短波长单色光对豚鼠眼屈光发育的影响

目的研究短波长单色光对豚鼠的屈光发育和眼生物学参数的影响。方法 20只出生约2周的健康雄性豚鼠,随机分成两组（n=10）,分别在蓝光（430 nm）和白光（色温5000 K）下进行饲养。蓝光组为实验组,白光组为对照组,实验周期为12周。两种光照的光量子数均为每秒3×10-4μmol/cm2,测量光强度蓝光为0.527mW/cm2,白光为0.247 mW/cm2。实验前后均进行屈光度、角膜曲率、眼轴各部分长度的测量。结果实验前两组测量参数差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。光照12周后,蓝光组屈光度增加（1.20±0.66）D,白光组减少（1.18±0.85）D,蓝光组与白光组相比平均形成约2.40 D远视,统计学差异显著（P〈0.0001）;蓝光组眼轴和玻璃体腔分别增长（0.77±0.12）mm与（0.05±0.10）mm,白光组分别增长（0.95±0.18）mm与（0.21±0.13）mm。蓝光组的眼轴和玻璃体腔长度增长较白光组慢（P〈0.05）。但实验后两组角膜曲率半径、前房深度和晶状体厚度的变化差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论 430 nm短波长单色光诱导豚鼠眼轴和玻璃体腔长度延长较慢,产生远视。     

频闪光诱导光觉异常性豚鼠近视模型

目的使用特制的频闪调光器进行持续频闪光刺激,建立一种光觉异常性豚鼠近视模型,观察豚鼠在频闪光刺激后眼球产生的异常改变。方法 24只2周龄普通级豚鼠随机分为3组(n=8),Ⅰ组予0.5 Hz频率等时交替频闪,频闪亮度0～600 lx;Ⅱ组为无频闪等亮度光照组;Ⅲ组为开放环境正常光照组。光照时间6∶00～18∶00。每2周记录屈光度、眼轴长度及曲率半径,12周时眼底拍照后取出眼球,光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察眼球后极部改变。结果光照前各组间生物学测量参数差异无显著性(P>0.05)。随时间延长,Ⅰ组与Ⅱ、Ⅲ组相比近视屈光度明显增加、眼轴延长,12周时3组间近视屈光度及眼轴差异有显著性(P<0.05),Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组相比眼球发生(-5.4±1.5)D的近视,眼轴增加(0.74±0.18)mm。Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组相比眼球发生(-6.6±1.5)D的近视,眼轴增加(0.86±0.24)mm。Ⅰ组眼底普遍出现豹纹状改变,视网膜感觉细胞层外段排列紊乱且有大量脱落节盘。结论通过改变正常光觉环境,频闪光能刺激豚鼠眼球产生过度发育并诱导轴性近视形成。这种光觉的异常最终影响了视网膜感光细胞的正常发育。     

豚鼠妊娠期感染巨细胞病毒的研究

本实验观察了豚鼠巨细胞病毒感染对怀孕豚鼠的影响。从皮下和心腔接种病毒感染动物,接种病毒的时间在动物妊娠早期。接种病毒后,二组动物都出现病毒血症,从动物的脾、肺和唾液腺均分离到病毒。病毒在唾液腺持续存在。皮下接种组和心腔接种组各有38％和44％的孕鼠的胚胎感染了病毒,各有27％和25％的孕鼠发生流产,皮下接种组还有63％的孕鼠怀有死胎。本实验为研究巨细胞病毒感染提供了动物模型,证实了血源途径也可以引起豚鼠的先天性巨细胞病毒感染。     

基于脂代谢特点建立豚鼠动脉粥样硬化模型优势的研究进展

动脉粥样硬化（AS）在全球的发病率逐年升高,有关AS 的研究也越来越深入,合适的动物模型是研究动脉粥样硬化机制和 药物研发的关键环节。在众多动物模型中豚鼠作为动脉粥样硬化的研究对象存在众多优势,主要体现在血浆脂蛋白的构成比例、 胆固醇的转运形式、肝脏中胆固醇的存在形式与比例、对外源性胆固醇的敏感性、胆固醇与脂蛋白代谢过程中关键酶的活性变化 等方面。本综述基于脂代谢特点,对比分析这几个方面内容来阐述豚鼠作为动脉粥样硬化动物模型的优势。     

