乳酸菌合成叶酸的研究进展

叶酸普遍存在于各类食物中,但由于叶酸的不稳定性以及饮食习惯的差异性,各国叶酸缺乏现象普遍存在。叶酸是参与核酸合成及细胞分裂分化的重要物质,叶酸缺乏引起机体功能的混乱,由此引发癌症等一系列的疾病。大部分乳酸菌是叶酸缺陷型菌株,但越来越多的研究表明其很多种类都具有叶酸合成能力。本文主要概述产叶酸乳酸菌的分类,乳酸菌生物合成叶酸的机制,以及利用乳酸菌进行的叶酸基因工程研究进展。     

蛋白质合成中的核糖核酸蛋白质复合物

细胞中的RNA和RNA结合蛋白质(RNA-binding proteins,RBPs)相互作用形成核糖核酸蛋白质(ribonucleoprotein,RNP)复合物。RNP复合物分布广泛,功能众多。蛋白质生物合成包括转录及其调控、mRNA加工转运、tRNA传递、翻译及其调控等,是核酸编码的遗传信息流向活性蛋白质的过程。多种RNA分子参与这一过程,有的与对应的RNA结合蛋白质形成RNP复合物。RNP复合物的多样性和重要功能在此得到了最好的体现。该文以其中起核心作用的RNA分子为主线,对蛋白质合成中的RNP复合物进行了综述。     

蛋白质合成教具的制作与使用

制作出相对科学而实用的教具来模拟蛋白质合成过程．是帮助学生理解“基因指导蛋白质合成”这节抽象内容不错的方法,更能让教材中固定不动的图片在课堂教学中生动起来。     

Sindbis病毒的蛋白质合成与细胞骨架的关系

In our experiments, protein synthesis of host cells were inhibited quickly at the early stage of infection by Sindbis virus. Polysome and mRNA of host cell fell off from cytoskeletons, whereas virus RNA bound up. We also found it was via 3'-terminal that virus RNA bound with cytoskeleton. After studying on the virus nonstructural proteins, we found the synthesis and processing of virus protein in vitro were far slowly than in vivo, and most of proteins were premature. So, the cytoskeletons may play an important role there. After treated with colchicine and cytochalasin B, the microtubule and microfilament were destroyed. However, the synthesis and processing of nonstructural proteins of Sindbis virus didn't change much, while the structural proteins were inhibited largely. These results showed the differences of dependence of the synthesis of the two kinds of proteins on cytoskeletons. Microtubule and microfilament may be more important to the synthesis of structural proteins than to that of the nonstructural proteins.     

蛋白质合成终止的研究进展

蛋白质合成终止的研究进展于长春,程焉平,王庆华（四平师范学院生物系,四平１３６０００）（山东大学生物系,济南２５０１００）关键词蛋白质合成,释放因子,终止密码子在过去５年中,对蛋白质合成终止取得了一些新的认识。当然,多数结果是由研究Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ取得的...     

无细胞系统的基因表达与蛋白质合成

无细胞翻译——利用细胞提取液在体外合成蛋白质,已是国外分子生物学实验室的一项常规技术,但在国内此项技术的利用却几乎是空白.对体外无细胞系统的特性、功能、优缺点及其进展等进行了全面的介绍,以期使国内学者了解和利用这一方便而有效的表达系统,进行应用生物化学与分子生物学的实验研究.     

无细胞蛋白质合成系统

无细胞蛋白质合成系统相比传统的细胞表达系统有许多优点,包括表达周期短、反应条件容易控制等。该文介绍了无细胞蛋白质合成系统的技术进展及表达控制,并综述了这一系统的应用发展。     

蛋白质预算：合成生物学的成本标尺

合成生物学以创建人工生命体系为目的.实践中人们希望人工生命体系具有更强的生产能力、转化能力、环境适应与监测能力,从而获得更优质的生产方式.生命体系的优化涉及到多层次的调控网络,而根本上还是对细胞中蛋白质的含量、定位、活性的控制.在蛋白质表达水平上进行控制是合成生物学元件设计、模块组装以及适配性研究最核心的手段.类似于工厂中的成本计算,合成生物学创建的人工生命体系(人工细胞工厂)以蛋白质预算为依据.优化蛋白质预算的研究策略已经成功应用于合成生物学研究实践中.     

