血小板活化因子对血小板的作用

血小板活化因子(PAF)是迄今发现的最强的血小板激活剂,它对血小板产生的活化作用的机理十分复杂,大多数是通过PAF受体介导而发挥作用。PAF是否为继ADP、TxA_2以后发现的介导血小板聚集的第三条途径的介质,尚有待进一步研究。升高血小板cAMP的药物、Ca~(2 )通道阻滞剂、PAF受体拮抗剂以及PLA_2抑制剂均能有效地对抗PAF对血小板的作用。     

血小板激活因子

动物应用PAF后可产生休克样反应。内毒素等休克时,血中PAF水平显著上升。应用特异性PAF受体拮抗剂BN52021等可较好地逆转多种休克状态。PAF可能是一种休克介质。     

PAF受体在铝抑制海马CA3区长时程增强中的作用

目的 :观察PAF受体在铝抑制海马CA3区长时程增强 (longtermpotentiation ,LTP)中的作用。 方法 :应用细胞外电生理记录方法 ,通过向海马CA3区分别微量注射血小板活化因子 (PlateletactivatingfactorPAF)受体拮抗剂银杏内酯B(GinkgolideB)和激动剂mc PAF ,以群体锋电位 (populationspikesPS)幅度为指标 ,观察PP CA3通路的LTP变化。结果 :① 0 .2 μmol/L的银杏内酯B对CA3区的诱发电位无影响 ,但可抑制CA3区的LTP。② 0 .2 5mol/L的三氯化铝不影响CA3区LTP ,但可加强银杏内酯B的抑制作用。③ 4 0 μmol/Lmc PAF对强直刺激引起的LTP无影响 ,却可减轻 0 .5mol/L三氯化铝的对LTP的抑制作用。结论 :PAF受体在刺激PP诱发的CA3区LTP中起作用 ,而金属铝对CA3区LTP的抑制作用至少部分与PAF受体有关。     

血小板激活因子对大鼠海马脑片CA1区LTP的作用

目的:为了探讨血小板激活因子(platelet-activating factor,PAF)对大鼠海马脑片CA1区的长时程增强效应(long-term potentiation,LTP)的影响.方法:应用离体脑片电生理记录技术,记录大鼠海马CA1区的兴奋性突触后电位EPSP,研究了PAF对大鼠海马脑片CA1区的突触传递和可塑性的影响.结果:小剂量(1μmol/L)PAF可诱发大鼠海马CA1区LTP的产生;大剂量(10～50μmol/L)PAF不能诱发大鼠海马CA1区LTP的产生,且不能阻止高频电刺激(HFS,100 Hz,1 000 ms×2,每隔20 s给予)Schffer侧支引起的大鼠海马脑片CA1区LTP的形成和维持.大剂量PAF对海马CA1区基础EPSP没有影响.PAF受体拮抗剂银杏苦内酯(ginkgolide B,GB)可拮抗小剂量PAF诱发大鼠海马CA1区LTP的产生.结论:大剂量PAF具有神经毒性,可能是通过抑制海马CA1区的LTP的形成而参与艾滋病痴呆(HIV-1 associated dementia,HAD)的形成机制.     

血小板活化因子对大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽mRNA表达的影响及调节机制

目的：探讨血小板活化因子（PAF）对大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽（PACAP）mRNA表达的影响及其可能调节机制,旨在寻找PAF在卵巢中的作用靶点。方法：原代培养卵巢颗粒细胞,用放射免疫分析（RIA）及逆转录．聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法检测颗粒细胞雌二醇分泌情况及其PACAP mRNA表达变化．结果：PAF对PACAP mRNA表达无明显影响,但与hCG共同作用可促进PACAP mRNA的表达：Forkolin可使PACAP mRNA表达升高。结论：PAF可通过对hCG的允许作用间接促进大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞PACAP mRNA表达,hCG的促进作用可能是通过cAMP—PKA途径介导的。     

