Hydrogen sulfide protects H9c2 cells against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress

The roles of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity are still unclear. This study aimed to dissect the hypothesis that H(2)S could protect H9c2 cells against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting ER stress. Our results showed that exposure of H9c2 cells to DOX significantly inhibited the expression and activity of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), a synthetase of H(2)S, accompanied by the decreased cell viability and the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In addition, exposure of cells to H(2)O(2) (an exogenous ROS) mimicked the inhibitory effect of DOX on the expression and activity of CSE. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-L: -cysteine (NAC) (a ROS scavenger) attenuated intracellular ROS accumulation, cytotoxicity, and the inhibition of expression and activity of CSE induced by DOX. Notably, the ER stress-related proteins, including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were obviously upregulated in DOX-treated H9c2 cells. Pretreatment with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a H(2)S donor) before DOX exposure markedly suppressed DOX-induced overexpressions of GRP78 and CHOP, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that ROS-mediated inhibition of CSE is involved in DOX-induced cytotoxicity in H9c2 cells, and that exogenous H(2)S can confer protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity partly through inhibition of ER stress.     

熊去氧胆酸对阿霉素诱导的H9c2心肌细胞的影响及机制研究

目的:探讨熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)对阿霉素(DOX)诱导的H9c2心肌细胞损伤的影响及机制.方法:体外培养H9c2细胞,1 μMDOX和不同浓度UDCA处理H9c2,CCK-8法测定细胞活力;实时定量聚合酶链反应检测心肌细胞凋亡分子Bax及炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6的表达;Western blotting检测UDCA对...     

Nitric oxide decreases the sensitivity of pulmonary endothelial cells to LPS-induced apoptosis in a zinc-dependent fashion

We hypothesized that: (a) S-nitrosylation of metallothionein (MT) is a component of pulmonary endothelial cell nitric oxide (NO) signaling that is associated with an increase in labile zinc; and (b) NO mediated increases in labile zinc in turn reduce the sensitivity of pulmonary endothelium to LPS-induced apoptosis. We used microspectrofluorometric techniques to show that exposing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLEC) to the NO-donor, S-nitrosocysteine, resulted in a 45% increase in fluorescence of the Zn2+-specific fluorophore, Zinquin, that was rapidly reversed by exposure to the Zn2+ chelator, NNN'N'-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine; TPEN). The absence of a NO-mediated increase in labile Zn2+ in MLEC from MT-I and -II knockout mice inferred a critical role for MT in the regulation of Zn2+ homeostasis by NO. Furthermore, we found that prior exposure of cultured endothelial cells from sheep pulmonary artery (SPAEC), to the NO-donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) reduced their sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic effects of NO were significantly inhibited by Zn2+ chelation with low doses of TPEN (10 microM). Collectively, these data suggest that S-nitrosylation of MT is associated with an increase in labile (TPEN chelatable) zinc and NO-mediated MT dependent zinc release is associated with reduced sensitivity to LPS-induced apoptosis in pulmonary endothelium.     

Nitric oxide decreases the sensitivity of pulmonary endothelial cells to LPS-induced apoptosis in a zinc-dependent fashion

We hypothesized that: (a) S-nitrosylation of metallothionein (MT) is a component of pulmonary endothelial cell nitric oxide (NO) signaling that is associated with an increase in labile zinc; and (b) NO mediated increases in labile zinc in turn reduce the sensitivity of pulmonary endothelium to LPS-induced apoptosis. We used microspectrofluorometric techniques to show that exposing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLEC) to the NO-donor, S-nitrosocysteine, resulted in a 45% increase in fluorescence of the Zn²⁺-specific fluorophore, Zinquin, that was rapidly reversed by exposure to the Zn²⁺ chelator, NNNN-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine; TPEN). The absence of a NO-mediated increase in labile Zn²⁺ in MLEC from MT-I and -II knockout mice inferred a critical role for MT in the regulation of Zn²⁺ homeostasis by NO. Furthermore, we found that prior exposure of cultured endothelial cells from sheep pulmonary artery (SPAEC), to the NO-donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) reduced their sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic effects of NO were significantly inhibited by Zn²⁺ chelation with low doses of TPEN (10 M). Collectively, these data suggest that S-nitrosylation of MT is associated with an increase in labile (TPEN chelatable) zinc and NO-mediated MT dependent zinc release is associated with reduced sensitivity to LPS-induced apoptosis in pulmonary endothelium.     