人工感染羊嗜流产衣原体豚鼠流产模型的建立

目的通过人工感染怀孕豚鼠建立嗜流产衣原体发病模型,观察流产病理学变化的差异,确定豚鼠是否可以作为嗜流产衣原体的动物模型。方法35只清洁级怀孕40d的豚鼠随机分为7组,每组5只。将羊嗜流产衣原体分离株B10011、CG1株分别以三个剂量组（10^-1,10^-2,10^-3）腹腔攻毒1次,每只0．5mL,以灭菌生理盐水为阴性对照。攻毒后观察豚鼠的临床体征、流产和死亡数量。攻毒后20d安乐死处理剩余的大小豚鼠,无菌摘取组织,分成2份。一份-20℃冷冻保存,PCR检测病原在组织中的分布;另外一份固定于10％中性甲醛溶液,组织切片和免疫组化观察。结果（1）羊嗜流产衣原体分离株B10011和CG1均可造成怀孕豚鼠流产、产弱胎、畸形胎或死胎。2种分离株感染不同剂量造成豚鼠平均流产时间、流产数量、豚鼠死亡数量均有显著差异,且CG1株敏感性高于B10011株。（2）2个分离株均可造成肾脏、肝脏肿大,肺脏呈局灶性出血,卵巢出血坏死,胎盘子宫阜水肿;病理组织学显示肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死,单核细胞大量增生;肝细胞颗粒样病变。脾髓质弥漫性出血,皮质区淋巴小结生发中心萎缩。（3）免疫组化结果显示衣原体包涵体主要分布于肾脏近曲小管、远曲小管,以及脾脏的髓质区。（4）PCR检测显示分离株感染后,肾脏、脾脏、肺脏、肝脏中均呈阳性。在卵巢组织中,高剂量组呈阳性。结论以B10011和CGl分离株人工感染怀孕豚鼠均可导致豚鼠出现流产,且CG1分离株敏感性较高,呈剂量一效应关系;感染豚鼠病理学变化与临床羊流产相似。因此,人工感染豚鼠流产模型可以用于反刍动物嗜流产衣原体病的研究。     

豚鼠高脂血症模型的建立及机制探讨

目的建立豚鼠高脂血症模型,探讨模型形成机制并与大鼠模型进行比较。方法豚鼠模型和大鼠模型1组用低胆固醇（0.1%）饲料诱导,大鼠模型2组用高胆固醇（1%）饲料诱导,连续诱导4周。第3、4周分别取血测定血清脂质水平及CETP表达,4周末剖取肝脏检测肝脏FC、TG、ACAT、CYP7A1等指标。动态观察两种动物形成高脂血症状况。结果与对照组比较,豚鼠模型组于第3周血清TC、LDL-C、TG分别升高3.92倍、3.75倍和1.24倍,4周末血清CETP表达、肝脏ACAT活性明显增加,但肝CYP7A1水平变化不大。大鼠模型1组经低胆固醇饲料诱导4周,血脂水平变化不明显,模型2组经高胆固醇饲料诱导于第3周血清TC、LDL-C分别升高1.24倍和1.54倍,明显低于同期豚鼠模型组,4周末大鼠两个模型组肝CYP7A1活性显著增强,血清TG、CETP水平、肝ACAT活性均未见明显变化。结论豚鼠对高脂饲料较大鼠敏感,是一种比大鼠更理想的高血脂模型动物,模型形成机制与血清CETP表达、肝ACAT及CYP7A1活性变化密切相关。     

豚鼠皮肤光过敏试验方法的建立

目的探索并建立豚鼠光过敏试验的方法。方法采用TBS作为阳性对照物,同时设立阴性对照组。分别于第1天、第4天、第7天对豚鼠皮肤进行UV-A紫外光诱导,诱导剂量紫外光强度为30 J/cm2;于第一次诱导后28 d对豚鼠皮肤采用UV-A紫外光激发,激发强度为9 J/cm2。结果阴性对照组24 h、48 h、及72 h豚鼠光过敏试验阳性率均为0,阳性对照组为24 h、48 h、及72 h豚鼠光过敏试验阳性率均为100%。结论本研究成功建立了豚鼠皮肤光过敏试验模型,TBS可作为阳性对照物。     

桃蚜对不同单色光趋性反应的测定

为了探讨蚜虫对不同色光选择反应的定量指标, 采用滤光片技术测定了有翅和无翅桃蚜Myzus persicae对不同波长单色光的趋性反应。结果表明: 有翅蚜对490~550 nm范围内的单色光表现出明显趋性, 其中对538.9和549.9 nm的绿偏黄色光趋性最强, 平均位移分别达25.29和22.97 cm, 其次为491.5 nm的蓝绿色光, 而对于波长576.0 nm的黄色光并没有表现出明显趋性。无翅蚜对不同单色光的趋性反应则没有明显的峰值, 最高相对平均位移仅1.41。行为测定结果与前人电生理测定的结果基本一致, 说明以位移作为小体昆虫趋光性强弱的指标是可靠的。     

