蜱类系统学研究进展

本文介绍了近年来蜱的编目和分类及系统发育和演化等方面的研究进展。对软蜱科(Argasidae)说明了属的变动;硬蜱科(Ixodidae)介绍了璃眼蜱亚科(Hyalomminae)和凹沟蜱亚科(Bothriocrotoninae)以及相应变动的属(新建的凹沟蜱属Bothriocroton和须角蜱属Cornupalpatum,合并的牛蜱属Boophilus、暗眼蜱属Anocentor和盲花蜱属Aponomma)。根据新的分类变更对已知种类进行了分析。至2006年,世界已知蜱类有3科18属897种,中国有2科10属119种。阐明了有关蜱类系统发育研究的主要观点,并讨论了其不足和有待深入研究的问题。目前,把形态学和分子生物学数据结合在一起的全证据方法,并结合蜱类和不同宿主之间的关系、动物地理学、古生物学以及比较寄生虫学的资料,成为解决蜱类系统发育问题的有效途径。     

A new genus of hard ticks in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae)

A hard tick larva in Cretaceous Burmese amber is described as Cornupalpatum burmanicum n. g., n. sp. Diagnostic characters include a subcircular body with a marginal groove, 11 festoons, elongate four-segmented palpi with the fourth segment distinct and apical, the absence of an anal groove and eyes, and the presence of claws on palpal segment 3. The last character is unique for all members of the Ixodida, both fossil and extant. Aside from the palpal claws and marginal groove, features of the tick larva closely resemble those of members of the genus Aponomma Neumann 1899, considered one of the most primitive tick lineages today, whose hosts are primarily reptiles.     

The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida): A World List of Valid Tick Names

The world's argasid tick fauna comprises 183 species in four genera, namely Argas, Carios, Ornithodoros and Otobius in the family Argasidae. The ixodid tick fauna consists of 241 species in the genus Ixodes and 442 species in the genera Amblyomma, Anomalohimalaya, Bothriocroton, Cosmiomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Margaropus, Nosomma, Rhipicentor and Rhipicephalus in the family Ixodidae, with the genus Boophilus becoming a subgenus of the genus Rhipicephalus. The family Nuttalliellidae is represented by the monospecific genus Nuttalliella. The species names of these ticks, based on seven previous complete or partial listings, as well as those of recently described new species, are presented in tabular format. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Specific Features of Haller's Organ Regeneration in the Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari,Ixodidae) in the Presence of Methoprene and Retinoic Acid

The results of experiments on regeneration of the Haller's sensory organ in the metastriate ixodid tick Haemaphysalis longicornisNeumann in the presence of the juvenoid methoprene and retinoic acid and of studies of its structural changes by SEM confirmed the similarity of prostriate and metastriate ixodids as concerns the juvenalizing effect of the above morphogens on regenerative processes during nymphal-imaginal metamorphosis. However, the metastriate ticks (Haemaphysalis and earlier studied Hyalomma) are well behind the prostriate ticks (Ixodes) as concerns the extent of changes induced by juvenoids and retinoids in the sensillar sets of Haller's organ regenerates.     

Phylogeny, Evolution and Historical Zoogeography of Ticks: A Review of Recent Progress

There has been much progress in our understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of ticks, particularly hard ticks, in the past 5 years. Indeed, a consensus about the phylogeny of the hard ticks has emerged. Our current working hypothesis for the phylogeny of ticks is quite different to the working hypothesis of 5 years ago. So that the classification reflects our knowledge of ticks, several changes to the nomenclature of ticks are imminent. One subfamily, the Hyalomminae, will probably be sunk, yet another, the Bothriocrotoninae n. subfamily, will be created. Bothriocrotoninae n. subfamily, and Bothriocroton n. genus, are being created to house an early-diverging (‘basal’) lineage of endemic Australian ticks that used to be in the genus Aponomma (ticks of reptiles). There has been progress in our understanding of the subfamily Rhipicephalinae. The genus Rhipicephalus is almost certainly paraphyletic with respect to the genus Boophilus. Thus, the genus Boophilus will probably become a subgenus of Rhipicephalus. This change to the nomenclature, unlike other options, will keep the name Boophilus in common usage. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus may still called B. microplus, and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus may still be called B. annulatus, but the nomenclature will have been changed to reflect our knowledge of the phylogeny and evolution of these ticks. New insights into the historical zoogeography of ticks will also be presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of Chile

