A calcium sensor and its interacting protein kinase are global regulators of abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) triggers an oscillation in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, which is then perceived by unknown Ca(2+) binding proteins to initiate a series of signaling cascades that control many physiological processes, including adaptation to environmental stress. We report here that a Ca(2+) binding protein, SCaBP5, and its interacting protein kinase, PKS3, function as global regulators of ABA responses. Arabidopsis mutants with silenced SCaBP5 or PKS3 are hypersensitive to ABA in seed germination, seedling growth, stomatal closing, and gene expression. PKS3 physically interacts with the 2C-type protein phosphatase ABI2 (ABA-insensitive 2) and to a lesser extent with the homologous ABI1 (ABA-insensitive 1) protein. Thus, SCaBP5 and PKS3 are part of a calcium-responsive negative regulatory loop controlling ABA sensitivity.     

拟南芥AtJ3通过核质转运调控植物质膜H~+-ATPase活性与ABA响应

拟南芥AtJ3(Arabidopsis thaliana Dna J homolog 3)为一蛋白分子伴侣,在植物体内可通过与PKS5(SOS2-like protein kinase 5)蛋白激酶形成复合物来抑制PKS5的活性;同时AtJ3-PKS5复合物可对质膜上H~+-ATPase质子转运活性进行正向调节,并参与对外源ABA的响应。为揭示AtJ3-PKS5复合物参与质膜H~+-ATPase活性调节及对外源ABA响应中的作用,本研究以拟南芥AtJ3、PKS5不同突变体为材料,在盐及ABA共同处理下对AtJ3-PKS5复合物的功能及作用机制进行了探讨。结果显示,在2种因素共同处理下,AtJ3-PKS5复合物可同时对处理因素进行响应。即AtJ3-PKS5复合物可对质膜上H~+-ATPase质子转运活性进行调节,并使细胞内p H值发生变化,同时还可诱导ABI5下游ABA响应基因的表达;外源ABA可引起AtJ3从细胞核向细胞质的转运,从而增强了AtJ3对H~+-ATPase活性的调节。说明AtJ3-PKS5复合物在对H~+-ATPase活性调节及对外源ABA响应的交互代谢途径中起着关键调节子的作用。     

Regulation of flowering time by the histone deacetylase HDA5 in Arabidopsis

The acetylation level of histones on lysine residues regulated by histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases plays an important but under‐studied role in the control of gene expression in plants. With the aim of characterizing the Arabidopsis RPD3/HDA1 family histone deacetylase HDA5, we present evidence showing that HDA5 displays deacetylase activity. Mutants defective in the expression of HDA5 displayed a late‐flowering phenotype. Expression of the flowering repressor genes FLC and MAF1 was up‐regulated in hda5 mutants. Furthermore, the gene activation markers, histone H3 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation on FLC and MAF1 chromatin were increased in hda5‐1 mutants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that HDA5 binds to the chromatin of FLC and MAF1. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays and co‐immunoprecipitation assays showed that HDA5 interacts with FVE, FLD and HDA6, indicating that these proteins are present in a protein complex involved in the regulation of flowering time. Comparing gene expression profiles of hda5 and hda6 mutants by RNA‐seq revealed that HDA5 and HDA6 co‐regulate gene expression in multiple development processes and pathways.