豚鼠腺性膀胱炎模型的建立及尿流动力学的检查

目的探讨豚鼠腺性膀胱炎动物模型的建立方法及尿流动力学检查方法。方法将28只雌性豚鼠分三组：正常对照组、生理盐水对照组和造模组。用膀胱内灌注大肠杆菌的方法制作腺性膀胱炎动物模型,7周后行尿流动力学检查及病理检测。结果尿流动力学检查发现造模组豚鼠储尿期逼尿肌不稳定发生率较正常对照组及生理盐水对照组显著增多（P〈0.001）;正常对照组无腺性膀胱炎病变,生理盐水对照组出现腺性膀胱炎1例,造模组出现7例,造模组与另外两组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,正常对照组与生理盐水对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论膀胱内灌注大肠杆菌可导致腺性膀胱炎,这证实了细菌感染是腺性膀胱炎的病因之一,同时为临床上的抗感染治疗提供了理论依据。此方法可用于建立腺性膀胱炎的动物模型。同时确立了腺性膀胱炎动物模型尿流动力学检查方法。     

不同因素诱导豚鼠肝中金属硫蛋白的研究

通过皮下注射的方法诱导豚鼠产生金属硫蛋白（ＭＴ）,研究了重金属元素（Ｃｄ）、微量元素（Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ）及有机试剂（ＣＣｌ４,在体内可产生自由基）等因素的诱导与豚鼠肝脏中ＭＴ不同亚型的含量及金属结合状态的变化关系．实验结果表明,微量元素及有机试剂的诱导可使豚鼠肝脏中ＭＴ１的产量明显高于ＭＴ２,说明在体内ＭＴ１在参与微量元素的储存及清除自由基功能方面比ＭＴ２强．在重金属元素诱导下体内ＭＴ１对重金属元素的结合量远远大于ＭＴ２．表明ＭＴ１的重金属解毒能力比ＭＴ２强．上述实验结果与对不同亚型ＭＴ生物学功能差异的体外研究结果相吻合．此外,无论采用上述何种因素诱导,所得ＭＴ中均结合有Ｃｕ．对Ｃｕ在ＭＴ形成过程中的作用也进行了初步探讨．     

小型猪腹壁拉链模型的建立

目的建立小型猪腹壁拉链模型并对其生物学特性进行研究,为教学和科研工作的开展提供便利的研究工具。方法通过外科手术的方法将定制的生物拉链固定于小型猪体表,建立小型猪腹壁拉链模型,观察小型猪的体征和精神状态,利用全自动血液分析仪及尿液分析仪对其血液和尿液生化指标进行动态检测。结果模型建立后7-49d小型猪的活动、精神状态良好,其生理生化指标表现稳定,与对照相比无显著变化。结论本课题组建立的小型猪腹壁拉链模型建立后7-49d体征、精神状况良好,生理生化指标稳定,可以推广应用于相关的科研、教学试验。     

Role of Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors on Secretion of Surfactant in Guinea Pig Alveolar Type II Cells

Granular type II cells located in the alveolar epithelium synthesize and secrete pulmonary surfactant and have specialized ion transport system. Alveolar type II cells are stimulated to secrete pulmonary surfactant by a variety of agonists. One mechanism by which extracellular signals are perceived by cells is the mobilization of intracellular Ca²⁺. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are present in both peripheral tissues and central nervous system. We have previously reported the presence of high density PBRs in lung and alveolar type II cells. It is known that both PBRs and beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-ARs) play an important role in cellular Ca²⁺ transport. Furthermore, we have suggested earlier that PBRs are someway functionally associated with the beta-ARs. The objective of the present study was to determine whether PBRs play any role in the secretion of surfactant by alveolar type II cells. Alveolar type II cells were isolated from normal weanling guinea pigs by panning method and incubated with ³H-palmitic acid in minimum essential medium to synthesize labelled dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). After washing, the cells were treated at 37°C for one hour with 10 M isoproterenol (IP) in the presence and absence of 10 M Ro 5-4864, an agonist for PBRs. After one hour, the release of labelled DPPC in the medium was analyzed. The control cells released DPPC without any addition of a ligand. However, the treatment of cells with IP, Ro 5-4864 and IP + Ro 5-4864 caused 24, 52 and 171% increase in the secretion of DPPC, respectively. In another experiment, type II cells were loaded with Fura-2 dye and treated with either IP or epineprine or Ro 5-4864. Both isoproterenol and epinephrine caused a significant increase in the level of cytosolic free Ca²⁺. However, Ro 5-4864 caused not only a decrease in the level of cytosolic free Ca²⁺ but also counteracted the stimulatory effect of IP. This may suggest that while ligands for ARs stimulate Ca²⁺ release into cytosol, the ligand for PBRs stimulates efflux of Ca²⁺ in alveolar type cells. Thus, the increased secretion of surfactant by the ligand of PBRs in alveolar type II cells may be mediated through its effects on increased Ca²⁺ efflux.     

