磷脂酰肌醇—4—激酶的免疫分析

在化猪肝微粒体磷脂酰肌醇－４－激酶（ＰＩ－４－Ｋ）的基础上,制备该酶的免疫血清,提纯ＩｇＧ,并建立了ＰＩ４－Ｋ的ＥＬＩＳＡ,进行不同组织中ＰＩ４－Ｋ的免疫沉淀分析和免疫定量。结果证明：猪肝微粒体ＰＩ４－Ｋ的抗血清或抗体ＩｇＧ可沉淀猪肾和猪肺的微粒膜,猪肝细胞膜和人中性粒细胞细胞膜ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００增溶液（ＴＸＳＭ）中的ＰＩ４－Ｋ表明不同组织,不同亚细胞和不同种属的ＰＩ４－Ｋ有相似的抗原性。猪肝     

番茄叶片胞外β－半乳糖苷酶的纯化和性质

健康或系统感染ＴＭＶ的番茄叶片胞外都存在高比活可溶性β－半乳糖苷酶。系统感染ＴＭＶ的番茄叶胞外提取液经冰冻干燥浓缩、－２０℃丙酮沉淀、ＣＭ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＣ－２５阳离子交换层析、ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－２５阴离子交换层析和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１５０凝胶层析纯化．获得ＰＡＧＥ和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ均一的β－半乳糖苷酶。该酶的分子量为７４ｋＤ．酶蛋白带能被过碘酸－Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ试剂染成桃红色,属糖蛋白。β－半乳精苷酶无论在健康或系统感染ＴＭＶ的番茄叶中,均为主要的胞外蛋白组分之一。     

慈菇（Sagittaria safittifolia）α－半乳糖苷酶的纯化与性质

以对硝基苯糖苷基为底物,测定了慈菇的１２种糖苷酶,其中α－甘露糖苷酶、α－和β－半乳糖苷酶活力较高;经硫酸铵分级沉淀,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１５０分子筛层析,ＣｏｎＡＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析,ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＣＬ－６Ｂ离子交换层析,从慈菇抽提液纯化了α－半乳糖苷酶。纯化酶的比活提高１０７２倍,活力回收１５．６％,在圆盘聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ上均显示１条蛋白质带,在α－半乳糖苷酶浓度为１５０ｍＵ／ｍｌ的溶液中测不到其他糖苷酶的活力。慈菇α－半乳糖苷酶的分子量用ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００凝胶过滤柱测定或在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ上测定均为６０ｋＤ,酶反应的最适ｐＨ在５．８附近,最适温度为６０℃。该酶分解对硝基苯基－α－半乳糖苷的Ｋ＿ｍ值为３．７×１０￣（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖ＿ｍ值为２．１×１０￣（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。银离子、汞离子显著抑制酶活力,Ｄ－半乳糖和密二糖均竞争性地抑制该酶水解对硝基苯基α－Ｄ－半乳糖苷的活力,根据Ｄｉｘｏｎ作图求得其Ｋ＿ｉ值分别为０．９２×１０￣（－３）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１．９８×１０￣（－３）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。２－脱氧－Ｄ－半乳糖和Ｌ－岩藻糖为酶活力的非竞争性抑制剂。化学修饰     

重组FAS分子的表达、纯化及抗体制备

用ＰＣＲ法扩增出编码人ＦＡＳ分子胞外区的ｃＤＮＡ片段,直接克隆到ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ载体上,经ＤＮＡ序列测定后,再插入到谷胱甘肽转硫酶（ＧＳＴ）融合蛋白表达载体ｐＧＥＸ－ＫＧ的ＥｃｏＲⅠ和ＳａｌⅠ位点之间,构成重组质粒ｐＫＧ－ｈＦＡＳ,将此质粒导入大肠杆菌,经ＩＰＴＧ诱导后获得ＧＳＴ－ｈＦＡＳ重组融合蛋白的表达,用谷胱甘肽偶联的Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ经亲合层析获得纯化的ＧＳＴ－ｈＦＡＳ蛋白,经凝血酶酶切和二次亲合层析去除ＧＳＴ部分,得到纯化的ＦＡＳ蛋白．用纯化的ＦＡＳ抗原免疫家兔制备了抗ＦＡＳ抗体,经检测发现抗ＦＡＳ抗体能诱导Ｕ９３７细胞发生细胞凋亡     