叶酸在人体内作用的研究进展

叶酸Floic Acid是维生素B族中的一种,也是人体不可缺少的维生素,但人体不能合成,需由食物中获取。研究表明,叶酸缺乏可导致畸形儿出生、儿童肾衰、癌症、心血管疾病、老年性痴呆等疾病的发病率增高,补充叶酸除能有效减少上述疾病外,还有提高男性生育率,增强记忆力,预防硝酸甘油耐药性等效用。开发叶酸产品的前景看好。     

叶酸缺乏对小鼠胚胎干细胞Nespas DMR 区甲基化修饰的影响

目的：探讨叶酸缺乏对小鼠胚胎干细胞（ESCs）中Nespas 差异甲基化区域（Differentially Methylated Region, DMR）甲基化修 饰的影响以及叶酸浓度与甲基化水平的关系。方法：多种不同浓度叶酸处理小鼠ESCs,化学发光免疫分析法检测ESCs 细胞内叶 酸浓度。利用MassARRAY 技术平台检测三种不同叶酸浓度处理后的ESCs中Nespas DMR 启动子区,外显子区和内含子区甲基 化修饰状态,并且分析Nespas DMR 启动子区,外显子区和内含子区甲基化水平与叶酸浓度之间的关系。结果：无叶酸组（FF）小鼠 ESCs 细胞内叶酸浓度显著低于低叶酸组（FD）与正常叶酸组（FN）（P<0.05）。Nespas DMR 中启动子区、外显子区以及内含子区甲 基化水平在FF组显著低于FD 和FN 组（P<0.05）,并且Nespas DMR中启动子区以及内含子区甲基化水平与叶酸浓度存在显著 的正相关（P<0.05）。结论：叶酸缺乏影响小鼠ESCs 中Nespas DMR 区甲基化修饰的建立。     

Folic acid delivery by serum proteins: loading efficacy and protein morphology

The loading efficacy of folic acid with serum proteins human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG) was analyzed and the effect of acid conjugation on protein morphology was determined. Structural analysis showed that folic acid binds HSA, BSA, and β-LG via hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and H-bonding contacts with BSA forming more stable conjugates than HSA and β-LG. Molecular modeling showed the presence of several H-bonding systems, stabilizing acid–protein conjugates. Folic acid conjugation alters protein conformation by major alterations of α-helix and β-sheet. TEM images showed major protein morphological changes inducing protein aggregation upon acid interaction. The results show that serum proteins can deliver folic acid to target molecules.     

氨基酸分析仪测定饲料添加剂——叶酸的方法

用６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸于１１０℃条件下水解饲料添加剂——叶酸,使之游离出谷氨酸,用氢氧化钠中和调节ｐＨ到２,氨基酸分析仪测定谷氨酸含量,经与标准叶酸水解样品比较,计算出叶酸的纯度。该方法重现性好,变异系数ＣＶ＝０．０８％,平均回收率为９８．３４％,浓度与峰面积呈线性相关,相关系数ｒ＝０．９９８７,可随氨基酸分析同时进行,不需改变任何分析条件。     

Folic acid supplementation in pregnancy and implications in health and disease

Maternal exposure to dietary factors during pregnancy can influence embryonic development and may modulate the phenotype of offspring through epigenetic programming. Folate is critical for nucleotide synthesis, and preconceptional intake of dietary folic acid (FA) is credited with reduced incidences of neural tube defects in infants. While fortification of grains with FA resulted in a positive public-health outcome, concern has been raised for the need for further investigation of unintended consequences and potential health hazards arising from excessive FA intakes, especially following reports that FA may exert epigenetic effects. The objective of this article is to discuss the role of FA in human health and to review the benefits, concerns and epigenetic effects of maternal FA on the basis of recent findings that are important to design future studies.     

Folic acid supplementation dysregulates gene expression in lymphoblastoid cells--implications in nutrition

For over a decade, folic acid (FA) supplementation has been widely prescribed to pregnant women to prevent neural tube closure defects in newborns. Although neural tube closure occurs within the first trimester, high doses of FA are given throughout pregnancy, the physiological consequences of which are unknown. FA can cause epigenetic modification of the cytosine residues in the CpG dinucleotide, thereby affecting gene expression. Dysregulation of crucial gene expression during gestational development may have lifelong adverse effects or lead to neurodevelopmental defects, such as autism. We have investigated the effect of FA supplementation on gene expression in lymphoblastoid cells by whole-genome expression microarrays. The results showed that high FA caused dysregulation by ?four-fold up or down to more than 1000 genes, including many imprinted genes. The aberrant expression of three genes (FMR1, GPR37L1, TSSK3) was confirmed by Western blot analyses. The level of altered gene expression changed in an FA concentration-dependent manner. We found significant dysregulation in gene expression at concentrations as low as 15 ng/ml, a level that is lower than what has been achieved in the blood through FA fortification guidelines. We found evidence of aberrant promoter methylation in the CpG island of the TSSK3 gene. Excessive FA supplementation may require careful monitoring in women who are planning for, or are in the early stages of pregnancy. Aberrant expression of genes during early brain development may have an impact on behavioural characteristics.     

