM19 in cardiovascular morphogenesis

Congenital heart disease is the most common form of human birth defects, yet much remains to be learned about its underlying causes. Here we report that mice lacking functional ADAM19 (mnemonic for a disintegrin and metalloprotease 19) exhibit severe defects in cardiac morphogenesis, including a ventricular septal defect (VSD), abnormal formation of the aortic and pulmonic valves, leading to valvular stenosis, and abnormalities of the cardiac vasculature. During mouse development, ADAM19 is highly expressed in the conotruncus and the endocardial cushion, structures that give rise to the affected heart valves and the membranous ventricular septum. ADAM19 is also highly expressed in osteoblast-like cells in the bone, yet it does not appear to be essential for bone growth and skeletal development. Most adam19(-/-) animals die perinatally, likely as a result of their cardiac defects. These findings raise the possibility that mutations in ADAM19 may contribute to human congenital heart valve and septal defects.     

Suppression of Rap1 Impairs Cardiac Myofibrils and Conduction System in Zebrafish

Numerous studies have revealed that Rap1 (Ras-proximate-1 or Ras-related protein 1), a small GTPase protein, plays a crucial role in mediating cAMP signaling in isolated cardiac tissues and cell lines. However, the involvement of Rap1 in the cardiac development in vivo is largely unknown. By injecting anti-sense morpholino oligonucleotides to knock down Rap1a and Rap1b in zebrafish embryos, and in combination with time-lapsed imaging, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscope techniques, we seek to understand the role of Rap1 in cardiac development and functions. At an optimized low dose of mixed rap1a and rap1b morpholino oligonucleotides, the heart developed essentially normally until cardiac contraction occurred. Morphant hearts showed the myocardium defect phenotypes, most likely due to disrupted myofibril assembly and alignment. In vivo heart electrocardiography revealed prolonged P-R interval and QRS duration, consistent with an adherens junction defect and reduced Connexons in cardiac myocytes of morphants. We conclude that a proper level of Rap1 is crucial for heart morphogenesis and function, and suggest that Rap1 and/or their downstream factor genes are potential candidates for genetic screening for human heart diseases.     

Cascade effect of cardiac myogenesis gene expression during cardiac looping in <Emphasis Type="Italic">tbx5</Emphasis> knockdown zebrafish embryos

Zebrafish tbx5 expresses in the heart, pectoral fins and eyes of zebrafish during embryonic development. In zebrafish, injection of tbx5 morpholino antisense RNA caused changes of heart conformation, defect of heart looping, pericardium effusion, dropsy of ventral position and decreased heart rate. We suggested that cardiac myogenesis genes might be responsible for this phenomenon. Morpholino antisense RNA which against the initiation site of tbx5 gene was designed in order to knockdown the expression of tbx5, and the results were analyzed by whole-mount in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of cardiac myogenesis genes amhc, vmhc and cmlc2 were expressed constantly at the early embryonic development and reached its highest rate right before cardiac looping initiated. These cardiac myogenesis genes showed insufficient expressions within different heart defect embryos. Moreover, vmhc showed ectopic expression in addition to heart looping defect in heart defective embryos at 36 hpf. Our data suggests that the heart failure caused by the knockdown of tbx5 gene might result from the down-regulation of cardiac myogenesis genes. Jen Her Lu and Jenn Kan Lu contributed equally to this work.     

Effects of diabetes mellitus on salivary secretion and its composition in the human

Calreticulin is a Ca2+ binding/storage chaperone resident protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. This protein plays a key role in the calreticulin/calnexin cycle and the quality control pathways in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calreticulin deficiency is lethal due to impaired cardiac development. However, over-expression of the protein in developing and postnatal heart leads to bradycardia, complete heart block and sudden death. Ultrastructural evidence indicates that the deficiency associated with the absence of calreticulin in the heart may be due to a defect in the development of the contractile apparatus and/or a defect in development of the conductive system as well as a metabolic abnormality. Collectively, we postulate that calreticulin and endoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in cardiac development and postnatal pathologies.     