The tick species recorded from Chile can be listed under the following headings: (1) endemic or established: Argas keiransi Estrada-Peña, Venzal and Gonzalez-Acuña, A. neghmei Kohls and Hoogstraal; Ornithodoros amblus Chamberlin; Otobius megnini (Dugès); Amblyomma parvitarsum Neumann; A. tigrinum Koch; Ixodes auritulus Neumann; I. chilensis Kohls; I. cornuae Arthur, I. sigelos Keirans, Clifford and Corwin; I. stilesi Neumann; I. uriae White; Rhipicephalus sanguineus Koch. (2) Probably established or endemic: Argas miniatus Koch; Ornithodoros spheniscus Hoogstraal, Wassef, Hays and Keirans; Ixodes abrocomae Lahille; I. neuquenensis Ringuelet; I. pararicinus Keirans and Clifford. (3) Doubtfully established: Argas reflexus Fabricius; Ornithodoros talaje (Guérin-Méneville). (4) Exotic: Amblyomma argentinae Neumann; A. latum Koch, Rhipicephalus (=Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini). (5) Erroneously identified as present in Chile: Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus); A. maculatum Koch; A. varium Koch; Ixodes conepati Cooley and Kohls; I. frontalis (Panzer); I. ricinus (Linnaeus); Margaropus winthemi Karsch. (6) Nomina nuda: Argas reticulatus Gervais; Amblyomma inflatum Neumann; Ixodes lagotis Gervais. Hosts and localities (including new records) are presented. Argas neghmei, O. amblus, O. megnini, I. uriae and R. sanguineus may cause severe injury to their hosts, including humans. The Chilean Ixodes fauna is unique to the Neotropical Zoogeographic Region, and additional research is needed in order to understand the biological importance of these species.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Diagnoses of and illustrated key to the species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ixodes</Emphasis> Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Brazil

The current Brazilian Ixodes fauna is composed of the following eight species: I. amarali Fonseca, 1935; I. aragaoi Fonseca, 1935; I. auritulus Neumann, 1904; I. fuscipes Koch, 1844; I. loricatus Neumann, 1899; I. luciae Sénevet, 1940; I. paranaensis Barros-Battesti, Arzua, Pichorim &; Keirans, 2003; and I. schulzei Aragão &; Fonseca, 1951. Further studies are needed to establish the taxonomic status of I. serrafreirei Amorim, Gazeta, Bossi &; Linhares, 2003, a recently proposed species based solely on the nymphal stage. We present an up-to-date key to adults of the currently valid Brazilian species of Ixodes based on scanning electron microscopy. The relationships between Brazilian and other Neotropical Ixodes are also discussed.     

A Review of the Genera Croconema Cobb, 1920 and Pseudochromadora Daday, 1899 (Nematoda, Desmodoroidea): New Species from the Coasts of Kenya and Australia

This article is a review of the subfamily Desmodorinae (Nematoda, Desmodoroidea) and two related genera within this subfamily, Croconema Cobb, 1920 and Pseudochromadora Daday, 1899 with keys to genus or species level, genus diagnoses and lists of valid species. An emended diagnosis of, and discussion on, Sibayinema Swart & Heyns, 1991, is presented. Three new species are described: Croconema floriani sp.n. from the coast of Kenya, Pseudochromadora galeata sp.n. and P. securis sp.n. from the coast of Australia.     