亲和色谱和反相高效液相色谱测定菠菜和拟南芥中四氢叶酸代谢物及叶酸的含量(英文)

植物中来源于甘氨酸和丝氨酸的一碳单位转移给四氢叶酸用于四氢叶酸代谢物的生物合成.由于含量低、成份复杂以及稳定性差,植物组织中四氢叶酸代谢物和叶酸的定量分析一度是一个挑战性很强的课题.本研究旨在建立一种可靠方法测定对甲基基团要求不同的植物(例如累积甘氨酸甜菜碱的菠菜与不累积甘氨酸甜菜碱的拟南芥)中四氢叶酸代谢物和叶酸的含量,用于研究这些植物中通过叶酸途径的一碳单位通量.菠菜和拟南芥叶片在金色荧光灯下加液氮研磨,加入大鼠血浆轭合酶粗提物处理,提取物经叶酸结合蛋白琼脂糖亲和色谱柱纯化,用附有荧光和紫外检测器的高效液相色谱仪分离并测定四氢叶酸代谢物和叶酸的含量.菠菜和拟南芥叶片中单谷氨酸型N5-甲基四氢叶酸含量分别是252ng/g和64ng/g,而总N5-甲基四氢叶酸的含量分别是370ng/g和199ng/g.两种植物均检测到少量的四氢叶酸和N5-醛基四氢叶酸,但只在拟南芥叶片而非菠菜叶片中检测到叶酸.实验结果显示,菠菜中单谷氨酸型和多谷氨酸型N5-甲基四氢叶酸的含量均比拟南芥显著增多.这种样品制备和高效液相色谱方法适于测定植物中四氢叶酸代谢物和叶酸的含量.     

激光复合诱变选育叶酸高产菌

利用高效液相色谱测定发酵液中叶酸含量,比较产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)、异常汉逊酵母(ftan-senula anomala)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)产叶酸能力的高低,从而确定生产叶酸的最佳菌种.出发菌株经紫外照射诱变后,再采用激光复合诱变方式进行进一步的筛选,并对其传代稳定性进行研究,以期进一步获得稳产高产叶酸产生菌突变株.结果表明产朊假丝酵母产叶酸量最高.紫外照射3 min得到的Y1.4菌株产叶酸量与原始菌株相比,产量提高了33.8%.激光一紫外复合诱变后筛选出4株产量较高的菌株,其中以Y2.12产量最高.Y2.12产叶酸量与原始菌株相比,提高了65.8%.经传代培养分析,Y2.12诱变株的产量稳定.该结果表明,激光复合诱变是获得高产叶酸的有效途径.     

Enhancement of recombinant protein synthesis and stability via coordinated amino acid addition

In this work, effective feeding schemes that would minimize stress responses to cloned-protein overexpression are investigated. The cloned-protein (chloramphenicolacetyl-transferase, CAT) contains a high aromatic amino acid content, most notably a high phenylalanine content. Experiments performed on Escherichia coli RR1 [pBR329] (constitutive promoter) and E. coli JM105 [pSH101] (inducible promoter) demonstrated that phenylalanine addition increases the rate of synthesis and yield of CAT. A previous study correlating inducer strength with CAT expression in E. coli JM105 [pSH101] indicated that the highest expression rate was accompanied by the highest apparent rate of protein degradation. In this work, the combined addition of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and phenylalanine at intermediate levels resulted in substantial increase of CAT synthesis and partial reduction of protein degradation. Furthermore, transmission electron micrographs verified the absence of inclusion bodies, which, along with proteases, were suspected to reduce protein activity. The research demonstrates that significant enhancement in production and stability of heterologous proteins is possible by designing feeding strategies that incorporate knowledge of the interaction between primary cellular metabolism and foreign protein expression. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.