Manipulation of Cardiac Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Akt Signaling by Apoptosis Regulator through Modulating IAP Expression (ARIA) Regulates Cardiomyocyte Death during Doxorubicin-induced Cardiomyopathy

PI3K/Akt signaling plays an important role in the regulation of cardiomyocyte death machinery, which can cause stress-induced cardiac dysfunction. Here, we report that apoptosis regulator through modulating IAP expression (ARIA), a recently identified transmembrane protein, regulates the cardiac PI3K/Akt signaling and thus modifies the progression of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy. ARIA is highly expressed in the mouse heart relative to other tissues, and it is also expressed in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. The stable expression of ARIA in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells increased the levels of membrane-associated PTEN and subsequently reduced the PI3K/Akt signaling and the downstream phosphorylation of Bad, a proapoptotic BH3-only protein. When challenged with DOX, ARIA-expressing H9c2 cells exhibited enhanced apoptosis, which was reversed by the siRNA-mediated silencing of Bad. ARIA-deficient mice exhibited normal heart morphology and function. However, DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction was significantly ameliorated in conjunction with reduced cardiomyocyte death and cardiac fibrosis in ARIA-deficient mice. Phosphorylation of Akt and Bad was substantially enhanced in the heart of ARIA-deficient mice even after treatment with DOX. Moreover, repressing the PI3K by cardiomyocyte-specific expression of dominant-negative PI3K (p110α) abolished the cardioprotective effects of ARIA deletion. Notably, targeted activation of ARIA in cardiomyocytes but not in endothelial cells reduced the cardiac PI3K/Akt signaling and exacerbated the DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction. These studies, therefore, revealed a previously undescribed mode of manipulating cardiac PI3K/Akt signaling by ARIA, thus identifying ARIA as an attractive new target for the prevention of stress-induced myocardial dysfunction.     

Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) Protein Attenuates Doxorubicin-induced Oxidative Stress and Improves Mitochondrial Respiration in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent effective in the treatment of many cancers. However, cardiac dysfunction caused by DOX limits its clinical use. DOX is believed to be harmful to cardiomyocytes by interfering with the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin and causing inefficient electron transfer resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) is a class III lysine deacetylase that is localized to the mitochondria and regulates mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress resistance enzymes such as superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2). The purpose of this study was to determine whether SIRT3 prevents DOX-induced mitochondrial ROS production. Administration of DOX to mice suppressed cardiac SIRT3 expression, and DOX induced a dose-dependent decrease in SIRT3 and SOD2 expression in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. SIRT3-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts produced significantly more ROS in the presence of DOX compared with wild-type cells. Overexpression of wild-type SIRT3 increased cardiolipin levels and rescued mitochondrial respiration and SOD2 expression in DOX-treated H9c2 cardiomyocytes and attenuated the amount of ROS produced following DOX treatment. These effects were absent when a deacetylase-deficient SIRT3 was expressed in H9c2 cells. Our results suggest that overexpression of SIRT3 attenuates DOX-induced ROS production, and this may involve increased SOD2 expression and improved mitochondrial bioenergetics. SIRT3 activation could be a potential therapy for DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction.     

Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes is ameliorated by nitrone spin traps and ebselen. Role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a broad spectrum anthracycline antibiotic used to treat a variety of cancers. Redox activation of DOX to form reactive oxygen species has been implicated in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. In this work we investigated DOX-induced apoptosis in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes isolated from adult rat heart. Exposure of bovine aortic endothelial cells or myocytes to submicromolar levels of DOX induced significant apoptosis as measured by DNA fragmentation and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated nick-end labeling assays. Pretreatment of cells with 100 microm nitrone spin traps, N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) or alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN) dramatically inhibited DOX-induced apoptosis. Ebselen (20-50 microm), a glutathione peroxidase mimetic, also significantly inhibited apoptosis. DOX (0.5-1 microm) inactivated mitochondrial complex I by a superoxide-dependent mechanism. PBN (100 microm), POBN (100 microm), and ebselen (50 microm) restored complex I activity. These compounds also inhibited DOX-induced caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c release. PBN and ebselen also restored glutathione levels in DOX-treated cells. We conclude that nitrone spin traps and ebselen inhibit the DOX-induced apoptotic signaling mechanism and that this antiapoptotic mechanism may be linked in part to the inhibition in formation or scavenging of hydrogen peroxide. Therapeutic strategies to mitigate DOX cardiotoxicity should be reexamined in light of these emerging antiapoptotic mechanisms of antioxidants.     