A Collection of Ticks (Ixodidae) from Wild Birds in Uruguay

Thirty nine wild birds from seven families (Alcedinidae, Emberizidae, Furnariidae, Parulidae, Trochilidae, Turdidae and Tyrannidae) were caught from 4 to 7 of February, 2004 at Rincón da Vassoura (31°15′ S 56°03′ W) Department of Tacuarembó, Uruguay. Ninety one nymphs and forty one larvae of Ixodidae were recovered from them. The majority of ticks were conventionally identified but 16S mitochondrial rDNA sequences were obtained for larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma with uncertain specific status to be compared with sequences of species from this genus. The 16S rDNA of Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley was also obtained. Most ticks, 1 nymph of Amblyomma longirostre (Koch), 5 larvae of Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas) and 3 nymphs of Amblyomma spp., 10 nymphs and 71 larvae of H. juxtakochi, 23 nymphs and 12 larvae of Ixodes pararicinus Keirans and Clifford, were found on the 5 Turdus albicollis Vieillot and 6 Turdus rufiventris Vieillot (Turdidae) caught. One nymph of A. longirostre and 2 nymphs of I. pararicinus were collected from the only Syndactyla rufosuperciliata (Lafresnaye) (Furnariidae) captured; 1 larva of I. pararicinus was collected on one of two Basileuterus leucoblepharus (Vieillot) (Parulidae) trapped and 1 nymph of A. longirostre was found on one of nine Elaenia parvirostris Pelzeln (Tyrannidae) captured. All these findings constitute new host records with the exception of I. pararicinus on S. rufosuperciliata, and stress the importance of Turdus as hosts for I. pararicinus, H. juxtakochi and A. aureolatum. Nymphs of H. juxtakochi and Amblyomma spp. were also found on man and vegetation.     

Cervicaprastrongylus,a new genus proposed for the nematode species Ostertagia skrjabini Singh & Pande, 1963 (Trichostrongyloidea,Trichostrongylidae)

Summary A new genus, Cervicaprastrongylus, is proposed for Ostertagia (Grosspiculagia) skrjabini Singh & Pande, 1963, previously renamed Ostertagia (Grosspiculagia) malviyai by Chaturvedi & Kansal in 1977. The new genus is distinguished from Hyostrongylus by the structure of the spicules, the branching of the dorsal ray, the structure of the genital cone and the arrangement of the rays of the lateral lobe of the bursa. Other species transferred to the new genus in new combinations are Hyostrongylus gabonensis Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1974 and H. moreli Durette-Desset & Denke, 1978. The genera Bergheia, Hyostrongylus and Parostertagia are discussed and the present position of the four separate species named Ostertagia skrjabini is reviewed.     

Comments on controversial tick (Acari: Ixodida) species names and species described or resurrected from 2003 to 2008

