稻虱缨小蜂的寄主选择性和适宜性

稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang &Wang对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(HO· rvath)卵龄无明显的寄生选择性;但在新鲜寄主中的发育历期较短;育出的蜂体较大;生殖力较高;而羽化 率和雌雄性比则不受寄主卵龄的影响。在白背飞虱和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)卵共存时;稻虱缨小蜂明显选择褐飞虱。稻虱缨小蜂在褐飞虱卵中的发育显著地比在白背飞虱卵中的慢;褐飞虱卵育出的 蜂的初羽化成虫怀卵量显著高于白背飞虱卯育出的;虫体大小也类似;且虫体越大;生殖力越高。从白背飞虱卵育出的蜂供给白背飞虱卵(W→W)时;产卵量低于其它育蜂寄主和供给产卵寄主组合(w→B、B→B、B→W)的;其内禀增长力rm较其余者小25%。本文还讨论了应用适宜性指数来综合衡量寄主的适宜性。     

中国微翅缨小蜂属二新种记述(膜翅目:小蜂总科:缨小蜂科)

记述中国东北地区缨小蜂科Ｍｙｍａｒｉｄａｅ微翅缨小蜂属Ａｌａｐｔｕｓ Ｗｅｓｔｗｏｏｄ中的２新种;１）辽宁微翅缨小蜂,新种Ａｌａｐｔｕｓ ｌｉａｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,新种雌性触角索节由正常的６节组成,这一特征与本属所有其它种类有明显区别;２）长尾微翅缨小蜂,新种Ａｌａｐｔｕｓ ｌｏｇｉｃａｕｄａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,新种产卵器特别发达,此特征与Ａ．ｅｘｔｒｅｍｕｓ Ｓｏｙｋａ近似,     

温度和食物对稻虱缨小蜂发育、存活和繁殖的影响

在白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera(Hovàrth))卵内,稻虱缨小蜂(Anagrus nilparvatae Pang et Wang)的发育起点温度为10.6℃,有效积温为162.3日度,随着温度上升,发育加快;寿命(y_1,D_(10.4)~0C)、产卵量(y_2,粒/♀)、产出卵率则在适宜温度范围(23—26℃)内最大,高低温区内均呈下降趋势,其方程分别为:y_1=exp(-0.04187+0.3612x-7.4654×10~(-3)x~2),y_2=exp(-1.9539+0.4563x-0.01001x~2),式中x为温度。温度对未产出卵量影响不显著;对子代雌性比的影响也不显著,其平均值为0.7631。温度主要通过对产卵量和产卵速率来影响繁殖力,理论上27.3℃时周限增长率λ最大,达1.2374倍/天。成虫期供蜜加水时的产卵量、产出卵率和寿命显著比仅供水时的高或长。此研究为预测害虫种群发展,充分利用天敌资源,达到综合管理害虫提供了科学依据。     

新疆弯翅缨小蜂属记述(膜翅目,缨小蜂科)

记述采自新疆的弯翅缨小蜂属Camptoptera Frster3个种,其中有2个新种:小颚弯翅缨小蜂C.minorignatha Hu et Lin,sp.nov.,大胸弯翅缨小蜂C.grandithoracala Guoet Wang,sp.nov.,1个中国新纪录种:日本弯翅缨小蜂C.japonicaTaguchi,1971,并列出了新疆弯翅缨小蜂属3种的分类检索表,另附有主要形态特征图。正模标本及部分副模标本保存于新疆大学生命科学与技术学院昆虫研究室,其余副模标本保存于福建农林科技大学生物防治所。     

二种稻虱缨小蜂空间寄生习性的观察

观察结果:拟稻虱缨小蜂喜选择寄生稻株中上部叶位和分蘖枝组织内的褐飞虱卵;稻虱缨小蜂喜选择寄生稻株下部叶位组织内灰飞虱、白背飞虱卵及主茎枝组织内白背飞虱卵和分蘖枝组织内灰飞虱卵。二种稻虱缨小蜂均表现喜选择寄生叶片组织内寄主的习性。这一空间寄生习性的表现,本文从稻株空间温度对缨小蜂寄生活动的影响及寄主产卵部位、稻株组织结构等方面进行了综合分析和讨论。     