胰岛素对阿尔茨海然病大鼠血浆血小板活化因子及海马突触可塑性的影响

目的：探讨胰岛素对阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠血浆血小板活化因子（PAF）及海马突触可塑性的影响。方法：将30只SD大鼠随机分为治疗组（10只）、模型组（10只）、假手术组（10只）,采用侧脑室注射链脲霉素（STZ）建立AD大鼠模型。治疗组大鼠皮下注射胰岛素（0．1U／kg）,模型组及假手术组大鼠皮下注射等体积的生理盐水（1mL／kg）。通过Morris’s水迷宫实验评估各组大鼠的认知功能,酶联免疫吸附法测定各组大鼠的血浆PAF含量,免疫印迹法检测大鼠海马突触素的表达。结果：治疗4周后,模型组大鼠连续4天水迷宫的潜伏期均显著长于假手术组大鼠（P〈0．05）,而治疗组大鼠第2、3、4天水迷宫潜伏期均较模型组显著缩短（P〈0．05）,但仍长于假手术组大鼠（P〈0．05）;模型组大鼠的血浆PAF含量和海马突触素的表达均显著高于假手术组,而治疗组大鼠的血浆PAF含量和海马突触素的表达均显著低于模型组（P〈0．05）,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：皮下注射胰岛素可改善AD大鼠的认知功能,这可能与其下调AD大鼠血浆PAF水平以及保护突触的可塑性有关。     

血小板活化因子对大鼠黄体细胞孕酮分泌及血管内皮生长因子表达的作用

本文旨在研究血小板活化因子(platelet-activating factor,PAF)对大鼠黄体细胞孕酮分泌及血管内皮生长因子(vascularendothelial growth factor,VEGF)mRNA表达的作用.将未成年(25～28 d)Sprague-Dawley雌性大鼠颈部皮下注射50 IU孕马血清促性腺激素(pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin,PMSG),48 h后注射25 IU人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionicgonadotrophin.hCG)诱导卵泡发育和黄体生成,第6天(hCG注射日为第1天)收集卵巢黄体细胞,体外培养24 h后,不加或加入不同剂量(0.1 μg/mL、1 μg/mL、10 μg/mL)PAF,37℃、5%CO2培养箱内培养24 h.用放射免疫方法测定培养液中孕酮的含量,流式细胞仪和RT-PCR方法检测黄体细胞凋亡以及VEGF mRNA的表达.结果显示,PAF促进黄体细胞孕酮分泌,1 μg/mL PAF作用最强(P<0.05);PAF促进黄体细胞凋亡无明显剂量依赖性,但10 μg/mL PAF显著促进大鼠黄体细胞凋亡(P<0.05):PAF刺激黄体细胞VEGF mRNA表达,1 μg/mL PAF效果最显著(P<0.01).结果提示,PAF可通过调节黄体细胞孕酮的分泌和VEGF mRNA的表达来促进黄体形成.     

059抗真菌蛋白PAF的活性依赖其正确折叠

抗真菌蛋白PAF（peniullium chrysogenumant ifungal protein，PAF）是由产黄青霉菌分泌的富含半胱氨酸的小分子蛋白质，能进入敏感真菌的菌丝体中，引起其生长延迟和形态改变。PAF成熟蛋白（55个氨基酸）的N端带有19个氨基酸残基的前导序列，在其之前还有18氨基酸残基的信号肽。然而，对于PAF的确切作用方式及其前导序列在蛋白活性中的作用目前还不了解。     

