c—Myc介绍导的细胞凋亡途径

细胞凋亡是细胞生物学行为中一复杂的主要运程,受细胞内多种因子调控,本文阐述了ｃ－Ｍｙｃ在细胞凋亡中与其它癌基因,抑癌基因ｂｃｌ－２、ｐ５３等产物的相互作用,与蛋白酶类的关系以及与Ｆａｓ／ＦａｓＬ凋亡途径的偶联。     

抑癌基因PTEN及其与急性白血病相关性研究

抑癌基因PTEN是迄今为止发现的第一个具有双特异性磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因.PTEN基因的缺失或异常表达与多种肿瘤的发生发展密切相关.在急性白血病中,PTEN基因发生异常改变,影响了细胞增殖周期的调控和细胞凋亡等过程.PTEN基因的研究,为急性白血病的药物治疗及基因靶向治疗提供理论依据.     

PTEN与p53基因功能的相互作用

PTEN和p53是两个最重要的抑癌基因，他们在细胞周期调控、细胞凋亡以及肿瘤发生发展过程中均发挥重要作用。尽管二者功能及机制各异，p53主要是阻滞细胞周期或诱导细胞凋亡，PTEN主要是阻断细胞接受的外界生存增殖信号，但二者在功能上有交互作用。     

bcl－2基因家族对细胞凋亡的调节

ｂｃｌ－２基因为一原癌基因,因其在淋巴瘤和白血病中出现重排而得名。近年研究表明,ｂｃｌ－２基因是细胞凋亡的重要抑制基因,它的过度表达是癌症和自身免疫病发生的重要原因。最近又发现了几个与ｂｃｌ－２基因有不同程度同源性的调节基因,也在细胞凋亡中发挥作用。     

过表达miR-455抑制宫颈癌细胞SiHa的生长

研究表明,microRNA(miRNA)可作为癌基因或抑癌基因发挥功能、调控细胞增殖和凋亡等生物学行为,与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关. 在本研究中,我们检测了miR- 455在宫颈癌组织中的表达变化及其对宫颈癌SiHa细胞生物学功能的影响. Real- time PCR实验结果显示,miR-455在宫颈癌组织样本中较正常宫颈组织表达明显降低. 瞬时转染miR-455 mimics使其在SiHa细胞中过表达. CCK-8及流式细胞术分析显示, 过表达miR-455明显抑制细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡,导致细胞G1/S期阻滞. Real- time PCR分析显示,PI3KR1,BCL2L2 mRNA明显降低.上述研究结果表明, miR-455可显著降低SiHa细胞存活能力,是一个潜在的抑癌基因.     

p53在诱导性多潜能干细胞向肿瘤细胞转化中的作用

p53基因是抑制肿瘤形成的抑癌基因,p53通过阻断细胞周期、诱导衰老细胞凋亡和修复受损的DNA从而抑制肿瘤的形成。而突变的p53则具有相反的功能,被认为是促进细胞重编程的关键。这些发现表明p53在去分化过程中具有重要的作用,而肿瘤的形成与细胞重编程存在高度的相似性,所以探讨p53与诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cell,iPSC)和肿瘤形成之间的联系具有一定的意义。     

生长抑制因子(ING)抑癌基因家族的研究进展

生长抑制因子(inhibitor of growth,ING)家族成员是候选的抑癌基因.ING蛋白参与磷脂酰肌醇介导的脂类信号转导通路及激素介导的通路,能够与组蛋白乙酰转移酶、去乙酰化酶等结合参与染色质的重构,调节基因的转录,与p53协同作用,抑制细胞生长,诱导细胞凋亡和DNA损伤修复.ING家族成员通过对基因表达的表观遗传学调控将细胞周期、细胞凋亡和衰老等生物学过程有机联系起来.     

毛喉萜对人胃癌细胞BGC－823中蛋白激酶C及其亚类的影响

以人胃癌细胞ＢＧＣ－８２３为模型,研究了毛喉萜（ｆｏｒｓｋｏｌｉｎ）对胃癌细胞中蛋白激酶Ｃ活性及其亚类基因表达的作用,同时也观察了毛喉萜对癌基因ｃ－ｊｕｎ及抑癌基因ｐ５３表达的影响．结果表明,２×１０~（－５）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ毛喉萜处理ＢＧＣ－８２３细胞７２ｈ,细胞质、膜和细胞核ＰＫＣ活性下降,ＰＫＣ亚类β,γ基因表达被抑制,癌基因ｃ－ｊｕｎ的表达也明显降低,而抑癌基因ｐ５３表达升高,上述变化可能是毛喉萜抑制胃癌细胞增殖等生理效应的重要分子事件。     

P53肿瘤抑制基因的研究与进展

Ｐ５３肿瘤抑制基因的研究与进展徐清,汤雪明（上海第二医科大学细胞生物学实验室２０００２５）Ｐ５３基因是目前癌基因和抑癌基因研究中最引人注目的新星。１９８１年Ｗｅｉｎｂｅｒｙ等人首先报道人癌基因分离成功,癌基因的研究成为肿瘤研究的热点“’１１９８６年人...     