There are numerous discrepancies in recent published lists of the ticks of the world. Here we review the controversial names, presenting evidence for or against their validity and excluding some altogether. We also address spelling errors and present a list of 17 species described or resurrected during the years 2003–2008. We consider the following 35 tick species names to be invalid: Argas fischeri Audouin, 1826, Ornithodoros boliviensis Kohls and Clifford, 1964, Ornithodoros steini (Schulze, 1935), Amblyomma acutangulatum Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma arianae Keirans and Garris, 1986, Amblyomma bibroni (Gervais, 1842), Amblyomma colasbelcouri (Santos Dias, 1958), Amblyomma concolor Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma cooperi Nuttall and Warburton, 1908, Amblyomma curruca Schulze, 1936, Amblyomma cyprium Neumann, 1899, Amblyomma decorosum (Koch, 1867), Amblyomma nocens Robinson, 1912, Amblyomma perpunctatum (Packard, 1869), Amblyomma striatum Koch, 1844, Amblyomma superbum Santos Dias, 1953, Amblyomma testudinis (Conil, 1877), Amblyomma trinitatis Turk, 1948, Dermacentor confractus (Schulze 1933), Dermacentor daghestanicus Olenev, 1928, Haemaphysalis himalaya Hoogstraal, 1966, Haemaphysalis vietnamensis Hoogstraal and Wilson, 1966, Hyalomma detritum Schulze, 1919, Ixodes apteridis Maskell, 1897, Ixodes donarthuri Santos Dias, 1980, Ixodes kempi Nuttall, 1913, Ixodes neotomae Cooley, 1944, Ixodes rangtangensis Teng, 1973, Ixodes robertsi Camicas, Hervy, Adam and Morel, 1998, Ixodes serrafreirei Amorim, Gazetta, Bossi and Linhares, 2003, Ixodes tertiarius Scudder, 1885, Ixodes uruguayensis Kohls and Clifford, 1967, Ixodes zealandicus Dumbleton, 1961, Ixodes zumpti Arthur, 1960 and Rhipicephalus camelopardalis Walker and Wiley, 1959. We consider the following 40 names valid: Argas delicatus Neumann, 1910, Argas vulgaris Filippova, 1961, Ornithodoros aragaoi Fonseca, 1960, Ornithodoros dugesi Mazzoti, 1943, Ornithodoros knoxjonesi Jones and Clifford, 1972, Ornithodoros marocanus Velu, 1919, Ornithodoros nattereri Warburton, 1927, Amblyomma beaurepairei Vogelsang and Santos Dias, 1953, Amblyomma crassipes (Neumann, 1901), Amblyomma echidnae Roberts, 1953, Amblyomma fuscum Neumann, 1907, Amblyomma orlovi (Kolonin, 1995), Amblyomma parkeri Fonseca and Arag?o, 1952, Amblyomma pseudoconcolor Arag?o, 1908, Bothriocroton oudemansi (Neumann, 1910), Bothriocroton tachyglossi (Roberts, 1953), Dermacentor abaensis Teng, 1963, Dermacentor confragus (Schulze 1933), Dermacentor ushakovae Filippova and Panova, 1987, Haemaphysalis anomaloceraea Teng, 1984, Haemaphysalis filippovae Bolotin, 1979, Haemaphysalis pavlovskyi Pospelova-Shtrom, 1935, Hyalomma excavatum Koch, 1844, Hyalomma isaaci Sharif, 1928, Hyalomma rufipes Koch, 1844, Hyalomma turanicum Pomerantzev, 1946, Ixodes arabukiensis Arthur, 1959, Ixodes boliviensis Neumann, 1904, Ixodes columnae Takada and Fujita, 1992, Ixodes maslovi Emel′yanova and Kozlovskaya, 1967, Ixodes sachalinensis Filippova, 1971, Ixodes siamensis Kitaoka and Suzuki, 1983, Ixodes sigelos Keirans, Clifford and Corwin, 1976, Ixodes succineus Weidner, 1964, Rhipicephalus aurantiacus Neumann, 1907, Rhipicephalus cliffordi Morel, 1965, Rhipicephalus pilans Schulze, 1935, Rhipicephalus pseudolongus Santos Dias, 1953, Rhipicephalus serranoi Santos Dias, 1950 and Rhipicephalus tetracornus Kitaoka and Suzuki, 1983.     

Lobatiriccardia yunnanensis,sp. nov. (Metzgeriales,Aneuraceae) from Yunnan,China

Abstract

The genus Lobatiriccardia Furuki is reported as new to China, from the Dulong River valley, Gaoligong Shan range, Yunnan Province and this material is described as a new species endemic to China, Lobatiriccardia yunnanensis Furuki & D.G. Long, the fifth known species in the genus. The differences between the new species and the other members of the genus are enumerated, along with a key to all known species of Lobatiriccardia.     