H7N9感染与神经细胞的血小板活化因子分泌浓度的相关性研究

H7N9病毒感染除引起患者呼吸道症状外,还可能导致中枢神级系统病症。血小板活化因子(Platelet activating factor,PAF)是一种生物活性磷脂,参与神经系统的部分功能。但尚未有研究讨论PAF是否参与H7N9病毒中枢神经系统疾病致病机制。本研究通过H7N9病毒体外感染小鼠小胶质细胞(BV2)和神经母瘤细胞(N2a)发现,H7N9流感病毒可以感染BV2、N2a细胞,引起细胞明显病变并使细胞活性下降;此外H7N9病毒感染BV2细胞后,PAF浓度水平明显上升,PAF乙酰水解酶(Platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase,PAF-AH)基因pafah1b1和pafah2表达水平明显下降。而N2a细胞染毒后PAF-AH基因表达水平明显上升,染毒48h后胞内PAF浓度明显下降。本研究首次将PAF与流感病毒性脑病联系在一起,提示PAF可能参与流感病毒性脑病的致病过程,可作为治疗的药物靶点进行后续研究。     

急性毛细支气管炎并心衰患儿血小板活化因子，血小板源生长因子的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨血小板活化因子（PAF）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）及血小板源生长因子（PDGF）水平变化在毛细支气管炎并急性心衰的变化,探讨它们在该病的发病中的作用。方法：58例心衰组患儿分别于治疗前和临床症状消失后采用双抗体夹心ABC．ELISA法检测PAF、TNF-α及PDGF血清含量,设正常对照组40例比较。结果：心衰组PAF治疗前为370．57±23．6ng／L,明显高于对照组的56．78±19．6ng／L,组间比较差异具有非常显著性意义（t=15．95,P〈0．001）;治疗后恢复至49．63±14．5ng／L,与正常对照差异不明显;治疗前后比较,差异具有非常显著性意义（t=3．70,P〈0．001）。TNF-α治疗前为457．4±40．5ng／L,明显高于对照组的148．8±21．6ng／L,组间比较差异具有显著性意义（t=2．135,P〈0．05）;治疗后恢复至162．6±37．61ng／L,与正常对照差异不明显;治疗前后比较,差异具有非常显著性意义（t=7．25,P〈0．01）。PDGF治疗前为596．23±199．43）ng／L,较对照组259．76±69．58ng／L增高,组间比较,差异具有非常显著性意义（t=-25．52,P〈0．01）;治疗后降为272．83±116．96ng／L,较治疗前明显恢复,组间比较差异均具有显著性意义（t=7．66,P〈0．01）。结论：结果表明,PAF、TNF-α、PDGF作为炎症介质不仅参与心衰的发病过程,还提示细胞外基质的异常在心衰发病学中的重要地位。     

脊髓损伤后脊髓神经细胞膜PAF受体特性的变化

采用３ＨＰＡＦ放射配体结合试验方法测定脊髓神经细胞膜上ＰＡＦ受体的特异性位点,观察脊髓损伤后２、６ｈ、１、３周脊髓神经细胞膜ＰＡＦ受体结合特性变化。结果显示,脊髓神经细胞膜上存在ＰＡＦ高、低亲和力结合位点,脊髓损伤后２、６ｈ、１周组ＰＡＦ受体高、低亲和力位点Ｋｄ值和Ｂｍａｘ均有不同程度下降,与对照组比较,有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明在伤后早期ＰＡＦ受体亲和力增加,结合位点减少。提示ＰＡＦ受体在脊髓损伤后继发性损害病理生理过程中起一定作用。     

Platelet activating factor-induced apoptosis is inhibited by ectopic expression of the platelet activating factor G-protein coupled receptor

The pro-inflammatory lipid mediator platelet activating factor (PAF: 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) accumulates in ischemia, epilepsy, and human immunodeficiency virus-1-associated dementia and is implicated in neuronal loss. The present study was undertaken to establish a role for its G-protein coupled receptor in regulating neurotoxicity. PC12 cells do not express PAF receptor mRNA as demonstrated by northern analysis and RT-PCR. In the absence of the G-protein coupled receptor, PAF (0.1-1 micro m) triggered chromatin condensation, DNA strand breaks, oligonucleosomal fragmentation, and nuclear disintegration characteristic of apoptosis. Lyso-PAF (0.001-1 micro m), the immediate metabolite of PAF, did not elicit apoptotic death. Concentrations of PAF or lyso-PAF that exceeded critical micelle concentration had physicochemical effects on plasma membrane resulting in necrosis. Apoptosis but not necrosis was inhibited by the PAF antagonist BN52021 (1-100 micro m) but not CV3988 (0.2-20 micro m). Ectopic PAF receptor expression protected PC12 transfectants from ligand-induced apoptosis. PAF receptor-mediated protection was inhibited by CV3988 (1 micro m). These data provide empirical evidence that: (i) PAF can initiate apoptosis independently of its G-protein coupled receptor; (ii) PAF signaling initiated by its G-protein coupled receptor is cytoprotective to PC12 cells; (iii) the pro- and anti-apoptotic effects of PAF on PC12 cells can be pharmacologically distinguished using two different PAF antagonists.     