猪肝微粒体NADH－细胞色素b_5还原酶的纯化及特性分析

采用硫酸铵分级分离,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００凝胶过滤,ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素离子交换层析以及５＇－ＡＭＰ～Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析,从猪肝微粒体中纯化得到可溶性的ＮＡＤＨ－细胞色素ｂ５还原酶,提纯倍数为７５０～８００。总回收率为４０％左右。纯化的酶是典型的黄素蛋白吸收光谱,Ａ２７３／Ａ４６０比值为５．８。在ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酸胺凝胶电泳板上呈单一的蛋白质区带,分子量为３２ｋｄ。ＮＡＤＨ和２,６－二氯酚靛酚的Ｋｍ值分别为２４和４５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,以２,６－二氯酚靛酚为底物时,该还原酶的催化作用可能为乒乓机制。该酶的纯化为分子水平研究其反应机制及制备相应的抗体以建立免疫学检测方法创造了条件。     

利用HSV—TK基因治疗肝癌的离体研究

利用ＤＮＡ重组技术，将ＨＳＶ－ＴＫ基因克隆至逆转录病毒载体（ＸＭ－６／ＴＫ）。经ＰＡ３１７细胞包装后，转染人肝癌细胞ＨｅｐＧ２。结果显示，ＸＭ－６／ＴＫ转染ＨｅｐＧ２细胞与野生型相比，其生长特点和细胞形态未有改变。给予抗病毒药物－环氧鸟苷（Ｇａｎｃｉｃｌｏｖｉｒ，ＧＣＶ）后，转染细胞生长受到严重抑制，细胞数量明显降低。细胞学检查证实，ＧＣＶ处理后，转染细胞的死亡率显著增加。本结果提示，应用ＨＳＶ－ＴＫ基因治疗肝癌可能为一种治疗肿瘤新的方法     

PAF对肺内小动脉平滑肌细胞TXA_2，PGI_2乃Ca~（2＋）－ATPase的影响

本工作采用分离培养家兔肺内小动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣｓ），观察了外源性血小板活化因子（ｐｌａｔｅｌｅｔａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒ，ＰＡＦ）、ＢＮ５２０２１（ＰＡＦ受体拮抗剂）、吲哚美辛、维拉帕米对ＰＡＳＭＣｓ产生血栓素Ａ_２（ＴｘＡ_２）、前列环素（ＰＧＩ_２）及对细胞膜Ｃａ~（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的影响。结果表明：（１）基础状态下ＰＡＳＭＣｓ存在花生四烯酸（ＡＡ）代谢。（２）外源性ＰＡＦ通过受体后途径激活环加氧酶促进ＡＡ代谢致ＴＸＡ_２及ＰＧＩ－２增加，ＴＸＡ_２／ＰＧＩ_２比值无明显变化。（３）外源性ＰＡＦ能直接抑制Ｃａ~（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力。（４）维拉帕米可逆转ＰＡＦ抑制ＰＡＳＭＣｓ膜Ｃａ~（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力的效应。     

志贺氏Ⅰ型痢疾杆菌O—特异性多糖与破伤风类毒素结合疫苗 …

从志贺氏１型痢疾村菌ＬＰＳ中分离纯化出料捩的,以ＡＤＨ为连接剂将其与ＴＴ结合形成Ｏ－ＳＰ－ＴＴ结合疫苗,并用此结合疫苗免疫ＮＩＨ小鼠,结果显示使用Ｏ－ＳＰ免疫后,小鼠血清中没有抗ＬＰＳ抗体产生,而用Ｌ－ＳＰ－ＴＴ免疫后鼠血清中生了抗ＬＰＳＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ抗体,且ＩｇＧ抗体水平高于ＩｇＭ抗体;Ｏ－ＳＰ－ＴＴ免疫组等二次和第三次免疫后ＩｇＧ我有显著的升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,但第二次和第三次免疫后血清ＩｇＭ     

GL—7—ACA酰化酶在大肠杆菌中的分泌表达

利用来自假单胞菌的ＧＬ－７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶的信号肽和表达元件基因片段构建了ＧＬ－０７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶的分泌型高表达质粒ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ和ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ,其中ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ为ＩＰＴＧ诱导型质粒,ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ为组成型质粒。ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ和ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ转入受体菌ＴＧ１中都可高表达ＧＬ－７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶基因并将表达产物转运到周质空间,完整细胞酰楷酶比活力分别为２３．９单位每克菌体和１８．３单位每克菌体     