Cardiolipin nanodisks confer protection against doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an aqueous soluble anthracycline therapeutic widely used in cancer treatment. Although DOX anti-cancer activity is dose-dependent, increased dosage enhances the risk of cardiotoxicity. Despite intensive investigation, the molecular basis of this undesirable side effect has yet to be established. In addition to serving as a DNA intercalation agent, DOX is known to bind to the signature mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL). Consistent with this, DOX associates with aqueous soluble nanoparticles, termed nanodisks (ND), comprised solely of CL and an apolipoprotein scaffold. Fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed that DOX uptake, and targeting to the nucleus of cultured hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) or breast cancer (MCF7) cells, was unaffected by its association with CL-ND. Subsequent studies revealed that free DOX and DOX-CL-ND were equivalent in terms of growth inhibition activity in both cell lines. By contrast, in studies with H9C2 cardiomyocytes, DOX-CL-ND induced a lesser concentration-dependent decline in cell viability than free DOX. Whereas incubation of H9C2 cardiomyocytes with free DOX caused a steep decline in maximal oxygen consumption rate, DOX-CL-ND treated cells were largely unaffected. The data indicate that association of DOX with CL-ND does not diminish its cancer cell growth inhibition activity yet confers protection to cardiomyocytes from DOX-induced effects on aerobic respiration. This study illustrates that interaction with CL plays a role in DOX-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and suggests CL-ND provide a tool for investigating the mechanistic basis of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.     

LPS-induced decrease in intracellular labile zinc, [Zn]i, contributes to apoptosis in cultured sheep pulmonary artery endothelial cells

A role in signal transduction for a vanishingly small labile pool of intracellular zinc ([Zn](i)) has been inferred by the sensitivity of various physiological pathways to zinc chelators such as N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) and/or associations with changes in nonprotein-bound zinc-sensitive fluorophores. Although we (44) reported that LPS-induced apoptosis in cultured sheep pulmonary artery endothelial cells (SPAEC) was exacerbated by TPEN, 1) we did not detect acute (30 min) changes in [Zn](i), and 2) it is unclear from other reports whether LPS increases or decreases [Zn](i) and whether elevations or decreases in [Zn](i) are associated with cell death and/or apoptosis. In the present study, we used both chemical (FluoZin-3 via live cell epifluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting) and genetic (luciferase activity of a chimeric reporter encoding zinc-sensitive metal-response element and changes in steady-state mRNA of zinc importer, SLC39A14 or ZIP14) techniques to show that LPS caused a delayed time-dependent (2-4 h) decrease in [Zn](i) in SPAEC. A contributory role of decreases in [Zn](i) in LPS-induced apoptosis (as determined by caspase-3/7 activation, annexin-V binding, and cytochrome c release) in SPAECs was revealed by mimicking the effect of LPS with the zinc chelator, TPEN, and inhibiting LPS- (or TPEN)-induced apoptosis with exogenous zinc. Collectively, these are the first data demonstrating a signaling role for decrease in [Zn](i) in pulmonary endothelial cells and suggest that endogenous levels of labile zinc may affect sensitivity of pulmonary endothelium to the important and complex proapoptotic stimulus of LPS.     

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease levels of doxorubicin-induced reactive oxygen species in cardiomyocytes -- involvement of uncoupling protein UCP2

Background

Use of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) is associated with serious cardiotoxicity, as it increases levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary supplements can be of benefit to patients undergoing cancer therapy. The aims of this study were to determine whether DOX-induced cardiotoxicity is related to mitochondrial uncoupling proteins and whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) affects DOX-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity.

Results

Treatment of H9C2 cells with DOX resulted in decreased cell viability and UCP2 expression. Treatment with 100 μM EPA or 50 μM DHA for 24 h resulted in a maximal mitochondria concentration of these fatty acids and increased UCP2 expression. Pretreatment with 100 μM EPA or 50 μM DHA prevented the DOX-induced decrease in UCP2 mRNA and protein levels, but these effects were not seen with EPA or DHA and DOX cotreatment. In addition, the DOX-induced increase in ROS production and subsequent mitochondrial membrane potential change (∆ψ) were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with EPA or DHA.

Conclusion

EPA or DHA pre-treatment inhibits the DOX-induced decrease in UCP2 expression, increase in ROS production, and subsequent mitochondrial membrane potential change that contribute to the cardiotoxicity of DOX.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-014-0101-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Prolyl hydroxylase 3 interacts with Bcl-2 to regulate doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells

Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) are dioxygenases that use oxygen as a co-substrate to hydroxylate proline residues. Three PHD isoforms (PHD1, PHD2 and PHD3) have been identified in mammalian cells. PHD3 expression is upregulated in some cardiac diseases such as cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and congestive heart failure, all of which are associated with apoptosis. However, the role of PHDs in cardiomyocyte apoptosis remains unknown. Here, we have found that exposure of embryonic rat heart-derived H9c2 cells to doxorubicin (DOX) induced cell apoptosis as evaluated by caspase-3/7 activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and cell viability, and that this apoptosis was linked to PHD3 upregulation. PHD inhibition or PHD3 silencing substantially ameliorated DOX-induced apoptosis, but PHD1 or PHD2 knockdown did not significantly influence apoptosis. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation experiments showed that PHD3 upregulation reduced the formation of the Bax-Bcl-2 complex, inhibiting the anti-apoptotic effect of Bcl-2. Thus, PHD3 upregulation may be partially responsible for DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via its interaction with Bcl-2. Inhibition of PHD3 is likely to be cardioprotective against apoptosis in some heart disorders.     