Characterization of platelet-activating factor receptors in porcine platelets

Despite a large number of studies describing the properties and effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF), little is known about its receptor structure. The characterization of the PAF receptor from additional cell types and species is important for the design of strategies to purify and characterize the receptor molecule. Porcine platelets were shown to bind PAF with characteristics similar to several other species, based on receptor number, affinity, and the activity of PAF antagonists. We found that the affinity for binding was higher in porcine than in rabbit platelets (Kd = 0.68 +/- 0.13 nM for rabbit and 0.29 +/- 0.10 nM for porcine). Porcine platelets have approximately 281 +/- 158 receptors per cell compared with 689 +/- 229 receptors in rabbit platelets. Rabbit platelets respond to concentrations of PAF that are approximately 10(5)-fold lower than those required for aggregation of porcine platelets, but this difference is probably not due to the differences in receptor number alone. When binding was compared between purified membranes from these two cell types, porcine platelets had 20-fold fewer receptors per milligram of membrane protein, but this difference may have been due to an artifact of the membrane preparation procedure. Binding of PAF was severely hindered at cold temperatures. It was undetectable in whole cells on ice and greatly reduced with purified membranes. This study is the first to characterize PAF receptors in porcine platelets, which represent a potentially useful source of receptor for further biochemical characterization.     

Specific receptor sites for 1-O-alkyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet activating factor) on rabbit platelet and guinea pig smooth muscle membranes

By using tritiated 1-O-alkyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (3H-PAF), we have directly identified its specific binding sites on rabbit platelet plasma membranes. The equilibrium dissociation constant for 3H-PAF is 1.36 (+/- 0.05) X 10(-9) M at 0 degrees C. The number of binding sites is 1.61 (+/- 0.34) X 10(12)/mg of membrane, which corresponds to approximately 150-300 receptors/platelet (depending on membrane vesicle orientation). Binding of 3H-PAF to rabbit platelet plasma membrane is rapid (t1/2 less than 5 min at 0 degrees C) and reversible. For a series of PAF analogues, their affinity for the receptor sites parallels with their relative potency to induce platelet aggregation. PAF can cause contraction of smooth muscle of heart, parenchymal strip, trachea, and ileum. Specific PAF receptor binding was demonstrated with purified plasma membrane from several smooth muscles and from polymorphonuclear leukocytes but not from presumably PAF nonresponsive cells such as erythrocytes and alveolar macrophages. It is likely that the interaction of PAF with these binding sites initiates the specific responses of platelets, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and smooth muscles.     

Specific binding sites for platelet activating factor in human lung tissues

Specific and saturable binding of [3H]-labeled 1-0-alkyl-2-0-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAF) to membrane preparations of human lung tissues is demonstrated. The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) was determined by Scatchard analysis to be 4.9 (+/- 1.7) X 10(-10)M and the maximal number of binding sites was estimated to be 140 (+/- 37) fmole/mg protein. The binding site is PAF specific and its selectivity toward PAF analogs is very similar to that in rabbit platelets. Two PAF receptor antagonists, kadsurenone and ginkgolide B, previously characterized in platelet systems, also displace the binding of [3H]-PAF to human lung homogenates. These data indicate that human lung tissues contain PAF specific receptors, and binding of PAF to these receptor sites may be the first step to initiate PAF-induced lung pathophysiology.     