TORCH系列病原体感染在产科的初步研究

本文应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测ＴＯＲＣＨ系列抗体,初步调查了产科孕产妇、异常妊娠史妇女及部分其它病人此类抗体水平。ＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ阳性率,孕产妇１１．７％（６０／５４２）,不良妊娠史妇女２１．４３％（１５／７０）,其它病８．８２％（１５／１０７）;ＲＵＶ－ＩｇＭ阳性率孕产妇１５．７％（８５／５４２）,不良妊娠史妇女为３１．４％（２２／７０）;ＴＯＸ－ＩｇＭ阳性率分别为１６．９％（９２／５     

The demonstration of a specific 5'-nucleotidase activity in rat tissues.

5′-Nucleotidase has been partially purified from rat liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, brain and skeletal muscle. The majority of the enzyme activity in each of these tissues was insoluble in 1% of Triton X-100, solubilized in 2% Triton X-100,1% sodium deoxycholate, and stable to incubation at 50 °C for 5 min. The partially purified enzyme from each tissue exhibited the same pH optimum, was inhibited by concanavalin A, and was inhibited in an identical manner by antibody to highly purified 5′-nucleotidase from liver. Since the enzyme is usually concentrated in the plasma membrane (De Pierre, J. W. and Karnovsky, M. L. (1973) J. Cell Biol., 56, 275–303), the results indicate that the enzyme may represent a convenient and general marker for this organelle in rat tissues.     

Characterization of the mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase enzyme system. II. Use of detergents and antibodies

Exposure of rat liver mitochondrial membranes to octyl glucoside, Triton X-100, or Tween 20 solubilized an active and tetradecylglycidyl-CoA (TG-CoA)-insensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase (presumed to be carnitine palmitoyltransferase II). The residual membranes after octyl glucoside or Triton X-100 treatment were devoid of all transferase activity. By contrast, Tween 20-extracted membranes were still rich in transferase; this was completely blocked by TG-CoA and thus was presumed to be carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. The residual carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity disappeared from the membranes upon subsequent addition of octyl glucoside or Triton X-100 and could not be recovered in the supernatant fraction. Antibody raised against purified rat liver transferase II (Mr 80,000) recognized only this protein in immunoblots from untreated liver mitochondrial membranes containing both transferases I and II. Tween 20-extracted membranes, which contained only transferase I, did not react with the antibody. Purified transferase II from skeletal muscle (also of Mr 80,000) was readily recognized by the antiserum, suggesting antigenic similarity with the liver enzyme. These and other studies on the effects of detergents on the mitochondrial [3H]TG-CoA binding protein provide further support for the model of carnitine palmitoyltransferase proposed in the preceding paper. They suggest that: 1) carnitine palmitoyltransferases I and II in rat liver are immunologically distinct proteins; 2) transferase I is more firmly anchored into its membrane environment than transferase II; 3) association of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I with a membrane component(s) is necessary for catalytic activity. While carnitine palmitoyltransferase I is a different protein in liver and muscle, it seems likely that both tissues share the same transferase II.     

The metabolism of neuropeptides. Phase separation of synaptic membrane preparations with Triton X-114 reveals the presence of aminopeptidase N.