2011年第6期《遗传》封面说明

PTEN(Phosphatase and tensin homolog)是一种重要的抑癌基因,具有非常广泛的生物学活性,例如在细胞的生长发育、迁移、凋亡和信号传导等均发挥重要作用。本文主要是研究PTEN基因在早期胚胎原肠胚期后部原条细胞迁移的     

Synthetic retinoids as inducers of apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cell lines

Apoptosis is also known as programmed cell death. Apoptosis plays an essential role in maintaining normal tissue and cell physiology in multicellular organisms. Clearance of aberrant or pre-cancerous cells occurs through the induction of apoptosis. It has been reported that many tumors and tumor cell lines have dysfunctional apoptosis signaling, causing these tumors to escape immune monitoring and internal cellular control mechanisms. One potential cause of this dysfunctional apoptosis is the tumor suppressor p53, an important regulator of growth arrest and apoptosis that is mutated in over 50% of all cancers. Retinoids have great potential in the areas of cancer therapy and chemoprevention. While some tumor cells are sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of natural retinoids such as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), many ovarian tumor cells are not. 6-[3-(1-Admantyl)]-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (CD437) and fenretinide N-[4-hydroxyphenyl] retinamide (4-HPR) are conformationally restricted synthetic retinoids that induce growth arrest and apoptosis in both ATRA-sensitive and ATRA-resistant ovarian tumor cell lines. Recently, we have identified the molecular pathways of apoptosis induced by treatment of ovarian carcinoma cells with mutated p53 by CD437 and 4-HPR.     

天然提取物诱导人HepG2 细胞凋亡的研究进展

细胞凋亡是机体维持内环境稳定,更好的适应生存环境采取的一种死亡过程。细胞凋亡异常与肿瘤的发生、发展存在密切的关系。细胞凋亡的信号途径主要有死亡受体介导的外源性通路、线粒体介导内源性通路、内质网信号通路及MAPK信号通路。通过作用于凋亡信号通路上一些关键基因,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡被认为是临床抗肿瘤治疗最有成效的治疗方法之一。研究已证实多种天然提取物作用于凋亡信号途径中一些重要因子可诱导细胞凋亡,并取得较好的抑制肿瘤增殖的效果。本文是关于细胞凋亡机制及各种天然提取物作用于凋亡通路上主要基因进行抗肿瘤治疗研究进展的综述。     

自由基与细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡是指细胞在生理和病理情况下的一种死亡模式,广泛涉及到肿瘤、衰老和退行性病变等一系列疾病．最近有实验表明自由基与细胞凋亡有密切的关系．凋亡细胞内活性氧自由基（ROS）生成增加,同时消除ROS的能力下降.大多数凋亡障碍的细胞表现出ROS分子大量减少,若调节细胞内ROS含量,死亡率能随之改变;离子辐射能通过经自由基引起细胞的凋亡,培养细胞在无血清或撤除生长因子后发生的死亡也大多与细胞内自由基代谢酶如过氧化氢酶等的活性变化有关.提示自由基是参与调节细胞凋亡的重要因素之一.     

ATP-citrate lyase: a mini-review

Obesity is an increasing world problem that may cause several metabolic complications including insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Development of therapeutic drugs for obesity has been proven difficult. Current strategies for weight reduction are inhibition of food intake through the central nervous system or blocking the absorption of lipids in the gut. These therapies have many side effects, so new treatments are urgently needed. Fat loss could also be achieved through a decrease in the size and number of adipocytes through apoptosis. Apoptosis is a normal phenomenon of cell death for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis. Induction of apoptosis is a reasonable way to remove adipocytes in obese patients. It is reported that several adipokines and natural products play roles in induction of adipocyte apoptosis. Here we review the recent progress of the roles and mechanisms of adipocyte apoptosis induced by leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and natural compounds.     

Caspase-driven cancer therapies: Navigating the bridge between lab discoveries and clinical applications

Apoptosis is the cell's natural intrinsic regulatory mechanism of normal cells for programmed cell death, which plays an important role in cancer as a classical mechanism of tumor cell death causing minimal inflammation without causing damage to other cells in the vicinity. Induction of apoptosis by activation of caspases is one of the primary targets for cancer treatment. Over the years, a diverse range of natural, synthetic, and semisynthetic compounds and their derivatives have been investigated for their caspase-mediated apoptosis-induced anticancer activities. The review aims to compile the preclinical evidence and highlight the critical mechanistic pathways related to caspase-induced cell apoptosis in cancer treatment. The focus is placed on the key components of the mechanisms, including their chemical nature, and specific attention is given to phytochemicals derived from natural sources and synthetic and semisynthetic compounds. 180+ compounds from the past two decades with potential as anticancer agents are discussed in this review article. By summarizing the current knowledge and advancements in this field, this review provides a comprehensive overview of potential therapeutic strategies targeting apoptosis in cancer cells. The findings presented herein contribute to the ongoing efforts to combat cancer and stimulate further research into the development of effective and targeted anticancer therapies.     