茭白害虫长绿飞虱与稻田缨小蜂关系的研究

茭白害虫长绿飞虱 Saccharosydne procerus是稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae 在稻田外的主要寄主之一。茭白田可为稻田提供大量的稻虱缨小蜂;从而提高对稻田稻飞虱的控制能力。从褐飞虱和长绿飞虱卵中羽化的稻虱缨小蜂均明显地选择寄生褐飞虱卵;对长绿飞虱卵的寄生率也较高。长绿飞虱在水稻上不能完成其生活史。因此;稻田和茭白田的合理布局可有效地提高稻田缨小蜂的数量;从而提高该寄生蜂对有关害虫的生防效益。     

不同营养源对稻虱缨小蜂寿命及寄生能力的影响

研究了蜂蜜、玉米花粉、大豆花、褐飞虱蜜露和黄脊飞虱蜜露对稻虱缨小蜂寿命、寄生能力以及寄生行为对稻虱缨小蜂寿命和存活率的影响。结果表明,蜂蜜、玉米花粉、褐飞虱蜜露和大豆花均能明显延长稻虱缨小蜂的寿命。并且显著地提高了对褐飞虱卵的寄生能力,其中蜂蜜最有效,大豆花次之,玉米花粉和褐飞虱蜜露这两种营养源以玉米花粉(水和褐飞虱蜜露+水的形式)对提高稻虱缨小蜂寿命最有效,而单一玉米花粉、花粉液、褐飞虱蜜露稀释液和纯褐飞虱蜜露均不能延长稻虱缨小蜂寿命,黄脊飞虱蜜露对稻虱缨小蜂的寿命和寄生能力均无影响。寄生行为对稻虱缨小蜂的寿命基本无影响。但致使其40～48h内的存活率提高,此后的存活率降低较快,在稻田周围的作物和植被上调查到约10种飞虱,非稻田生境能为稻田寄生性天敌提供寄主和食物,是理想的庇护所,对保护和提高稻田天敌种群数量,提高稻田天敌的生物控制作用。     

两种稻虱缨小蜂种群生态的比较

在南京市郊和我国南方稻区,寄生稻飞虱卵的缨小蜂主要是稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et wang和拟稻虱缨小蜂A.paranilaprvatae Pang et Wang两个种.这两个种在田间的种群消长,呈明显“此起彼落”的季节性交替.作者以比较生态学方法探讨了产生这一现象的原因.夏季30℃以上高温对稻虱缨小蜂未成熟期的存活和雌虫产卵有明显抑制作用,但拟稻虱缨小蜂具有耐高温能力.稻虱缨小蜂和拟稻虱缨小蜂种群增长的理论最适温度分别为27.41℃和31.87℃,最适温度下的种群内禀增长力以稻虱缨小蜂为高.当供以白背飞虱和褐飞虱卵时,拟稻虱缨小蜂只寄生褐飞虱卵,稻虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱卵也有明显的喜好.两种缨小蜂对褐飞虱卵密度的功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型.     

扑虱灵和吡虫啉对稻虱缨小蜂寄生率的影响

用农药扑虱灵和吡虫啉处理2个不同水稻品种(秀水63、镇稻2号),观察其对稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Panget Wang寄生率的影响。结果表明,当寄生蜂的密度为50头/10盆苗时,经农药处理后的稻株上稻虱缨小蜂的寄生率无显著变化;药剂处理后的秀水63(1d、3d)上稻虱缨小蜂的寄生率高于相应药剂处理的镇稻2号上的。当寄生蜂的密度为100头/10盆苗时,经扑虱灵2种浓度(25.0g/667m2、12.5g/667m2)处理3d的秀水63、扑虱灵高浓度(25.0g/667m2)处理1d的镇稻2号上稻虱缨小蜂寄生率较对照有显著下降;经吡虫啉高浓度(15.0g/667m2)处理3d的秀水63上寄生率较对照明显下降;低浓度药剂处理(1d、3d)稻株上的稻虱缨小蜂寄生率高于相应高浓度药剂的处理。这表明药剂处理会导致稻虱缨小蜂的寄生率下降,稻虱缨小蜂寄生率的变化受稻虱缨小蜂的密度、药剂种类和浓度以及水稻品种影响。     

Response of Trichogramma egg parasitoids to colored sticky traps

The response of Trichogramma spp. egg parasitoids to colored sticky traps was evaluated in the field during two seasons (1995/1996, 1996/1997). Traps consisted of a glass tube coated with Bird-Tanglefoot® into which colored paper was inserted or clear traps without paper. Colors tested were white, green, blue, yellow and red in the first season and white, green, yellow and black in the second season. The proportion of both female and male parasitoids caught on the sticky traps was significantly different among colors, indicating that the parasitoids actively move between plants and are not solely carried along passively by wind. White was the color most preferred by female parasitoids, followed by clear and green traps. Yellow was preferred over black but was less attractive than green. Visual cues may be used by Trichogramma spp. during the habitat location process. The color preference of male Trichogramma spp. differed significantly from females with yellow and green being more attractive than white. For all colors, more female Trichogramma spp. were caught on the sticky traps (>85% of all wasps caught), indicating a lower activity level and/or shorter lifespan for males. The use of white cylindrical sticky traps for monitoring Trichogramma spp. populations in the field is recommended.     