The property of solutions of Triton X-114 to separate into detergent-rich and detergent-poor phases at 30 degrees C has been exploited to investigate the identities of the aminopeptidases in synaptic membrane preparations from pig striatum. When titrated with an antiserum to aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2), synaptic membranes solubilized with Triton X-100 revealed that this enzyme apparently comprises no more than 5% of the activity releasing tyrosine from [Leu]enkephalin. When assayed in the presence of puromycin, this proportion increased to 20%. Three integral membrane proteins were fractionated by phase separation in Triton X-114. Aminopeptidase activity, endopeptidase-24.11 and peptidyl dipeptidase A partitioned predominantly into the detergent-rich phase when kidney microvillar membranes were so treated. However, only 5.5% of synaptic membrane aminopeptidase activity partitioned into this phase, although the other peptidases behaved predictably. About half of the aminopeptidase activity in the detergent-rich phase could now be titrated with the antiserum, showing that aminopeptidase N is an integral membrane protein of this preparation. Three aminopeptidase inhibitors were investigated for their ability to discriminate between the different activities revealed by these experiments. Although amastatin was the most potent (IC50 = 5 X 10(-7) M) it failed to discriminate between pure kidney aminopeptidase N, the total activity of solubilized synaptic membranes and that in the Triton X-114-rich phase. Bestatin was slightly more potent for total activity (IC50 = 6.3 X 10(-6) M) than for the other two forms (IC50 = 1.6 X 10(-5) M). Puromycin was a weak inhibitor, but was more selective. The activity of solubilized membranes was more sensitive (IC50 = 1.6 X 10(-5) M) than that of the pure enzyme or the Triton X-114-rich phase (IC50 = 4 X 10(-4) M). We suggest that the puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase activity that predominates in crude synaptic membrane preparations may be a cytosolic contaminant or peripheral membrane protein rather than an integral membrane component. Aminopeptidase N may contribute to the extracellular metabolism of enkephalin and other susceptible neuropeptides in the brain.     

Analysis of renal immune-deposits in canine leishmaniasis. Preliminary results

Previous studies carried out on 34 dogs spontaneously infected by Leishmania infantum showed the presence of kidney lesions characterized by immunologically mediated glomerular and tubular damage. Glomerular immune-deposits were studied in 13 of these dogs. Immunoglobulins were isolated from kidney tissues by acid elution; IgG fractions from eluates, obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation, were subjected to clonotypic analysis by autoradiography after isoelectrofocusing (IEF) using 125I radiolabelled goat IgG fraction-anti Fab2 of dog IgG. Idiotypic characterization of IgG eluted from kidney tissues was performed by IEF and autoradiography using both 125I radiolabelled membrane antigens of L. infantum extracted by Triton x 100 and 125I radiolabelled dog IgG for rheumatoid or anti-idiotypic activity. The IgG deposited in the kidney tissues of examined dogs were polyclonal and a specific activity against Leishmania membrane antigens was revealed. Meanwhile an anti-IgG activity of deposited immunoglobulins was not observed.     

Signal enhancement at the electron microscopic level using Nanogold and gold-based autometallography

We investigated the enzyme cytochemical localization of sarcosine oxidase (SOX) in the liver and kidney of several mammals using a cerium technique. First we measured the enzyme activities in the liver and kidney of several mammals and in several organs of mice. The highest activity was found in the Chinese hamster, followed by the mouse. Therefore, we used hamster and mouse tissues for enzyme cytochemistry. The liver and kidneys were fixed by perfusion with various concentrations of glutaraldehyde for 10 min. Tissue slices were incubated in reaction medium consisting of 50 mM TRIS-maleate buffer (pH 7.8), 9 mM sodium azide, 9.8 mM sarcosine, 25 microM FAD, 2 mM cerium chloride, 0.002% saponin, and 0.003% Triton X-100 for 0.5-8 h at 37 degrees C. Optimum staining reaction was obtained in tissues fixed with 0.2% glutaraldehyde, followed by incubation for 2-4 h. Electron-dense reaction products were present exclusively in peroxisomes. Within the peroxisomes strong reactions were observed in the matrix subjacent to the limiting membrane decreasing toward the center. The staining reaction was completely inhibited by 2 mM N-bromosuccinimide. These results indicated that SOX is a peroxisomal enzyme and that the enzyme might be associated with the peroxisomal membrane.     

Phosphate-dependent glutaminase from rat kidney. Cause of increased activity in response to acidosis and identity with glutaminase from other tissues.