Platelet-activating factor binding to human platelet membranes

Previously reported methods for quantifying platelet-activating factor (PAF) binding to rabbit platelet membranes were modified for studies of PAF binding to human platelet membranes. The membranes were prepared by the "glycerol lysis" method and PAF binding was quantified by using polyethylene glycol precipitation to recover membrane-bound PAF. Optimal PAF binding required buffers containing 3 to 10 mm KCl and either 5 to 10 mM MgCl2 or 5 to 10 mM CaCl2. NaCl was not as effective as KCl and concentrations of NaCl greater than 3 mM strongly inhibited PAF binding. Maximal binding occurred after incubation for 60 min at 0 degree C and was reversed by the addition of excess unlabeled PAF. PAF binding was saturable. Scatchard analysis of PAF binding to 50 micrograms of membrane protein revealed 10.3 +/- 1.7 x 10(11) receptors per milligram of membrane protein and the receptors had a Kd of 7.6 +/- 1.9 nM. The calculated receptor number, binding affinity, and specificity of binding are similar to those previously calculated for PAF binding to intact human platelets, suggesting that the membrane binding site for PAF is the PAF receptor.     

Novel leukocyte agonists are released by endothelial cells exposed to peroxide.

Reactive oxygen species do not activate isolated neutrophils, yet in vivo, such oxidants promote their adhesion to, and subsequent migration through, the vascular wall. We show human endothelial cells exposed to t-butylhydroperoxide shed large, sealed membrane vesicles that contained potent neutrophil agonists. This activity migrated on TLC like platelet-activating factor (PAF). Since neutrophils have a receptor for this phospholipid, which recognizes its unique characteristics including the short sn-2 acetyl residue, we examined the effect of PAF receptor antagonists and PAF acetylhydrolase on this activity. Structurally unrelated PAF receptor antagonists blocked neutrophil stimulation by vesicular phospholipids, and digestion with PAF acetylhydrolase, which is specific for short sn-2 residues, destroyed this activity. However, metabolic labeling, inhibition of synthesis, phospholipase A1 digestion, and high performance liquid chromatographic studies demonstrated that the vesicles did not contain PAF. Instead, the bioactivity migrated on high performance liquid chromatography like the phospholipids generated by oxidative fragmentation of synthetic arachidonoyl phosphatidylcholine that we have shown previously (Smiley, P. L., Stremler, K. E., Prescott, S. M., Zimmerman, G. A., and McIntyre, T. M. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 11104-11110) to stimulate neutrophils through their receptor for PAF. Thus, peroxide treatment of endothelial cells fragments cellular phosphatidylcholines, forming novel PAF-like phospholipids, and induces the shedding of membrane vesicles that contain these bioactive phospholipids.     

Pharmacologic characterization of the rabbit neutrophil receptor for platelet-activating factor

The characteristics of receptors for platelet-activating factor (PAF) on rabbit neutrophils are investigated in this report. The presence of PAF-specific binding to rabbit neutrophils was confirmed using radiolabeled ligand binding assays and a rabbit peritoneal neutrophil membrane preparation. Binding of PAF to the neutrophil membranes was reversible and reached equilibrium within 30 min. Scatchard analysis of PAF-specific binding to the rabbit neutrophil membranes revealed a dissociation constant (Kd) for PAF of 0.41 +/- 0.045 nM and a Bmax of 0.32 +/- 0.11 pmol of PAF receptor/mg of protein. The order of potencies of PAF receptor antagonists to inhibit the binding of 3H-PAF to rabbit peritoneal neutrophil membranes was determined. For the competition assays, 100 micrograms of neutrophil or platelet membrane protein, 0.18 nM 3H-PAF, and varying amounts of PAF antagonist were incubated at room temperature for 1 hr. PAF receptor antagonists tested were ONO-6240, brotizolam, kadsurenone, WEB-2086, L-652-731, BN-52021, CV-3988, triazolam, alprazolam, and verapamil. The orders of potencies of these PAF receptor antagonists were similar for inhibition of 3H-PAF binding to rabbit peritoneal neutrophil and platelet membranes (correlation coefficient, r = 0.97). PAF had a significantly higher affinity for rabbit neutrophil membranes (Kd = 0.41 +/- 0.045 nM), as compared with its affinity for rabbit platelet membranes (Kd = 0.87 +/- 0.092 nM). In addition, sodium was found to inhibit 3H-PAF specific binding to rabbit platelet membranes and not to affect 3H-PAF binding to neutrophil membranes. These data indicate that, although PAF receptors on rabbit platelets and neutrophils exhibit similar orders of potencies of PAF receptor antagonists to inhibit the binding of 3H-PAF, the disparity in Kd of PAF for the receptors and the effect of NaCl on the binding of 3H-PAF reveal subtle differences between the cell types.     