Mitochondrial respiratory control and early defects of oxidative phosphorylation in the failing human heart

Heart failure is a consequence of progressive deterioration of cardiac performance. Little is known about the role of impaired oxidative phosphorylation in the progression of the disease, since previous studies of mitochondrial injuries are restricted to end-stage chronic heart failure. The present study aimed at evaluating the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of human heart failure. We measured the control of oxidative phosphorylation with high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized myocardial fibres from donor hearts (controls), and patients with no or mild heart failure but presenting with heart disease, or chronic heart failure due to dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy. The capacity of the phosphorylation system exerted a strong limitation on oxidative phosphorylation in the human heart, estimated at 121 pmol O(2)s(-1)mg(-1) in the healthy left ventricle. In heart disease, a specific defect of the phosphorylation system, Complex I-linked respiration, and mass-specific fatty acid oxidation were identified. These early defects were also significant in chronic heart failure, where the capacities of the oxidative phosphorylation and electron transfer systems per cardiac tissue mass were decreased with all tested substrate combinations, suggesting a decline of mitochondrial density. Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transfer system capacities were higher in ventricles compared to atria, but the impaired mitochondrial quality was identical in the four cardiac chambers of chronic heart failure patients. Coupling was preserved in heart disease and chronic heart failure, in contrast to the mitochondrial dysfunction observed after prolonged cold storage of cardiac tissue. Mitochondrial defects in the phosphorylation system, Complex I respiration and mass-specific fatty acid oxidation occurred early in the development of heart failure. Targeting these mitochondrial injuries with metabolic therapy may offer a promising approach to delay the progression of heart disease.     

The atypical Rho GTPase,RhoU, regulates cell-adhesion molecules during cardiac morphogenesis

The vertebrate heart undergoes early complex morphologic events in order to develop key cardiac structures that regulate its overall function (Fahed et al., 2013). Although many genetic factors that participate in patterning the heart have been elucidated (Tu and Chi, 2012), the cellular events that drive cardiac morphogenesis have been less clear. From a chemical genetic screen to identify cellular pathways that control cardiac morphogenesis in zebrafish, we observed that inhibition of the Rho signaling pathways resulted in failure to form the atrioventricular canal and loop the linear heart tube. To identify specific Rho proteins that may regulate this process, we analyzed cardiac expression profiling data and discovered that RhoU was expressed at the atrioventricular canal during the time when it forms. Loss of RhoU function recapitulated the atrioventricular canal and cardiac looping defects observed in the ROCK inhibitor treated zebrafish. Similar to its family member RhoV/Chp (Tay et al., 2010), we discovered that RhoU regulates the cell junctions between cardiomyocytes through the Arhgef7b/Pak kinase pathway in order to guide atrioventricular canal development and cardiac looping. Inhibition of this pathway resulted in similar underlying cardiac defects and conversely, overexpression of a PAK kinase was able to rescue the loss of RhoU cardiac defect. Finally, we found that Wnt signaling, which has been implicated in atrioventricular canal development (Verhoeven et al., 2011), may regulate the expression of RhoU at the atrioventricular canal. Overall, these findings reveal a cardiac developmental pathway involving RhoU/Arhgef7b/Pak signaling, which helps coordinate cell junction formation between atrioventricular cardiomyocytes to promote cell adhesiveness and cell shapes during cardiac morphogenesis. Failure to properly form these cell adhesions during cardiac development may lead to structural heart defects and mechanistically account for the cellular events that occur in certain human congenital heart diseases.     

Calreticulin in the heart

Calreticulin is a Ca²⁺ binding/storage chaperone resident protein of the endoplasmic reticulum. This protein plays a key role in the calreticulin/calnexin cycle and the quality control pathways in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calreticulin deficiency is lethal due to impaired cardiac development. However, over-expression of the protein in developing and postnatal heart leads to bradycardia, complete heart block and sudden death. Ultrastructural evidence indicates that the deficiency associated with the absence of calreticulin in the heart may be due to a defect in the development of the contractile apparatus and/or a defect in development of the conductive system as well as a metabolic abnormality. Collectively, we postulate that calreticulin and endoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in cardiac development and postnatal pathologies. (Mol Cell Biochem 263: 137–142, 2004)     

Specific impairment of cardiogenesis in mouse ES cells containing a human chromosome 21

Down syndrome (DS) leads to cardiac defects which are common and significant in babies with DS. We recently generated chimeric mice carrying a human chromosome (hChr) 21. The contribution ratio of embryonic stem (ES) cells containing a hChr 21 was specifically low in the heart, compared to other organs, and cardiovascular malformations were observed, suggesting that an additional copy of hChr 21 also disrupts the normal development of heart in mice. Here we describe that the presence of hChr 21 in ES cells delays the appearance of beating cardiomyocyte during differentiation, whereas differentiation into other cell types is not disrupted. Furthermore, the defect in cardiogenesis was restored following the deletion of a specific region of hChr 21. Therefore, we conclude that the imbalance of specific gene(s) on hChr 21 may lead to the disturbance of cardiogenesis and that this may be a useful system to model and investigate the cardiac defects of human DS.