Immune serum was prepared against phosphate-dependent glutaminase purified from rat kidney and was used to investigate the cause of increased renal glutaminase activity in acidotic rats. Crude kidney homogenates from acidotic rats exhibited a fourfold greater specific activity for phosphate-dependent glutaminase. The glutaminase was solubilized initially by lyophilization of borate treated mitochondria with a 40–60% recovery and with maintenance of threefold difference in specific activity. Both preparations showed the same equivalence point in a quantitative precipitin experiment. To confirm these results, phosphate-dependent glutaminase was also solubilized by treatment of mitochondria isolated from normal and acidotic rat kidney cortex with 1% Triton X-100. The two preparations exhibited a fivefold difference in specific activity and again showed the same equivalence point in a quantitative precipitin experiment. These results indicate that the cause of increased phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity during acidosis is due to the presence of an increased amount of this enzyme. The antiserum prepared against the kidney phosphate-dependent glutaminase did not crossreact with glutaminase solubilized from rat liver mitochondria. But, rat brain mitochondria do contain a phosphate-dependent glutaminase that is immunologically identical to the enzyme from rat kidney.     

Subcellular distribution of phospholipid-sensitive calcium-dependent protein kinase in guinea pig heart,spleen and cerebral cortex,and inhibition of the enzyme by Triton X-100

The subcellular distribution of phospholipid-sensitive Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinase in guinea pig heart was found to be: cytosol, 73%; microsome, 18%; plasma membrane, 9%; nuclei and mitochondria, < 0.1%. The enzyme in spleen and cerebral cortex was distributed nearly equally in the cytosolic and total (unfractionated) particulate fractions. The particulate enzyme in heart was released by EGTA (2.5 mM) alone but not by Triton X-100 (0.3%) alone, although a combination of the two was most effective. On the other hand, the particulate enzyme in spleen and cerebral cortex was released only by a combination of Triton X-100 and EGTA. Triton X-100 inhibited the enzyme, and this inhibition was reversed by phosphatidylserine (a phospholipid cofactor for the enzyme). The detergent, however, was without effect on cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases.     

Immunological cross-reactivity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidases from human and rat kidney, liver, and bile

Antisera to purified gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma GTP) from human and rat kidney were prepared, and their reactivities toward purified gamma GTP from kidney, liver, and bile were tested. The following results were obtained: 1. On double immunodiffusion, Triton-solubilized gamma GTP, and papain-solubilized gamma GTP from rat kidney gave single precipitin lines which fused completely against antiserum to the purified enzyme from rat kidney. 2. An antigen-antibody complex of human kidney gamma GTP retained about 50% of the catalytic activity of the antigen. 3. Double immunodiffusion showed that the enzymes from human liver, kidney, and bile were immunologically identical. 4. Antiserum to rat kidney gamma GTP partially cross reacted with human gamma GTP, but antiserum to human gamma GTP reacted only very weakly with rat gamma GTP. It is concluded that gamma GTP of human liver, kidney, and bile are immunologically identical and that rat gamma GTP and human gamma GTP have certain antigenic determinants in common.     

Differences in properties of cytosol and membrane-derived protein kinases.

Adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase present in membrane fractions of bovine brain, heart, liver, and muscle was solubilized with Triton X-100. Certain properties of the membrane-derived enzyme were compared with those of two adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinases present in the cytosol fractions from each of the same tissues. The properties studied included chromatographic behavior on DEAE-cellulose columns, specificity with respect to substrate proteins, and sensitivity to NaCl and Triton X-100. The membrane-derived enzyme from each tissue had properties similar to those of the membrane-derived enzyme from each of the other tissues. Moreover, the cytosol enzymes from each tissue had properties similar to those of the corresponding enzymes in the cytosol from each of the other tissues. However, for any given tissue, the properties of the membrane-derived enzyme differed from those of the cytosol enzymes, possibly reflecting different functional roles for the membrane-bound and cytosol enzymes.     

Genetically controlled quantitative variation of ornithine transcarbamylase in the chick kidney

This experiment was made to show that the marked variation in ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity observed within a chicken breed or among breeds is due to quantitative changes, not qualitative ones. The enzyme was partially purified from three different chicken breeds, the White Leghorn B line, the Cochin Bantam breed, and a commercial line named "G," by the following steps: (i) extraction of OTC with Triton X-100 and cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide, (ii) heating, and (iii) salting-out column chromatography. No difference was shown immunologically, enzymologically, or physicochemically among the partially purified OTCs. The enzyme amount determined using anti-bovine OTC antiserum was related linearly to the enzyme activity either from the same chicken breed or from different breeds. These results suggest that marked variation in OTC activity reflects variation in the amount of enzyme synthesized in the kidney, and this is controlled by regulatory genes encoded on an autosome, not the structural gene.