Raillietiella trachea n. sp., a pentastomid from the trachea of an oriental white-backed vulture Gyps bengalensis taken in Pakistan,with speculation about its life-cycle

A cephalobaenid pentastomid, Raillietiella trachea n. sp., from the trachea of a fledgling oriental white-backed vulture Gyps bengalensis taken in Punjab Province, Pakistan, is described. This is the first record of a pentastomid from a fully terrestrial bird. Overall, gross morphology was typical of Raillietiella Sambon, 1910 in most respects. However, the hooks of R. trachea were of equal size, whereas in other members of the genus anterior hooks are smaller than the posterior hooks. The diagnosis of R. trachea was made on the basis of four near-patent females, all of which contained relatively few eggs (c.570), all at the same stage of maturity. Comparison with the only other genus known to infect birds (two species of Reighardia Ward, 1899 from the air-sacs of marine birds) revealed striking parallels in this aspect of the functional anatomy of the female reproductive tract. As far as we know, this mode of egg-production is not found in other raillietiellids. Extrapolating primarily from the experimental life-cycle studies of Reighardia sternae (Diesing, 1864) Ward, 1899, we surmise that the life-cycle of R. trachea has to be direct and that parasite behaviour is an integral part of parasite transmission. The evidence suggests that transmission is from vulture-to-vulture, per os.     

Macvicaria taksengi n. sp. (Digenea: Opecoelidae) in marine teleosts from Pinang,Malaysia

Summary A new species, Macvicaria taksengi (Opecoelidae: Plagioporinae), is described from the fishes Otolithes ruber and Sillago sihama from Pinang, Malaysia. It differs from most other members of the genus in the position of the ovary relative to the testes and the anterior position of the genital pore. A brief discussion on the Indo-West Pacific forms of the genus Macvicaria and related genera includes references to several new combinations: M. [Lebouria] isaitschikowi (Layman, 1930), M. [Plagioporus] sillagonis (Yamaguti, 1938), M. [Plagioporus] chrysophrys (Nagaty & Abdel Aal, 1969) and M. [Plagioporus (Plagioporus)] longisaccus (Fischthal & Kuntz, 1964).     

A revision of Hexacanalis Perrenoud, 1931 (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) and description of H. folifer n. sp. from the zonetail butterfly ray Gymnura zonura (Bleeker) (Rajiformes: Gymnuridae)

Hexacanalis Perrenoud, 1931 was erected for H. abruptus (Southwell, 1911) Perrenoud, 1931 based on the presence of six excretory vessels, a unique feature among the Lecanicephalidea. The genus has since been considered a junior synonym of Cephalobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906 or Lecanicephalum Linton, 1890, or as a genus inquirendum. Based on examination of the syntype series of H. abruptus, this species is redescribed and a lectotype designated. Examination of cestodes from the zonetail butterfly ray Gymnura zonura (Bleeker) from off Indonesian Borneo resulted in the discovery of a second species. Hexacanalis folifer n. sp. is unique among lecanicephalideans in its possession of an ovary that is U-shaped in cross-section and craspedote proglottids with prominent posterior dorso-ventral processes in the form of large lappets. The presence of six excretory vessels, confirmed in both species, supports the validity of Hexacanalis. An additional species, H. pteroplateae (Zaidi & Khan, 1976) n. comb., also from a butterfly ray, G. micrura (Bloch & Schneider) [as Pteroplatea micrura (Bloch & Schneider)], is transferred to this genus from Cephalobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906. A revised diagnosis of Hexacanalis is presented. Seven species of this genus remain species inquirendae. Hexacanalis appears to parasitise species of the Gymnuridae van Hasselt; however, specific identifications of the hosts are in need of re-evaluation. A summary of the cestode parasites of the Gymnuridae is presented.     

New combinations in Indian Orchidaceae

A critical study of literature coupled with the study of type and living materials has necessitated the transfer of Herminium angustilabre King & Pantl., Herminium josephi Rchb. f., Herminium kalimpongense Pradhan and Herminium monophyllum (D. Don) P. F. Hunt & Summerh. to the genus Androcorys Schltr. and Herminium orbiculare Hook. f. to the genus Peristylus Blume. The necessary new combinations are proposed.     

PALMELLOPSIS MURALIS SP. NOV. (CHLOROPHYCEAE,TETRASPORALES, PALMELLACEAE)1

A new member of the chlorophycean, tetrasporalean genus Palmellopsis Korschikov (1953), Palmellopsis muralis Bold and King, is described from limestone in Austin, Texas, U.S.A. Certain details of ultrastructural organization are included.