Monitoring populations of the carrot fly, Psila rosae, with sticky and water traps

The relative, effectiveness of Rebell®, small cylinder, large cylinder, windmill and water traps, the five types of trap used currently for monitoring populations of the carrot fly, Psila rosae, was assessed in nine field experiments, three in south west Lancashire, four in the Fens (Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire), one in East Suffolk and one at Wellesbourne, Warwickshire. Regression analysis of the numbers of flies caught on each type of trap against the numbers caught on the Rebell® trap indicated that each trap samples a constant proportion of the fly population relative to the other traps. Therefore, provided the fly population was sufficiently large for insects to be caught on the least effective traps, any of the five traps would monitor adequately fluctuations in carrot fly populations. However, the Rebell® trap caught 4–17 times as many flies/trap and 5–7 times as many flieshnit area of trap as any of the other traps tested.
Operators considered the Rebell® trap to be the easiest to use. However, it was more expensive than any of the other traps tested.     

利用黄板监测烟粉虱及其寄生蜂的种群动态

研究了黄板不同放置高度、不同时间内对日光棚室内番茄上烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)及其寄生蜂种群的诱集监测效果。结果表明,在同一时间内以黄板上部与植株顶部持平的高度悬挂的黄板对烟粉虱和蚜小蜂的诱集效果最好,其次是以黄板上部与植株中部持平的高度悬挂的黄板,当黄板的底部高出植株顶部30 cm时对烟粉虱及其蚜小蜂的诱集效果最差。在5~10月份,随着季节的变化,同一位置的黄板对烟粉虱及蚜小蜂的诱集数量逐渐增加。调查发现,番茄上烟粉虱的寄生蜂主要为桨角蚜小蜂属EretmocerusHaldeman和恩蚜小蜂属EncarsiaF erster,2个属的蚜小蜂在季节上呈互补之势,因此总体上蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生率在5~10月之间呈不断上升的趋势。     

Analysis of single‐copy,nuclear microsatellite markers from flies collected on sticky traps

Sticky traps can provide large numbers of spatially referenced samples for use in molecular ecological studies of insects. However, the adhesives used on these traps, and the methods used to clean adhesive off trapped individuals, could potentially interfere with downstream molecular analyses. Specimens captured on sticky traps have been successfully used to analyse mitochondrial or multiple‐copy ribosomal DNA markers, but not single‐copy nuclear markers. Furthermore, the effects of trap adhesive and cleaning protocol on the success of molecular analyses have not been explored. Here, we examine the effects of trap adhesive, sample cleaning method, and sample storage condition on DNA concentration and purity, and on the ability to amplify single‐copy, nuclear microsatellite loci, using specimens of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) captured on sticky traps in an orchard. We could extract DNA of high purity, and amplify microsatellite loci in multi‐plex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), under all combinations of treatments. However, DNA yield, DNA purity and the yield of PCR products were affected by treatment, with complex interactions among trap adhesive, sample cleaning method, and storage condition. Samples that were cleaned with acetone and stored dry had the highest DNA concentration. With respect to PCR amplification, samples cleaned with Histo‐clear produced much less product than those cleaned with acetone or not cleaned at all, whereas samples that were stored dry produced more PCR product than samples stored in ethanol. Insects captured on sticky traps can thus provide genetic data appropriate for molecular ecological analyses under a wide range of treatment conditions. However, potential interactions among adhesives, cleaning protocols and storage conditions suggest that any novel combination for treatment of samples from sticky traps should be tested on a small scale prior to collecting large numbers of samples for genetic studies.     