Role of calcineurin in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced myocardial cell hypertrophy and apoptosis

Summary Background and objective Periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) increased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis whereas Actinobaeillus actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia had no effects. The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of calcineurin signaling pathway in P.␣gingivalis-induced H9c2 myocardial cell hypertrophy and apoptosis. Methods DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation, cellular morphology, calcineurin protein, Bcl2-associated death promoter (Bad) and nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT)-3 protein products in cultured H9c2 myocardial cell were measured by agarose gel electrophoresis, DAPI, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting following P.␣gingivalis and/or pre-administration of CsA (calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin A). Results P. gingivalis not only increased calcineurin protein, NFAT-3 protein products and cellular hypertrophy, but also increased DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation and Bad protein products in H9c2 cells. The increased cellular sizes, DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation, and Bad of H9c2 cells treated with P. gingivalis were all significantly reduced after pre-administration of CsA. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the activity of calcineurin signal pathway may be initiated by P. gingivalis and further lead to cell hypertrophy and death in culture H9c2 myocardial cells. Supported by the National Science Council, Taiwan     

Zinc depletion induces JNK/p38 phosphorylation and suppresses Akt/mTOR expression in acute promyelocytic NB4 cells

BackgroundMyeloid leukemia is associated with reduced serum zinc and increased intracellular zinc. Our previous studies found that zinc depletion by TPEN induced apoptosis with PML-RARα oncoprotein degradation in acute promyelocytic NB4 cells. The effect of zinc homeostasis on intracellular signaling pathways in myeloid leukemia cells remains unclear.ObjectiveThis study examined how zinc homeostasis affected MAPK and Akt/mTOR pathways in NB4 cells.MethodsWe used western blotting to detect the activation of p38 MAPK, JNK, ERK1/2, and Akt/mTOR pathways in NB4 cells stimulated with the zinc chelator TPEN. Whether the effects of TPEN on these pathways could be reversed by zinc or the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was further explored by western blotting. We used Zinpyr-1 staining to assess the role of SNP on labile zinc levels in NB4 cells treated with TPEN. In additional, we evaluated expressional correlations between the zinc-binding protein Metallothionein-2A (MT2A) and genes related to MAPKs and Akt/mTOR pathways in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) based on the TCGA database.ResultsZinc depletion by TPEN activated p38 and JNK phosphorylation in NB4 cells, whereas ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased first and then decreased. The protein expression levels of Akt and mTOR were downregulated by TPEN. The nitric oxide donor SNP promotes zinc release in NB4 cells under zinc depletion conditions. We further found that the effects of zinc depletion on MAPK and Akt/mTOR pathways in NB4 cells can be reversed by exogenous zinc supplementation or treatment with the nitric oxide donor SNP. By bioinformatics analyses based on the TCGA database, we demonstrated that MT2A expression was negatively correlated with the expression of JNK, and was positively correlated with the expression of ERK1 and Akt in AML.ConclusionOur findings indicate that zinc plays a critical role in leukemia cells and help understanding how zinc depletion induces apoptosis.     