Adenosine Transport by Rat and Guinea Pig Synaptosomes: Basis for Differential Sensitivity to Transport Inhibitors

Adenosine transport by rat and guinea pig synaptosomes was studied to establish the basis for the marked differences in the potency of some transport inhibitors in these species. An analysis of transport kinetics in the presence and absence of nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI) using synaptosomes derived from several areas of rat and guinea pig brain indicated that at least three systems contributed to adenosine uptake, the Km values of which were approximately 0.4, 3, and 15 microM in both species. In both species, the system with the Km of 3 microM was potently (IC50 of approximately 0.3 nM) and selectively inhibited by NBTI. This NBTI-sensitive system accounted for a greater proportion of the total uptake in the guinea pig than in the rat and was inhibited by dipyridamole, mioflazine, and related compounds more potently in the guinea pig. Preliminary experiments with other species indicate that adenosine transport in the mouse is similar to that in the rat, whereas in the dog and rabbit, it is more like that in the guinea pig. In the rat, none of the systems appeared to require Na+, but the two systems possessing the higher affinities for adenosine were inhibited by veratridine- and K(+)-induced depolarization. The transport systems were active over a broad pH range, with maximal activity between pH 6.5 and 7.0. Our results are consistent with the possibility that adenosine transport systems may be differentiated into uptake and release systems.     

单侧输尿管梗阻法制作大鼠肾间质纤维化模型的改进

目的建立改良的大鼠肾间质纤维化模型。方法用单侧输尿管结扎术建立大鼠肾纤维化模型,动态观察4周。治疗的第12、、3周末检测血肌酐、尿素氮含量等指标,观察肾功能变化;4周末采用HE染色、六胺银(periodic acid-silver methenamine,PASM)染色和丽春红染色观察肾组织病理变化。结果模型组大鼠血肌酐、尿素氮均有明显上升;模型组大鼠大部分肾小球呈玻璃样变,硬化的肾小球周围所属肾小管萎缩、基底膜增厚,部分肾小管消失;少数残存的肾小球肥大并周围肾小管扩张严重;肾间质胶原纤维增生和大量炎细胞浸润。结论该模型有明显的肾间质纤维化特征,且死亡率低,适合肾间质纤维化的实验研究。     

子宫内膜异位症大鼠模型的建立及其病理学改变

目的构建子宫内膜异位症（内异症）大鼠动物模型,为阐明内异位症发病机理以及寻找有效的治疗方法提供理想的动物模型。方法取性成熟雌性Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠30只,通过手术将大鼠自体子宫组织移植到子宫旁韧带上,建立诱发型内异症大鼠动物模型。术后8周,再次剖腹观察异位组织的存活情况、病灶大小、与周围组织的粘连程度以及病理学变化。结果25只大鼠有明显的异位病灶。所有病灶都与周围组织有不同程度的粘连,病灶外观呈囊泡状。光镜观察见大部分异位子宫内膜形态和结构与在位子宫内膜基本相同,但内膜细胞、间质细胞、腺体,与在位内膜相比较少。少数病灶只有上皮组织或只有问质组织。结论自体子宫移植法可成功建立内异症大鼠模型。     

Evidence for a Glutamatergic Pathway from the Guinea Pig Auditory Cortex to the Inferior Colliculus

Abstract: We attempt to provide evidence that the projection from the guinea pig auditory cortex (AC) to the inferior colliculus (IC) may contain glutamatergic or GABAergic fibers. Seven days after unilateral AC aspiration, histological studies indicated almost complete AC destruction and preterminal degeneration of fibers and terminal fields in the dorsal cortex (DCIC), external cortex (ECIC), and central nucleus (CNIC) of the IC ipsilateral to the ablated AC. Contralaterally, degeneration appeared in the DCIC. AC ablation depressed the electrically evoked Ca²⁺-dependent release of d -[³H]aspartate ( d -[³H]Asp) in the ipsilateral DCIC, ECIC, and CNIC, and d -[³H]Asp uptake in the CNIC. Together with other evidence that the corticocollicular pathway is excitatory, these findings suggest that this projection may contain glufamatergic and/or aspartatergic (Glu/Asp-ergic) fibers. Glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity was not apparent in presumed pyramidal cells of layer V of the AC retrogradely labeled with biotinylated dextran injected into the ipsilateral IC. Thus, corticocollicular neurons probably do not synthesize GABA and may not be GABAergic. However, AC ablation depressed [¹⁴C]GABA release from the ipsilateral DCIC and ECIC, and [¹⁴C]GABA uptake in the DCIC. These findings are consistent with the atrophy or down-regulation of some subcortical neurons that mediate GABAergic transmission in the IC.