The effectiveness of traps used currently for monitoring populations of the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum)

Six different types of traps were compared for capturing adults of Delia radicum. Cone traps caught so few flies that it seems inadvisable for them to be used for monitoring populations of this pest. All the other traps tested were suitable for monitoring D. radicum populations. When expressed on a trap for trap basis, the large 1800 cm² Canadian traps caught most flies. When expressed as the numbers of flies caughthnit area of trapping surface, most flies were caught in the water traps. Similar numbers of D. radicum, D. platura, syrphids, blowflies and a tachinid, Eriothrix rufomaculatus were caught per unit area on each of three different vertical sticky traps. Although water traps have the advantage that they catch about 5 times as many females D. radicum/unit area as the most effective vertical sticky traps of a comparable size, their disadvantage is that they catch about 10 times as many beneficial syrphids. The reasons why water traps are so effective against D. radicum are discussed, with details of how to convert water-trap data to sticky-trap equivalents, and vice versa.     

Control of Dacus oleae by yellow sticky traps combined with ammonium acetate slow-release dispensers

In an isolated olive grove of approximately 350 trees, one yellow sticky trap combined with an ammonium acetate slow-release dispenser was hung in every tree of the large fruit varieties at the end of June or beginning of July for 3 consecutive years. In September, when small fruit varieties were becoming suitable for Dacus oleae (Gmelin) infestation, similar traps were also hung in all trees of these varieties, and the traps in the large fruit trees were replaced by new ones. All traps were removed at the end of December or in January, when harvest of the olive crop was completed. The olive fly population was low in the 1st year, while in the 2nd and 3rd it was high and very high, respectively.In the 1st year, the infestation in the experimental grove was kept very low and was comparable to, or even lower, than the infestation in olive groves treated with insecticides. In the 2nd year, in most cases the infestation was between 15–30%, while in the insecticide-treated groves it remained below 10%. In the 3rd year the infestation reached levels above 80% while in the insecticide-treated groves it reached levels between 30–45%.

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Résumé Un piège gluant jaune associé à un diffuseur libérant lentement de l'acétate d'ammonium, a été suspendu dans chaque arbre d'une variété à gros fruits. L'expérience a eu lieu dans une oliveraie isolée de 350 arbres environ, pendant 3 années consécutives à la fin juin et au début juillet. En septembre, quand les variétés à petits fruits deviennent convenables pour la contamination par D. oleae, des pièges sont suspendus à tous les arbres de ces variétés, les pièges sur les arbres à gros fruits sont alors remplacés. Tous les pièges sont enlevés find décembre ou en janvier, quand la récolte des olives est terminée.En 1982, les températures maximales étaient chaque semaine très élevées de mi-juin à miseptembre (33°C et plus), tandis qu'elles n'étaient atteintes en 1983 et 1984 que de fin juin à mi-août. La population de mouches de l'olive était basse en 1982, tandis qu'elle était élevée en 1983 et très élevée en 1984.La première année (à population faible) l'attaque est restée basse et était comparable ou même plus faible à celle observée dans les oliveraies traitées avec insecticides. La seconde année (population élevée) elle était le plus souvent de 15 à 30% tandis que dans les oliveraies traitées, elle restait inférieure à 10%. La 3è année (population très élevée) l'attaque atteint 80% tandis que dans les oliveraies traitées, elle était de 30 à 45%.

     

瓜实蝇对虚拟波长下不同颜色的趋性（英文）

利用害虫对不同颜色的趋性进行害虫防治, 如利用黄板对实蝇的监测和防治已有很长的历史, 然而尚未见把颜色量化进行实蝇对颜色偏嗜性研究的报道。为探明对瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae最具吸引力的颜色及其虚拟波长, 本试验应用Dan Bruton的虚拟波长与RGB值的函数关系, 把RGB值转换为虚拟波长; 选择RGB值［(0, 213, 255), (0, 255, 146), (54, 255, 0), (129, 255, 0), (195, 255, 0), (255, 255, 0), (255, 190, 0)和 (255, 119, 0)］的颜色进行打印, 这些颜色对应的虚拟波长分别是480, 500, 520, 540, 560, 580, 560和600 nm; 在八面体内进行瓜实蝇对8种颜色的偏嗜性试验。结果表明： 波长在520~560 nm 之间对应的颜色对瓜实蝇的吸引率高于其他虚拟波长对应的颜色, 而540 nm (黄绿色, RGB值为 129, 255, 0)对应的颜色纸对瓜实蝇的吸引率最大。此外田间颜色偏嗜性试验也证实了黄绿色对瓜实蝇有最强的引诱作用。结果说明, 黄绿色（虚拟波长540 nm）是吸引瓜实蝇的关键颜色, 黄绿色粘虫板可作为监测与防治瓜实蝇的一种有效方法。     