硫化氢通过调控SIRT1抑制阿霉素诱导的H9c2细胞损伤

目的探讨硫化氢（H₂S）对阿霉素（DOX）诱导的H9c2细胞损伤的影响及其作用机制。 方法H₂S对DOX心肌毒性保护作用的实验分组为：对照组（Control组）,5?μmol/?L DOX处理组（A组）,5?μmol/L DOX和400?μmol/L NaHS共同处理组（B组）,400?μmol/L NaHS单独处理组（C组）,5?μmol/L DOX、400?μmol/L NaHS和15?μmol/L Sirtinol共同处理组（D组）,15?μmol/L Sirtinol单独处理组（E组）。SIRT1是否参与H₂S抗DOX心肌毒性作用机制的实验分组为：对照组（Control组）,5?μmol/L DOX处理组（F组）,5?μmol/L DOX和400?μmol/L NaHS共同处理组（G组）,5?μmol/L DOX、400?μmol/L NaHS和15?μmol/L Sirtinol共同处理组（H组）,15?μmol/L Sirtinol单独处理组（I组）。使用MTT法检测细胞活力;Elisa法检测细胞MDA以及SOD水平;DCFH-?DA荧光探针法检测ROS水平;采用Western Blot法检测SIRT1蛋白表达。使用单因素方差分析法进行统计学分析。 结果NaHS预处理可抑制DOX导致的H9c2细胞活力下降：Control组,A组、B组、C组细胞活力分别为100﹪、（54.58±1.58）﹪、（85.05±4.31）﹪、（100.22±4.46）﹪ （F = 134.9,P < 0.001）。NaHS预处理可减弱DOX引起的H9c2细胞ROS、MDA水平的增加以及SOD水平的降低：Control组的ROS、MDA和SOD水平分别是100﹪、（34.18±1.56） μmol/g、（53.69±1.44） U/?mg;A组的ROS、MDA和SOD水平分别是（174.90±12.65）﹪、（72.65±2.66） μmol/g、（31.80±2.05） U/?mg;B组的ROS、MDA和SOD水平分别是（126.08±6.25）﹪、（44.59±1.92） μmol/g、（48.06±1.56） U/mg;C组的ROS、MDA和SOD水平分别是（91.86±1.66）﹪、（32.93±1.56）?μmol/?g、（55.93±1.58）?U/?mg （F?= 83.26,P < 0.001;F = 271.4,P < 0.001;F = 127.0,P < 0.001）。F组（6、12、24?h）H9c2细胞SIRT1蛋白表达水平分别是（0.45±0.03）、（0.27±0.02）、（0.25±0.03）,较Control组（1.00±0.00）降低（F = 611.1,P < 0.001）。本研究还发现,NaHS预处理H9c2细胞能阻止DOX引起的SIRT1蛋白表达下调：Control组、F组、G组、H组的SIRT1蛋白表达水平分别是（1.00±0.00）、（0.31±0.03）、（0.60±0.04）、（1.09±0.09）（F = 123.4,P?2S对DOX诱导的H9c2细胞活力降低的抑制作用：Control组,F组、G组、H组、I组细胞活力分别为100﹪、（54.58±1.58）﹪、（85.37±3.62）﹪、（71.11±2.11）﹪、（97.53±1.45）﹪ （F = 238.2,P < 0.001）。Sirtinol预处理可明显逆转H₂S对DOX导致的H9c2细胞ROS和MDA含量增加及SOD水平降低的抑制作用：Control组的ROS、MDA和SOD水平分别是100﹪、（35.84±2.22）μmol/?g、（53.03±3.16） U/mg;F组的ROS、MDA和SOD水平分别是（184.6±11.33）﹪、（74.78±5.30）μmol/g、（29.26±0.85）U/mg;G组的ROS、MDA和SOD水平分别是（126.5±7.57）﹪、（41.95±3.43）μmol/g、（52.61±2.26）U/mg;H组的ROS、MDA和SOD水平分别是（174.7±5.50）﹪、（67.69±1.52） μmol/g、（35.33±1.95） U/mg,I组的ROS、MDA和SOD水平分别是（98.03±2.86）﹪、（37.66±2.49）μmol/g、51.14 U/mg（F = 112.0,P < 0.001;F = 93.73,P < 0.001;F = 84.92,P < 0.001）。 结论H₂S通过调控SIRT1抑制DOX诱导的H9c2细胞损伤。     

BNIP3 induces IL6 and calcineurin/NFAT3 hypertrophic-related pathways in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells

Ischemia/reperfusion injury causes cardiomyocyte apoptosis, ventricular remodeling, leading to a dilated heart. Hypoxia is one of the causes involved in ischemia damage, and BNIP3 is a hypoxia-inducible marker and also a sensor to induce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Recent reports discussed ablating BNIP3 can restrain cardiomyocytes apoptosis and post-infarction remodeling. BNIP3 is a crucial therapeutic target. However, the BNIP3-induced hypertrophy aspect is rarely investigated. Here, we transiently transfected BNIP3 plasmids into H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells to evaluate the molecular signaling and hypertrophy markers using Western blot. We measured the cell size change using actin staining. We disclose that BNIP3 overexpression induced an increase in cell size, activated the pathological-related hypertrophy signaling pathways, such as IL6-MEK5-ERK5, IL6-JAK2-STAT1/3, calcineurin/NFAT3 and p38β MAPK resulting in the fetal genes, ANP and BNP expressing. Concluding above, BNIP3 acts as a pathological hypertrophy inducer, which might be a potential therapeutic target for heart damage prevention.