Ectopic expression of the serine protease inhibitor PI9 modulates death receptor-mediated apoptosis

Apoptosis is a highly controlled process, whose triggering is associated with the activation of caspases. Apoptosis can be induced via a subgroup of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, which recruit and activate pro-caspase-8 and -10. Regulation of apoptosis is achieved by several inhibitors, including c-FLICE-inhibitory protein, which prevents apoptosis by inhibiting the pro-apoptotic activation of upstream caspases. Here we show that the human intracellular serine protease inhibitor (serpin), protease inhibitor 9 (PI9), inhibits TNF-, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand- and Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis in certain TNF-sensitive cell lines. The reactive center P1 residue of PI9 was required for this inhibition since PI9 harboring a Glu --> Ala mutation in its reactive center failed to impair death receptor-induced cell death. This suggests a classical serpin-protease interaction. Indeed, PI9 inhibited apoptotic death by directly interacting with the intermediate active forms of caspase-8 and -10. This indicates that PI9 can regulate pro-apoptotic apical caspases.     

Synthesis,proapoptotic screening,and structure–activity relationships of novel aza-lupane triterpenoids

Apoptosis is a highly regulated process by which excessive cells are eliminated in order to maintain normal cell development and tissue homeostasis. Resistance to apoptosis often contributes to failure in cancer prevention and treatment. Apoptotic cell death regulators are considered important targets for discovery and development of new therapeutic agents in oncology research. A class of novel aza-lupane triterpenoids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antitumor activity against a panel of cancer cell lines of different histogenic origin and for ability to induce apoptosis. 3,30-Bis(aza) derivatives were identified not only to possess improved cytotoxicity compared to the natural product betulinic acid but also to affect cell death predominantly via apoptosis, whereas the mono(aza) derivatives apparently triggered cell death via different, non-apoptotic pathway(s).     

哺乳动物卵母细胞凋亡的研究进展

细胞凋亡是发育过程中的基本生命现象,除各种体细胞凋亡外,生殖细胞的发生过程中也发生细胞凋亡。就雌性生殖系而言,细胞凋亡是其发育过程中的一个重要组成部分。在哺乳动物中,超过99．9％的雌性生殖细胞都会在卵子发生的不同阶段发生凋亡。有三种学说解释这一现象：1)被忽视死亡;2)因缺陷死亡;3)自我牺牲死亡。本文主要综述了哺乳动物卵母细胞凋亡的现象、卵母细胞凋亡学说、线粒体遗传与卵母细胞凋亡的关系以及凋亡的分子机理,同时还探讨了卵母细胞凋亡的生物学意义。     

Cell death in hematological tumors

Evasion of apoptosis is a hallmark of human cancers, for example in hematological malignancies. Apoptosis is an intrinsic cell death program that is crucial to maintain tissue homeostasis, for example in the hematopoietic system where there is a high turnover rate of cells. As a result, a decrease in the rate of apoptosis besides an increase in proliferation favors tumorigenesis as well as tumor progression. Further, the anti-leukemic action of current treatment approaches, including chemo-, radio- or immunotherapy, critically relies on intact cell death programs in cancer cells. Therefore, defects in apoptosis pathways are frequently associated with the resistance to anticancer therapies. In recent years, the identification and characterization of the molecules and pathways that are involved in the regulation and execution of cell death in leukemia and lymphoma cells have set the ground for the development of novel diagnostic tools and molecular therapeutics targeting apoptosis pathways in hematological malignancies.     

A role of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor in granulysin-induced apoptosis

Granulysin is a cytolytic molecule released by CTL via granule-mediated exocytosis. In a previous study we showed that granulysin induced apoptosis using both caspase- and ceramide-dependent and -independent pathways. In the present study we further characterize the biochemical mechanism for granulysin-induced apoptosis of tumor cells. Granulysin-induced death is significantly inhibited by Bcl-2 overexpression and is associated with a rapid (1-5 h) loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, which is not mediated by ceramide generation and is not inhibited by the general caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone. Ceramide generation induced by granulysin is a slow event, only observable at longer incubation times (12 h). Apoptosis induced by exogenous natural (C(18)) ceramide is truly associated with mitochondrial membrane potential loss, but contrary to granulysin, this event is inhibited by benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone. Ceramide-induced apoptosis is also completely prevented by Bcl-2 overexpression. The nuclear morphology of cells dying after granulysin treatment in the presence of caspase inhibitors suggested the involvement of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in granulysin-induced cell death. We demonstrate using confocal microscopy that AIF is translocated from mitochondria to the nucleus during granulysin-induced apoptosis. The majority of Bcl-2 transfectants are protected from granulysin-induced cell death, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and AIF translocation, while a small percentage are not protected. In this small percentage the typical nuclear apoptotic morphology is delayed, being of the AIF type at 5 h time, while at longer times (12 h) the normal apoptotic morphology is predominant. These and previous results support a key role for the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, and especially for AIF, during granulysin-induced tumoral cell death.