Monitoring spruce web-spinning sawflies Cephalcia spp.: the correlation between trap catches and soil sampling

The web-spinning sawflies of the genus Cephalcia Panzer (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) are usually monitored by sampling prepupae in soil and by catching adults with visual traps, including yellow sticky traps. However, adult catches have never been compared with the actual density of prepupae. In this paper, a relationship is presented between the catches of Cephalcia arvensis Panzer adults (mostly males) and the number of prepupae ready to emerge (pronymphs) in an outbreak area of spruce forest (Picea abies Karsten) in the Southern Alps (Asiago, Italy). A significant linear relationship between the logarithmic estimates of the two variables was found. The model includes a spatial autoregressive parameter because adult catches were spatially correlated. The relationship allows to know whether or not the defoliation threshold of 20 pronymphs/m2 in spring samples is being exceeded, based on the number of adults caught on yellow sticky traps (defoliation threshold of 14.26 adults/trap). The variance not explained by the model is probably due to the flight behaviour of adult males, to the low precision of the estimated pronymph density at low population levels, and to the attraction of males by few females that are trapped and remain alive. The model was validated in a large monitoring programme of undamaged alpine spruce forests and allowed detection of two newly infested stands out of six that were considered at risk of defoliation, because of adult catch exceeded the threshold. Low adult catches were always associated with absence of defoliation. Our conclusion is that trapping of adult sawflies is a cheaper and easier monitoring method than prepupae sampling in the soil. This makes earlier detection of outbreaks possible, and consequently more efficient control.     

黄板、黄盆及灯光对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的诱捕效果

通过黄板、黄盆及灯光的监测,研究了其对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)诱捕作用,结果表明2种麦蚜对黄盆的趋性最好,黄盆诱捕量分别为黄板诱捕量的7.94、2.13倍。黑光灯和荧光灯对2种麦蚜的诱捕作用比较试验表明,黑光灯对2种麦蚜的诱捕效果较好。黄盆和黑光灯2种监测手段的结合能够为预测预报提供准确可靠、适时的测报结果。     

Evaluation of sticky light traps for sampling mosquito larvae

Very simply constructed aquatic sticky light traps employing a chemical solution emitting a bright light attracted large numbers of all larval instars, but few pupae of Aedes cantans in trials in England. During April numbers of larvae per trap ranged from 73±14.2 to 163±19.9, whereas dipping with a ladle yielded only 6.9±5.5 to 11.8±7.7 larvae/dip. The traps were also effective in sampling larvae of Culiseta morsitans and in Sierra Leone larvae of Aedes aegypti. It was concluded that sticky light traps could be valuable in sampling relative numbers of mosquito larvae and merited further evaluation.

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Résumé Des pièges adhésifs lumineux faciles à réaliser sont construits pour les captures des larves de moustiques. Ils sont formés de paires de boîtes de Pétri en plastique contenant une solution émettrice de lumière provenant de bâtons lumineux chimiques Cyalume^®. Chaque piège est recouvert d'une feuille de plastique de 16×16 cm enduite d'une substance qui reste adhésive sous l'eau. Les larves de moustiques attirées vers la source lumineuse viennent se coller à la feuille adhésive.Ces pièges ont été utilisés avec succès en Angleterre pour l'échantillonnage de tous les stades larvaires d'Aedes cantans, mais pas avec le même efficacité pour les nymphes. Des tests plus restreints ont montré que la technique était également utilisable pour les larves de Culiseta morsitans. Les nombres moyens d'A. cantans capturés pendant une piode de 12 h (73±14,2–163±19,9) étaient supérieux à ceux obtenus en plongeant une louche (6,9±5,5–11,8±7,7). En utilisant les pièges adhésifs lumineux, les captures moyennes de C. morsitans étaient également supérieures (12,6±4,7–35,8±8,9) contre (5,7±6,1–8,9±7,8) avec la méthode de la louche.En Sierra Leone, des stades larvaires immatures d'A. aegypti se développant dans des containers de stockage d'eau ont également pu être capturés à l'aide de ces pièges.Bien qu'une évaluation plus poussée soit encore nécessaire, il ne fait aucun doute que ces pièges adhésifs lumineux aient un intérêt considérable pour l'échantillonnage larvaire dans les sites inaccessibles, tels que les trous d'arbres ou les trous de crabes, où les méthodes d'échantillonage classiques sont souvent d'un emploi difficile.