Coexpression of GMP-140 and PAF by endothelium stimulated by histamine or thrombin: a juxtacrine system for adhesion and activation of neutrophils

The adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to vascular endothelial cells (EC) is an early and fundamental event in acute inflammation. This process requires the regulated expression of molecules on both the EC and PMN. EC stimulated with histamine or thrombin coexpress two proadhesive molecules within minutes: granule membrane protein 140 (GMP-140), a member of the selectin family, and platelet-activating factor (PAF), a biologically active phospholipid. Coexpression of GMP-140 and PAF is required for maximal PMN adhesion and the two molecules act in a cooperative fashion. The component of adhesion mediated by EC-associated PAF requires activation of CD11/CD18 integrins on the PMN and binding of these heterodimers to counterreceptors on the EC. GMP-140 also binds to a receptor on the PMN; however, it tethers the PMN to the EC without requiring activation of CD11/CD18 integrins. This component of the adhesive interaction is blocked by antibodies to GMP-140 or by GMP-140 in the fluid phase. Experiments with purified GMP-140 indicate that binding to its receptor on the PMN does not directly induce PMN adhesiveness but that it potentiates the CD11/CD18-dependent adhesive response to PAF by a mechanism that involves events distal to the PAF receptor. Tethering of the PMN to the EC by GMP-140 may also be required for efficient interaction of PAF with its receptor on the PMN. These observations define a complex cell recognition system in which tethering of PMNs by a selectin, GMP-140, facilitates juxtacrine activation of the leukocytes by a signaling molecule, PAF. The latter event recruits the third component of the adhesive interaction, the CD11/CD18 integrins.     

A single enzyme catalyzes both platelet-activating factor production and membrane biogenesis of inflammatory cells. Cloning and characterization of acetyl-CoA:LYSO-PAF acetyltransferase

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent proinflammatory lipid mediator eliciting a variety of cellular functions. Lipid mediators, including PAF are produced from membrane phospholipids by enzymatic cascades. Although a G protein-coupled PAF receptor and degradation enzymes have been cloned and characterized, the PAF biosynthetic enzyme, aceyl-CoA:lyso-PAF acetyltransferase, has not been identified. Here, we cloned lyso-PAF acetyltransferase, which is critical in stimulus-dependent formation of PAF. The enzyme is a 60-kDa microsomal protein with three putative membrane-spanning domains. The enzyme was induced by bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), which was suppressed by dexamethasone treatment. Surprisingly, the enzyme catalyzed not only biosynthesis of PAF from lyso-PAF but also incorporation of arachidonoyl-CoA to produce PAF precursor membrane glycerophospholipids (lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activity). Under resting conditions, the enzyme prefers arachidonoyl-CoA and contributes to membrane biogenesis. Upon acute inflammatory stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, the activated enzyme utilizes acetyl-CoA more efficiently and produces PAF. Thus, our findings provide a novel concept that a single enzyme catalyzes membrane biogenesis of inflammatory cells while producing a prophlogistic mediator in response to external stimuli.